...Henry was astute enough to know that the position of Charles V in mainland Europe was such that he could not do anything about Catherine’s plight in England. Charles had far too much to think about with the Turks on the southeast of his empire to be able to help his aunt. However, he made clear his displeasure at the way Catherine had been treated. Francis I of France tried to take advantage of this breakdown between Henry and Charles. He gave tacit support to Henry’s call for the Pope to nullify his marriage to Catherine. As a result both men met in great splendour at Calais in October 1532, where Francis greeted Anne Boleyn as if she was queen. Francis planned to help Henry further. In October 1533, Francis was due to sign a treaty with Pope Clement VII, which Francis hoped would include some settlement to Henry’s problem. Francis was not being altruistic – he simply wanted to create a powerful bloc against the Habsburgs. Henry ended this try by Francis when he made it plain that he planned to resolve the issue by himself. Henry himself had to play a delicate diplomatic game. He knew with a degree of certainty that Francis was only ‘befriending’ him as part of...
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...HENRY VIII AND FOREIGN POLICY Introduction Henry VIII was an ambitious aggressive monarch. Unlike his father Henry VII, whose interests were mainly defensive, Henry VIII was an interventionist. He wanted to raise England’s profile in European power politics and was prepared to go to war to capture French territory. He saw himself as the equal of Francis I of France and Charles V of Germany and wanted to show off England's power by claiming that England held the balance of power between them. His chief minister, Wolsey, the humanist, wanted the glory of international diplomacy but wished to avoid the waste of war. His quest for peace, helped to dampen Henry’s martial ambitions. During Wolsey’s period of high office, England only went to war once – in 1523. Wolsey probably spent more time on foreign affairs than on domestic issues. Relations with France 1513 War with France: Why? Henry VIII wanted glory. He wished to renew the Hundred Years War with France. In 1422 Henry VI of England was proclaimed king of France; by 1453 the English had been expelled from France, except for the port of Calais. Henry wished to reassert his claim to the throne of France. Within weeks of his accession, Henry married Catherine of Aragon in order to renew England’s alliance with Spain. Spain might be the ally England needed. What happened? Wolsey organized the expedition. Henry led 30,000 men and captured the towns of Therouanne and Tournai. The French...
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...Fundamental Concepts, Methods and Modes In the Humanities Imagination, Values, and Emotions Renaissance versus Baroque February 2014 The Renaissance era has been considered a time of move into the modern day. The term Renaissance means rebirth, and came from the French. The Renaissance started in Italy and extended throughout Europe between the fourteenth and seventeenth century. It was throughout the Renaissance that Europe saw many large social, scholarly and economic changes. Old-fashioned values of the Church were lost which in turn permitted artists the freedom and liberty to discover the human mind and body. The Renaissance era allowed art to progress far past conventional and traditional religious focus to imitate human feeling and realism in art. Although faith continued to be the core guidance during the Renaissance, the beginning and acknowledgment of human form, expression and scientific study became very lively inspirations within the arts. Renaissance art saw the rebirth of nature and the human figure. Sculpting and painting practices advanced greatly throughout the Renaissance. Artists started using different methods like laws of portion, physical appearance, the linear perspective, balance, and physical appearance. Main characteristics of Renaissance art included admiration and tribute to the human body and nature, realistic linear perspective and importance on the association of light and shadow. Some of the world’s...
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...Do you agree with the view that Henry VIII foreign policy should be seen as a costly failure? It can be agreed that Henry VIII and Wolsey’s foreign policy was an expensive failure to a large extent, but there is some evidence from the sources showing otherwise and demonstrating some success. Sources 1, 2 and 3 all support the source to a certain extent, some more than others, however Sources 1 and 3 also disagree with the question and show some successes to Henry and Wolsey’s policy. Despite this, the idea of their policy being expensive is consistent throughout the sources for costing over a years income for Henry. Henry VIII and Wolsey’s foreign policy can be seen as an expensive failure as shown in all three of the sources. Sources 1, 2 and 3 all refer to the king’s expenses in one way and having not gained much from it. In source 2, it refers to the King as receiving ‘no more land in France’ on top of what his father had already gained, whilst costing the King an ‘infinite sum of money’ demonstrating that Henry had not had much success in his reign but had still spending extreme figures. Using this source, along with our own knowledge we know that Henry failed in securing the French crown for himself as well as the partition of France to himself, Charles and Bourbon, after the Battle of Pavia in 1525. Alongside this, the failures of Henry’s campaign during the war with France including the evaporation of Wolsey and Henry’s passing enthusiasm for another intervention...
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...Virtual Art Trip The Mona Lisa and The Wedding Feast at Cana are two very popular works of fine art, which happen to be displayed in the same room at the Louvre. Even though both of these share a median of oil paint that seems to be where their similarities end. The Mona Lisa is painted on a panel which allows no light at all to come through the back of the image; whereas The Wedding Feast at Cana is painted on canvas allowing the possibility of light to seep through the back. This can actually cause the painting to have a radiant effect. Since the focal point of The Wedding Feast at Cana is Jesus at the center with a glowing halo around his head, this appearance brings our attention back to Him. This is a wonderful place to show that The Mona Lisa’s warmer colors seem to pull more towards the front of this portrait piece while the cooler colors of The Wedding Feast at Cana seem to be further back and there are more people visual. There is a unity to The Wedding Feast at Cana and all of the people, animals, and décor. All of the pieces seem to work in harmony to create union; whereas The Mona Lisa seems to be in more disarray. She has a river in her backdrop which on one side seems to be completely chaotic and on the other side seems to be completely tranquil. The proportion in The Mona Lisa is very dramatic and only apparent if you pay attention to the background. In The Wedding Feast at Cana it is scaled down considerably. It gives a more realistic affect as if you are...
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...man who wanted to find a water route through North America to be able to reach the Pacific Ocean. Cartier went to the New World and founded Canada: in particular Quebec, and met the natives of Canada, hoping to find riches. Voyages A map of Jacques Cartier routes to modern-day Canada. Jacques Cartier had three voyages to the New World, in particular, to Quebec, Canada and within that region. In 1534, King Francis I commissioned Cartier to lead...
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...portrait illustrate the concept of individuality that emerged in the Renaissance? Your answer should be brief (200 - 250) and does not require any outside research. Raphael, The Woman with a Veil (1516). The portrait I decided to use is The Woman with a Veil in 1516. In the portrait there is a lady. The lady has some type of scarf on her head, some type of necklace around her neck, a long white dress, and she appears to be holding something in her hand. I feel that what she appears to be holding in her hand is something very valuable. Out of the entire portrait, this portrait seems to stand out to me among them all. I feel that this portrait has many significance of its importance and the portrait symbolizes many things. This portrait Renaissance value symbolizes the olden times. This portrait was completed in 1516. This portrait also responds from the Mona Lisa portrait. This portrait is very similar to the Mona Lisa one. They have almost basically the same thing on. They both have the same concept of holding something in their hands and their posture is also the same thing. These two portraits are very similar to each other. Everything she happens to wear in this portrait all symbolizes something very important. For example her necklace probably has significance to it. I feel that it all represents...
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...Charles John Noke Throughout Charles Vyse’s apprenticeship, Charles John Noke (1860-1941) was Art Director of Doulton & Co, Burslem. Born in Worcester, Noke was the son of a connoisseur, collector, and dealer in antiques. Through his father’s friends in the nearby Worcester factory, he became familiar with pottery making from direct experience. At the age of fifteen he convinced his father that his future lay as a modeller in the pottery industry. In 1875, he gained an apprenticeship at the Worcester factory, and it was at this time he became a student at the Worcester School of Art. In 1889, he left Worcester to join Doulton & Co. At the Burslem works he inaugurated a revolution in both design and production attitudes. When pottery business took Charles Noke to the London works of Doulton in Lambeth, he generally visited the Royal College of Art, and the Royal Academy’s Summer Exhibition. At these venues, he acquainted himself with modern trends in design, and sought to engage young artists to work in his Doulton Studio, Burslem. As early as 1909, he had begun to invite a few notable sculptors to submit designs suitable for reproduction as ceramic figurines. In all probability it was his seeing Vyse’s Royal Academy exhibits in 1911 that spurred him to commission Vyse to design three figurative subjects for production at Burslem. During Charles Noke’s tenure at Doulton, it was known that industrial espionage was rife, and manufacturers assiduously took out patents to protect...
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...most people refuse to be a part of because of their own lack of conflict management skills; but if both parties are willing to sit down and discuss the issue, there is a possibility of a positive resolution. If conflict is dealt with properly and successfully from the beginning then there will be a greater understanding from each individual involved and an increased likelihood of unity as well as an improved relationship. In this paper I will discuss difficult conversations I had with my son, John, (name change for confidentiality), when he was 16 years old, who is now 26. As a teenager I expect him to go through teenage issues, I expect conflict which is a natural part our interactions, and disagreements, but as a parent I must effectively address these conflicts/disagreements to improve our relationship and to promote growth. After experiencing these issues with John I have a to react based on the different individual personalities that arise with my two daughters who are both younger than John, as a matter of fact I have a 16 year old now. I now realize that conflict surfaces when individuals experience differences and disagree on perceptions, ideas, values, desires, and motivations. When strong feelings arise, a profound personal desire becomes the root of the dilemma, for instance to appear needed, a need for...
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...the world. This research proposal will try to capture the scenario and history of expansion of missions through the centuries. From a large part of eastern Mediterranean known as Levant originated Christianity and after a journey of extensively long passage of Jerusalem, Assyria and Egypt (to name a few), it had been adapted as the official religion in Armenia, Georgia, Aksumite Empire and Roman Empire successively. Missions bore the extensive responsibility of spreading Christianity in the colonies of European countries such as England, France, and Spain etc. but, the largest empire of the world, England was itself a pagan nation and converted into Christianity by the eighth century as the result of the mission in 597 AD led by Pope Gregory I. Missions were very influential in teaching values among the tribes and aboriginals of Africa, America and India. Most importantly, it is still an ongoing process may be the nature of process has changed. Previously, by the colonialists missions were used as a tool to expand the boundaries of colonies along with making the inhabitants enslave. Over the centuries, many people have adapted the life of missions...
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...and now reduced to beggary? I cannot help them all, but I grieve and weep with them, and am completely absorbed in the duties which charity imposes on me.” Saint Jerome was born in the year of about 340 and died on September 30, 420. He was born as Eusebius Hieronymous Sophronius in Stridon, a place that is currently unknown. Eusebius was born and raised under Christian parents, however was not baptised until the year of 366 by Pope Liberius. He studied in Rome under the influence of Donatus and Victorinus, prominent pagan grammarians. He soon learned Greek and Latin and considered law as a career option. He travelled to Antioch after studying at Trier and Aquileia. In 375, he had a vision that God reprimanded him because of his pagan studies. After this, Eusebius moved to the desert and became an ascetic. In 378, he was ordained in Antioch. One of the biggest struggles Saint Jerome faced was Jesus appearing to him through a vision he had. “He retired for two years to the desert of Chalcis, near Aleppo, where he fell sick and had his famous dream in which he was accused of being a ‘Ciceronian not a Christian’”. (Jerome, St. 757) This was one of his biggest struggles because of the fact that God was not pleased with him. Not only was God not pleased, but he also fell ill. When the Christian faith was in trouble, Jerome wrote a book about the Blessed Virgin Mary after Helvidius had written that Mary was not a virgin and had other children. “I threw myself in spirit at the...
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...today. They have caused many dissentions throughout the centuries following the rise of the Papacy. The historical beginnings of the Papacy are somewhat hard to uncover. Due to the decline in power of the Western Emperor, the Bishop of Rome, or Pope, became the primary political leader of Italy. The word “pope” is derived from the term pappa, which originated in the ancient colloquial Greek as an endearing term for “father.” It was a common title applied to most of the Eastern clergy. However, in the West the term was only common in Rome and in the later eleventh century was made the official title for the Bishop of Rome by Gregory VII. The term “papacy” (papatus), meant to distinguish the Roman bishop’s office from all other bishoprics (episcopates), also originated in the later eleventh century. However, this position was more than just a political position. The papacy was a unique sort of monarchy in that it claimed jurisdiction in both spiritual and temporal affairs. The first three and a half centuries of papal history have left remarkably little record. Whether or not the Patrimonial origins of Peter can be confirmed, most scholars agree that Peter did visit Rome and most likely died there. But the claim of the early Popes of Rome was that they were direct successors to the apostolic faith. This originated...
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...Kate Reitz September 30, 2012 Religion Essay: Saint Jerome 8C St. Jerome is a Doctor and Father of the Church, and the patron saint of the library. His feast day is celebrated on September 30th. He was born the year 342AD in Stridonious, Italy. St. Jerome did not come from a wealthy family, but they did own houses and slaves. His Christian father sent him to Rome for three (3) years, where he became fluent in Latin and Greek and studied Rhetoric (which is kind of like Law, today). There, St. Jerome began to collect a considerable library of books, which he always took with him on his later travels. During his time in Rome, he was not an active Christian, but he was baptized by Pope Liberius. On Sundays, St. Jerome would visit the tombs of martyrs and decipher the writings on the walls. From Rome, he went with his best friend, Rufinus, to Trier in order to continue his studies. It was in Trier that he became completely converted and dedicated to Christianity and started to concentrate on scriptural studies. From 370 to 373AD, St. Jerome and Rufinus returned to Aquileia, a city close to St. Jerome’s home. They both became involved with a Christian group of men devoted to sacred studies, who were led by the city’s bishop, St. Valerian. St. Jerome made many friends while there including St. Chromatius, then a priest and also St. Heliodorus. He also began to rub some people the wrong way because of his strong opinions, outspokenness and crabby personality;...
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...Before freshman orientation, I didn’t know Rondo was a community in Minnesota. I thought that because I grew up in Saint Paul I knew everything there was to know about the city. Yet, in actuality, I know none of the history surrounding this city, or the communities that make it up. During orientation, Jennifer Arnolds took a group of students and me on a bus tour of the Rondo community. While on the bus I remember thinking about how I knew these buildings and physical spaces that we were occupying, but the stories that Jennifer was telling were unfamiliar to me. I-94 has been a staple in my life as long as I can remember, it’s the freeway to get to our Santa pictures in the winter, and the road that brings me home after spending the day at...
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...Maria Theresa was born on May 13, 1717 in Vienna, Austria. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and his wife, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel welcomed their first daughter, Maria Theresa and she was born at Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria. Marias father was the last remaining male heir to the Habsburg throne, so before she was born, fearing that he might not produce a son that could rule the Kingdom. Maria’s Theresa’s education and upbringing were typical of a princess's at the time. Her studies focused on lighthearted skills thinking they would benefit her but instead the benefitted a young nobleman. Despite the fact of that she didnt have a brother still she was the only child and increasing the chance to inherit the Habsburg throne,...
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