...Name________________________________________Date_________________ In Defense of Polygamy By: B. Aisha Lemu B. Aisha Lemu was born in England and became a Muslim while in college. She is Director General of the Islamic Education Trust in Niger State, Nigeria. Reprinted here is part of a talk she gave (and part of the discussion that followed) at the International Islamic Conference held in London. Perhaps the aspect of Islam in respect of women which is most prominent in the Western mind is that of polygamy. Firstly let me clarify that Islam does not impose polygamy as a universal practice. The Prophet himself was a monogamist for the greater part of his married life, from the age of twenty-five when he married Khadija until he was fifty when she died. One should therefore regard monogamy as the norm and polygamy as the exception. One may observe that, although it has been abused in some times and some places, polygamy has under certain circumstances a valuable function. In some situations it may be considered as the lesser of two evils, and in other situations it may even be a positive beneficial arrangement. The most obvious example of this occurs in times of war when there are inevitably large numbers of windows and girls whose fiancés and husbands have been killed in the fighting. One has only to recall the figures of the dead in the first and second world wars to be aware that literally millions of women and girls lost their husbands and fiancés and were...
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...in fear B. The existence of hate to the father V. Allows more women to have husband, not left being single A. Emotional support B. Financial support VI. Lower divorce rate in society today A. Valid lifestyle choice B. Flexible marriage VII. Conclusion: According to IslamReligion.com (2006), Islamic marriage is a legal arrangement, not a sacrament in the Christian sense, and is secured with an agreement. Matrimony in Islam lays right and corresponding responsibility on each spouse. Children in wedlock are given legitimacy and share inheritance from their parents. There are two kinds of marriage system, which is monogamy and polygamy. The meaning of monogamy is a system of marriage where a person has only one spouse while polygamy is where a person has two spouses and above. Polygamy can be defined as two types; one is polyandry, where a woman has more than one husband, and the other one is polygyny, where a man has more than one wife. However, only polygyny is allowed and polyandry is forbidden by Islam entirely (Why Islam, n.d.). Polygamous marriage Islam has bring some impacts to the Muslims such as psychological...
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...Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyamory Defining and Identifying Multi-bonding Non-monogamous relationships can take any number of forms, including, but not limited to, serial pair-bonding (known most frequently as serial monogamy), polygamy, polyandry, communal living, and “open” pair-bondings, where sexual or sexual-emotional relationships outside of the primary one are tolerated to a greater or lesser degree (cf. Robinson, 1997). Polygyny has been defined as “the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time” (Moorehead, 1991: 311), or the “practice of plural marriage” (Altman and Ginat, 1996: 3). The term polygamy has also been used synonymously with polygyny, although it could also be used to encompass polyandry (Welch and Glick, 1981). Polyandry refers to the marriage of one woman to two or more husbands, while polygynandry contemplates a situation in which two or more women are simultaneously married to two or more men (Al-Krenawi, Graham, and Slonim-Nevo, 2002). Polygynandry has also been used to refer to group marriage (Anon., 2004). The term informal polygamy has been used to describe relationships characterized by the simultaneous existence of a legal marriage of one man to one woman and an affair with a second woman that has become a stable feature of the family structure (Rivett and Street, 1993). In contrast, polyamory refers to “group marriage” or the existence of one or more sexual 27 28 • Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny,...
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...2 Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyamory Defining and Identifying Multi-bonding Non-monogamous relationships can take any number of forms, including, but not limited to, serial pair-bonding (known most frequently as serial monogamy), polygamy, polyandry, communal living, and “open” pair-bondings, where sexual or sexual-emotional relationships outside of the primary one are tolerated to a greater or lesser degree (cf. Robinson, 1997). Polygyny has been defined as “the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time” (Moorehead, 1991: 311), or the “practice of plural marriage” (Altman and Ginat, 1996: 3). The term polygamy has also been used synonymously with polygyny, although it could also be used to encompass polyandry (Welch and Glick, 1981). Polyandry refers to the marriage of one woman to two or more husbands, while polygynandry contemplates a situation in which two or more women are simultaneously married to two or more men (Al-Krenawi, Graham, and Slonim-Nevo, 2002). Polygynandry has also been used to refer to group marriage (Anon., 2004). The term informal polygamy has been used to describe relationships characterized by the simultaneous existence of a legal marriage of one man to one woman and an affair with a second woman that has become a stable feature of the family structure (Rivett and Street, 1993). In contrast, polyamory refers to “group marriage” or the existence of one or more sexual 27 28 • Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyamory ...
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...| Introduction The term polygamy, meaning "the practice of multiple marriages", is used in related ways in social anthropology, sociobiology, and sociology. Polygamy can be defined as any form of marriage in which a person has more than one spouse. In social anthropology, polygamy is the practice of marriage to more than one spouse simultaneously. Historically, polygamy has been practiced as polygyny, meaning one man having more than one wife; or as polyandry, meaning one woman having more than one husband. In sociobiology, polygamy is used in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. In a narrower sense, used by zoologists, polygamy includes a pair bond, perhaps temporary. Polygamy as stated earlier is the situation in which one man is either married to or involved in sexual relationships with a number of different women at one time (Magubane, 2003). This was the most common form of polygamy practiced by Mormons in the 19th century, and practiced today by self-identified fundamentalist offshoots (West and Jean, 2002). Polygamy existed all over Africa as an aspect of culture or religion. Plural marriages have been more common than not in the history of Africa. Many African societies saw children as a form of wealth thus the more children a family had the more powerful it was. Polygamy was and still is thought of as a part of empire building. It was only during the colonial era that plural marriage was perceived as taboo. Esther Stanford, an African...
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...and contains a lot of countries. Each country has a special culture and a special race. People who live in their countries tend to their culture than other. In my country, Saudi Arabia, there are a lot of cultures different from another culture. In this essay I will discuss about wedding, prevent woman driving car, celebration, wearing hijab, eating habits, greetings, polygamy, fasting, and education in Saudi Arabia. First, in Saudi Arabia, wedding’s ceremony is very different than others. When man want engage woman. He tells his parents about woman who is want. Then, they go to the house of woman and they meet her parents. Her father asks man questions about him if he prays everyday and if he has job or not. After that, father goes to his daughter and tells her about man. Father asks his daughter if she accept or refuse this man. If she accepts him, man can enter to see her with her father or brother. In addition, the family of woman makes a dinner for this event and man buy gold necklace or gold ring for woman. In the day of wedding, the father of man invites his family and friends because he makes a huge party. Man wears white thob and gotra. While, woman goes to salon to do something like hairstyle, make up, manicure and pedicure. I want point out to in the wedding women separate from men. There are a lot of Arabian coffee, sweets, cakes and fruit. In the end of day, bridegroom enters to his bride to take her with him. Second, in Saudi Arabia, women cannot drive car. Driving...
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...Marriage: A Defining Relationship Marriage, what is it? What does it entail? Are there different kinds of marriage institutions? There are numerous differences of what people in society think makes a marriage. Marriage between a man and a woman; between a man and multiple women; between two women or two men. Which one is correct? Does one have more positive aspects to it and society than the others? There is a growing controversy as to what should be allowed in society by law, for a marriage. Thousands of people believe that marriage is only between a man and a woman, and on the other side, thousands of people believe that same-sex marriage should be legal and provide all the rights as one man and one woman marriages. In my paper I will discuss the differences in the types of marriage, and what I believe to be the only correct and proper way to have a marriage; between one man and one woman. Children need to be brought into this world with a father and mother that love them, and that honor each other and their marriage. “Research findings suggest the value of healthy marriages for child well-being, for adult social and emotional health, and for economic and societal stability.” (Brotherson and Duncan). Marriage between one man and one woman has been around since the beginning of time. According to the Holy Bible, Christians believe that God married Adam and Eve, the first man and woman on the Earth, in the Garden of Eden, and commanded them to “multiply and replenish the earth...
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...PA 499 Unit 5 assignment Case Briefs Debbie McQueen August 30th, 2015 State v. Holm Supreme Court of Utah 137P.3d 726 (2006) Facts: Rodney Holm an active member of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, legally married Suzie Stubbs in 1986. He later entered into marriages with Wendy Holm and Ruth Stubbs, Suzie’s 16-year old sister. The marriages to Wendy and Ruth were solemnized in religious ceremonies only and not otherwise registered with the state. Before reaching age 18, Ruth Stubbs conceived two children with Holm. The state of Utah charged him with violating the state’s bigamy law and with having unlawful sexual conduct with a minor. After being convicted, he appealed on the grounds that his conduct was not bigamy and that, in any event, the bigamy law was unconstitutional under state and federal law. Issue: Whether Rodney Holms was appropriately convicted for bigamy and unlawful sexual conduct with a minor? Whether Holm’s behavior violated Utah’s bigamy statute and whether the statute is constitutional? Rule: A person is guilty of bigamy when he knowingly has a husband or wife or the other person has a husband or wife and that person intends to marry another person or cohabits with another person. Utah code section 76-7-101 Analysis: Holms was guilty of bigamy because he purported to marry Ruth Stubbs, after he was already married. The “purports to marry” language under the bigamy statute is broad enough to include...
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...in certain sectors of even traditional Islamic society, such as agriculture, women have always participated in economic life on a par with men. Both men and women have, however, complete economic independence according to Islamic Law, and a woman can do what she wants with her wealth independent of her husband. What is especially emphasized is the central role of the family, which remains very strong to this day in Islamic countries despite the fact that divorce is not forbidden in Islamic Law. According to a saying of the Prophet, of all the things permitted by God, that which He dislikes most is divorce. Sexuality in Islam is considered sacred in itself; therefore, marriage is not a sacrament, but a contract made between the two parties. Polygamy is permitted only under...
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...Research suggests that many same-sex couples face obstacles in society because, they are often denied the ability to foster or adopt children, and do not receive equal rights when compared with heterosexual married couples. Annotated Bibliography (1)Alexander, L. J. (2013). Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Cole: Another step toward same sex marriage in Arkansas? Arkansas Law Review. Vol. 66 (Issue 2), p527-547.The article focuses on the judgment of Arkansas Supreme Court case in Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Cole; the Arkansas Supreme Court ruled that the Arkansas Adoption and Foster Care Act of 2008, known as “Act1”, was an unconstitutional violation of the fundamental privacy rights granted by the Arkansas Constitution. The source is relevant to my thesis statement because it provides the legality of the law. The author pointed out that the election of November 2008, 58 % of Arkansas voters cast ballots that prohibit a person who cohabited “with a sexual partner outside of a marriage that is valid under the Arkansas Constitution and the laws of Arkansas” from adopting or fostering children. The source of the article was from the Arkansas Law Review 2013, vol. 66. The author, LaToya Alexander, is a teaching assistant at the University of Arkansas. She received her Juris Doctor at University of Arkansas School of Law. According to the case the Arkansas Supreme Court decisions suggest that the Arkansas judiciary is taking a more liberal approach to...
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...Relativism and Morality: The Truth of Universal Morality SOC 120 Monica Jones August 13, 2012 Relativism and Morality: The Truth of Universal Morality Lenn Goodman explains in Some Moral Minima that there are many norms in terms of morals. Such subjects that Goodman mentions is slavery, polygamy, rape, incest, clitoridectomy, terrorism, hostages, child warriors, genocide, famine, and germ warfare. These topics send a shiver down the spine of most people. There is a deep moral understanding of right and wrong when it comes to such things as Goodman mentions. These topics expand past any country or culture boundaries. This is a matter of being human and understanding what penetrates the core of our humanity. Things such as slavery, hostages, and forced famine are all things that strike at the very heart of humanity. Humanity is the basic connection between all races, cultures, and connects our overall existence as a whole. Once our humanity is chipped away at by another we can see where the wrong doing lays. The preservation of life and the freedom to live life is what is most wrong to take away. Essentially a moral norm is things that our universal human morality should prevent that rob others of life, dignity, survival, and one’s own will. The targeting of one culture for mass murder is universally wrong for robs others of life for something completely out of their control. Genocide is a destruction of a race or culture past, present, and future generations. Morally, this...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT THESIS STATEMENT………………………………………………… …… 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION: ……………………………………………………. 4 1.1 THE ROOTS OF THE KIKUYU PEOPLE …………………………….4 1.2 WEDDING CELEMONIES……………………………………………..4 2.0 A LOOK IN TO AGIKUYU TRADITIONAL WEDDING…………4 2.1 NJURIO _ (proposal)……………………………………………………4 2.2 KUHADA ITHIGA _ (planting the ‘spear’)............................................5 2.3 RURACIO – (Dowry)…………………………………………………...5 2.3.1 BEHIND THE LESO…………………………………………………..6 2.4 NGURARIO _ (MARRIAGE CEREMONY)………………………………………7 2.4.1 EVE OF THE WEDDING……………………………………………..7 2.4.2 WEDDING DAY………………………………………………………..7 2.4.3 EVENING PARTY…………………………………………………………………..8 3.1 AFTRE THE CELEMONIES ……………………………………………………..8 4.1 TODAYS WORLD……………………………………………………………………..9 5.1 EFFECT OF URBANIZATION AND MODERN CULTURE TO THE RADITIONAL MARRIAGE……………………………………………9 5.2 SEXUALITY AMONG THE KIKUYU………………………………..10 5.2.1 POLYGAMOUS………………………………………………………10 5.2.2 CONJUGAL RELATIONS………………………………………….11 5.3 COME-WE-STAY……………………………………………………..12 6.0 CASESTUDY………………………………………………………………………12 6.1 Are luo Men and Kikuyu Women Compatible, Fidel Vs Veronica…………………12 6.2 INFIDELITY OF KIKUYU WOMEN………………………………………….…13 6.3 LET ALL NO TO WIFE INHERITANCE ……………………………………..……13 7.0 CONCLUTION………………………………………………………………………………13- 14 8.0 REFERENCES………………………………………………………15 THESIS STATEMENT Having being brought up in central Kenya in kikuyu land by my grandmother, my cousin Wanja always wanted to have a traditional...
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...PERFORMANCE. INTRODUCTION In some cases, a contract can be ended even before the parties have the chance to fulfill their contractual duties and responsibilities. This is known as “contract termination” or “termination of contract”, and can be based on many different grounds. Some common grounds for contract termination may include: * Fraud: Fraud is a deception deliberately practiced in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain . As a legal construct, fraud is both a civil wrong (i.e., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud and/or recover monetary compensation) and a criminal wrong (i.e., a fraud perpetrator may be prosecuted and imprisoned by governmental authorities). Defrauding people or organizations of money or valuables is the usual purpose of fraud, but it sometimes instead involves obtaining benefits without actually depriving anyone of money or valuables, such as obtaining a drivers license by way of false statements made in an application for the sameContracts can’t be based on deception or fraud (such as fake documents, etc.) * Mistake: when a party enters into a contract, without the knowledge of the law in the country, the contract is affected by such mistakes but it is not void. A contract is not voidable because it was caused by a mistake as to any law in force in India. The reason here is that ignorance of law is not an excuse at all. However if a party is induced to enter into a contract by the mistake of law then such a contract...
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...that members are deem to follow and behave in a required conduct. Lastly, morality is the individual take of what is morality. These ideas is what has ignited debate of the understandings and interpretation of morality. Influential philosophers, consequently, argue on things which are deems absolutely wrong morally. This review inspires to credit Lenn Goodman's contentions. Goodman, in his argument, verifies the continuation of four essential and widespread ideas that are to be considered morally wrong and deemed intolerable in society. Genocide that is politically initiated deprivation and microorganism combat is amongst the first idea presented. The act of terrorism, kidnapping and child labor force as soldiers, is the next idea. Polygamy that encompasses incest and slavery. Finally female genital mutilation and rape is the last category. (Goodman, 2010, p.89). I believe I solemnly agree with the same theories as Goodman. Majority of the cultivated public, in fact, agree to...
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...Great Depression there were many significant turning points within this period. The Women’s Suffrage Movement was one major historical turning point of the Progressive Era. Another turning point in this period was the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Although “women were basically the main players in the Progressive Era reforms, there right to vote were still denied” (Schultz, 2012). Many pushed for the franchise for all women and through their efforts in the Nineteenth Amendment to the constitution provided full women suffrage. There were two groups that pushed and furthered the cause of women’s suffrage. These two groups were formally called “The National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), as well as The National Women’s Party (NWP)” (Schultz, 2012). The National American Women’s Suffrage Associations strategy was basically a way to push for suffrage at the state level, hoping that the federal government would pass the amendment. The National Women’s Party’s goal was of eliminating all discrimination against women. As stated by Brown, “In 1923 The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), was announced and launched what would be a life-long campaign to win full equality for women,” (2010). Even with the Progressive Era having a lot of issues and turning points throughout its time, the Great Depression had its ordeals as well. The Stock Market Crash was a big historical event that took place during this time. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 devastated the economy...
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