...relationship between the King of France, Philip IV, and the Papacy was dissolving due to the attempts by the French crown to control the clergy in France. The French crown achieved its goal with the influencing and persuasion of the papacy to settle in the French city of Avignon and election of a new French pope. Throughout the fourteenth, and into the fifteenth century, the French crown and the church influenced each other in many significant decision making moments that brought historical changes upon both parties. The Papacy settling in Avignon was a result of Philip the Fair’s problem with the pontificate of Boniface VIII and was the onset of French secular involvement in the church. When Philip gained power at the tender age of 17 he was determined to strengthen the monarchy any ways possible. He wanted to change France to the most powerful centralized state in Europe being a feudal country. This meant that the crown had to be the dominant authoritative presence in France, and throughout Philip’s early quest to achieve this dominance he was constantly detested by the Papacy. Pope Boniface VIII was elected 1294 after his predecessor, Celestine V, abruptly resigned as pope. Once elected Boniface brought the Papal Curia back to Rome after Celestine V put the papal court under the patronage of the king of Sicily. Boniface had the same aspirations as Philip IV, wanting to keep the church as the dominant authoritative figure in Europe. The reason for the quarrels between papal centralization...
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...peasant foot soldiers, who were more effective and reliable than their social counterparts. As a direct result of this shift, the lord to vassal relationship based on land and military service began to diminish as military service was commonly paid off through a money contract called a scutage. Additionally, the decline in the lord to vassal relationship opened the door for new relationships to influence politics. For example, weakened by rising labor costs and lower prices of goods, aristocrats sought to form factions to gain power, influence, and wealth. These factions often competed with other factions and even weaker monarchs for control, causing numerous civil wars, such as the War of the Roses. This led to large periods of political instability and weakness, especially for the French monarchy. One major economic consequence of the Hundred Years’ War was a depletion in wealth for the English and French monarchies, who desperately attempted to find new sources of income. They found their solution in asking their parliaments to institute higher tax rates, in exchange for more power and influence. While the English Parliament became a crucial component for its government, its counterpart in France did not have a huge impact because it only had authority over the northern states. Lastly, there were two major advancements in the practice of warfare during the Hundred Years’ War. In the beginning of the war, the English utilized the Welsh longbow to decimate the French cavalry with its...
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...peasant foot soldiers, who were more effective and reliable than their social counterparts. As a direct result of this shift, the lord to vassal relationship based on land and military service began to diminish as military service was commonly paid off through a money contract called a scutage. Additionally, the decline in the lord to vassal relationship opened the door for new relationships to influence politics. For example, weakened by rising labor costs and lower prices of goods, aristocrats sought to form factions to gain power, influence, and wealth. These factions often competed with other factions and even weaker monarchs for control, causing numerous civil wars, such as the War of the Roses. This led to large periods of political instability and weakness, especially for the French monarchy. One major economic consequence of the Hundred Years’ War was a depletion in wealth for the English and French monarchies, who desperately attempted to find new sources of income. They found their solution in asking their parliaments to institute higher tax rates, in exchange for more power and influence. While the English Parliament became a crucial component for its government, its counterpart in France did not have a huge impact because it only had authority over the northern states. Lastly, there were two major advancements in the practice of warfare during the Hundred Years’ War. In the beginning of the war, the English utilized the Welsh longbow to decimate the French cavalry with its...
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...and in Germany. This created what was called the regnum Francorum which means the "kingdom of the Franks". The Frankish or Merovingian dynasty had dominated the Roman territory in Gaul and Germany by the middle of the 6th century. The church played a very important role in the affairs of the Frankish kingdom. The kings viewed God has the source of their protection and the source of order and justice in their time. During this time the Christian bishop was not only viewed as a holy man but he also had political influence. Pepin and Charles were faithful Christians who endowed churches in monasteries. St. Willibrord was an Evangelist and an English monk who was educated Ripon and in Ireland. Boniface was a monk who came to Frisia in 716. In 718, he ended up in Rome and while there he was commissioned as a missionary to Germany by Pope Gregory II. He was so successful as a missionary in Thuringia and Hesse, the Apostle Peter ordained him to be Bishop for Germany. Boniface's leadership resulted in celibacy amongst priest and a...
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...Th e T yranny of Gui lt • Pa s c a l B ru c k n e r Translated from the French by s t ev e n r e n da l l The tyranny of Guilt An Essay on Western Masochism • P r i n c e t o n u n i v e r si t y P r e s s Princeton and Oxford english translation copyright © 2010 by Princeton university Press First published as La tyrannie de la pénitence: essai sur le masochisme occidental by Pascal Bruckner, copyright © 2006 by Grasset & Fasquelle Published by Princeton university Press, 41 William street, Princeton, new Jersey 08540 in the united kingdom: Princeton university Press, 6 oxford street, Woodstock, oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu all rights reserved library of congress cataloging-in-Publication data Bruckner, Pascal. [tyrannie de la pénitence. english] The tyranny of guilt: an essay on Western masochism / Pascal Bruckner; translated from the French by steven rendall. p. cm. includes index. isBn 978-0-691-14376-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. civilization, Western— 20th century. 2. civilization, Western—21st century. 3. international relations—Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Western countries—Foreign relations. 5. Western countries—intellectual life. 6. Guilt 7. self-hate (Psychology) 8. World politics. i. title. CB245.B7613 2010 909’.09821--dc22 2009032666 British library cataloging-in-Publication data is available cet ouvrage, publié dans le cadre d’un programme d’aide à la publication, bénéficie du soutien du Ministère des affaires étrangères et du service...
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