...This extract illustrates a clear example of economic and cultural motives from the first crusade, as the knights “motives were in part genuinely religious,” which then brings in the concept of holy war. In Pope Urban II’s speech in Clermont he had given a cultural motive of “whoever goes to liberate the church of God can substitute this journey for all penance,” this simply states, in return for fighting God’s enemies on earth, a person would receive a spiritual reward, which again supports the cultural motive from this extract. The economic benefits may include “possession of the land they re-conquered.” The historian also explores the contrast between the Byzantine Empire whom respect the Arabs due to similar cultures and way of life, to the ‘Turkish barbarians.’ Another brief point that is mentioned is the threat Muslims had on the Western Christians, as they “could not share the Byzantine’s tolerance and sense of security.” The main argument in this extract is that the motives for the first crusade were for economic and cultural motives. The historian briefly discusses “land-hunger.” The inducement of land and profit being held out in the account of Pope Urban’s speech and this broad principle must have motivated some crusaders. There were also economic motives from families, where the inheritance would go to the elder sons, which meant “younger sons had to seek their fortune elsewhere,” this is supported by historian Bryd who also believed this. However historians Riley...
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...the law and traveling the country were some reasons that the knights joined. Source #1 Pope Urban’s Sermon at Clermont (1095) The Turks and Arabs were conquering the land of the Christian people so Pope Urban gave a speech influencing Christian knights to do God’s will and defeat the enemy. The knights had a peace of mind in the beginning of this journey because Pope Urban had told them that if a knight would fall in battle, their sins would be forgiven. The Pope had also shown a way for people that were going down dark paths in society, to redeem themselves and achieve glory. Robbers and thieves could become knights while brothers that had been in quarrel with each other could come together to fight side by side against barbarians. Source #2 Ekkehard (1102) About one hundred thousand men became soldiers of God to defeat the enemies of the church. The west Franks were quick to take action do to their homeland was ruined with civil war and famine. Not just normal men participated, high ranking individual's took part also due to the influence of prophets that had appeared to them. It is stated that “A great part of them started forth with wife and child and laden with their entire...
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...The First Crusade was a major turning point in history. The first Crusade happened during the time period of 1059 to 1099. The First Crusade started in Western Europe then moved towards Antioch. The Seljuk Turks took a big part in the Frist Crusade. The Seljuk Turks were a group of Muslim invaders that came from Central Asia. The Seljuk Turks were a fast moving empire, they were also very powerful, that lead them to be able to take over more lands faster. The Christians from the east have never been back on the west side since the Great Schism. Even though there were many reasons why the Pope wanted to send knights to fight in the First crusade, the threat of being invading by Seljuk Turks was the greatest factor. Alexius was born in 1048...
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...The Crusades In the High Middle Ages, Europe felt the pressure of the growing Muslim states to the south and southeast. When the Palestine was captured by the Seljuk Turks, the Byzantium Emperor at Constantinople requested assistance from the West. This requested sparked the Crusades, a Holy war with a goal of reclaiming Jerusalem. Several sources written about the Crusades offer a better understanding of the inspiration that fueled them and the circumstances surrounding them. Pope Urban II’s Speech at Council of Clermont and Albert of Aix: History of Hierosolymita provide great details surrounding the Crusades. Pope Urban II addressed the Christians in a distinguished Speech at Council of Clermont. It was an inspiring effort intended to encourage the Greeks to rise and defeat the Muslim invaders. The text of his speech was not conserved but Robert the Monk provided a descriptive recount of Urban’s motivational speech. But if you are hindered by love of children, parents and wives, remember what the Lord says in the Gospel, " "Every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands for my name's sake shall receive an hundredfold and shall inherit everlasting life." According to Robert the Monk, Pope Urban II uses multiple quotes from the Book of Matthew to help convince to the Christians to leave their families behind and join the Crusade. He explains that the Lord has offered eternal life for those that join...
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...Assess the reasons why there was a crusade in 1095 The first crusade began in 1095 following the Council of Clermont, although the official crusade forces didn’t leave until 1097. It was at the Council of Clermont that Pope Urban II first talked about the idea of a crusade. He explained that the Byzantine emperor, Alexius, had appealed for help as his land was constantly under attack from Muslim forces. Many people answered the appeal and took part in the crusade, however many embarked for different reasons. Some devout Christians, such as Peter the Hermit, will have taken part due to religious zeal and a desire to help the Christians in the East. Others, such as Baldwin of Boulogne or Bohemond of Taranto may have also desired the chance to gain land and material rewards in the East. Whatever their reasons, over 100,000 people took part in the crusade, final taking Jerusalem in 1099. The factor that sparked the whole idea of a crusade was Emperor Alexius’ appeal to Pope Urban II in 1095. Alexius saw an opportunity to take back some land lost to the Seljuk Turks as the Norman leader, Robert Guiscard, had recently died and the Muslim forces were focusing on internal conflicts. Although Emperor Alexius needed military assistance, his appeal to Pope Urban II focussed more on the suffering of the Christians in the East at the hands of the Muslims as opposed to fighting. He put emphasis on the fact that Christians were being slaughtered and that Muslims and Seljuk Turks had...
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...The crusade notes By: Travis Finney Date: 4-8-13 Decline of Byzantium * Muslim saliqus won an important victory at manzikert in 1071. Byzantium factions then turned on each other in civil war allowing the saliqus almost free rein in Anatolia. * The Byzantium emperor asked Pope Urban 11 to help him against the Muslim’s. Pope Urban 11 * Urban’s speech would help launch the first of several crusades. Reasons for the crusades * The Pope hoped to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church. * Italy with large navies supported the crusades for commercial gains and trading routes. * The Byzantine Empire was in severe decline and no longer could act as a butler between the Muslim east and the Catholic west. * Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem began experiencing increased harassment and danger. The First Crusade * The word “Crusade” comes from the Spanish Crusade which means “marked with the cross” * The first Crusaders met the Muslim forces and won victories at Nicaea on June 19, 1097 and Anita on June 3, 1098. * By June 7, 1099 after a three year campaign 12,000 of the original 30,000 crusaders reached Jerusalem. * On July 15, the crusaders went over the city walls and unleashed unbridled carnage. Moslem counter attack * Most of all the crusaders returned to Europe after freeing Jerusalem creating a manpower shortage. * Moslem...
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...The Crusades The Crusades was a war against the Moslems(Muslims) fought by the Christians. It started in November 1095 when the Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Commenus had sent a desperate appeal to defend Christianity against the Moslem enemy because the SeIjuk Turks, the dominant Moslem power, had conquered the Holy Land from the Christians and closed of the places made sacred by the life of Christ. Pope Blessed Urban II concluded a speech with words, “Men of God, men chosen and blessed among all, combine your forces! Take the road to the Holy Sepulcher assured of the imperishable glory that awaits you in God's kingdom. Let each one deny himself and take the Cross!” The assembly then rose with him and thus became the Crusaders. They adopted a red cross as there emblem and within ours no more red material remained in town because the knights had used it all to make the crosses that would be sewn onto their sleeves. The name Crusaders was given to them because of their emblem(crux the Latin word for cross). The Crusades were a just war which has been a controversial debate over time, but to prove it, in history the Christian nations in Europe were definitely not the aggressors. The Moslems had been the aggressors against the Christians since the seventh century. Their attacks on the Christians were still going on in the eleventh century. In 1071 the Turks had attacked and virtually annihilated the Byzantine army at Manzikert. It was this defeat that led the Byzantine Emperor...
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...1 Part 1 of of a monumental documentary on the crusades produced by the History Channel entitled "Crusades: crescent and the cross". This is part one of two. A must watch, and an excellent production! - Hosted by Nahda Media - 2 Not Synced for thousand of years the holy land of the middle east was run with blood. here the scars of battle was between the three of the great religion of the world. but the deepest would was made by the war between christians and muslims began at the close of the 11 century. fought for 200 years for a state a tiny strip of land which was a few hundred miles long. But with the greatest prize Jerusalem. now this holy war is passed as legd. there were those who saw it by their own eyes. great chronicles from two different worlds Christian and Muslim wrote of great deeds, great battles and great warriors. about men who laid down their lives. ¶ 3 Not Synced this was the collision of two great faiths, the clash between the crescent and the cross. 4 Not Synced this was the crusades. 5 Not Synced Of all the cities in the world, Jerusalem has the most troubled past and the most troubling future. 6 Not Synced For the Jews, it is the site of the great temple of Hewet and Solemn. For Muslims, the place where Mohammed ascended to heaven. For Christians,a place where their messiah was crucified. 7 Not Synced After his death, the world of Jesus Christ took root and Jerusalem slowly shed almost 4 centuries of Roman...
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...The Crusades In 1095 an assembly of churchmen called by Pope Urban II met at Clermont, France. Messengers from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus had urged the pope to send help against the armies of Muslim Turks. On November 27 the pope addressed the assembly and asked the warriors of Europe to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims. The response of the assembly was overwhelmingly favorable. Thus was launched the first and most successful of at least eight crusades against the Muslim caliphates of the Near East. "God wills it!" That was the battle cry of the thousands of Christians who joined crusades to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. From 1096 to 1270 there were eight major crusades and two children's crusades, both in the year 1212. Only the First and Third Crusades were successful. In the long history of the Crusades, thousands of knights, soldiers, merchants, and peasants lost their lives on the march or in battle. 1095: Beginning of the Crusades In 1095 an assembly of churchmen called by Pope Urban II met at Clermont, France. Messengers from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus had urged the pope to send help against the armies of Muslim Turks. On November 27 the pope addressed the assembly and asked the warriors of Europe to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims. The response of the assembly was overwhelmingly favorable. Thus was launched the first and most successful of at least eight crusades against the Muslim caliphates of the Near East. The...
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...AS History: Enquiry Paper Guidance Question (a) – The Comparison. In question (a) the focus is on the direct comparison of two sources. Without explicit comparison candidates will not get above Band IV. A substantial number of candidates still adopt a sequential approach, and others limit themselves to a low Band III by confining their comparisons to a brief conclusion after a sequential analysis of the two Sources. A continuously comparative approach is required. Candidates should, however, not assume that a comparison is established simply by the introduction of comparative words and phrases such as ‘whereas’, ‘on the other hand’, ‘by contrast’, or by setting points from the Sources alongside each other. Similarity or difference of content has to be demonstrated in relation to a point which is genuinely comparable, either because both Sources refer to it or because one draws attention to it but the other ignores it. Likewise comparison of qualities other than content requires assessment of the same qualities in both Sources. Another common weakness is a failure to realise that comparisons are only relevant if they relate to the issue raised in the question. * Sequencing is a major problem. There is a reluctance to select issues and themes from the two Sources and build the comparison around these. Many candidates, often able, prefer paraphrase. Two separate accounts are provided with perhaps a final paragraph making a few belated comparisons. * Not focusing...
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...Venerable Bede: wrote the Ecclesiastical History of England and the scientific treatise, De Natura Rerum. Geoffrey Chaucer: Famous Medieval author of the Canterbury Tales. Margery Kempe: Author of the first autobiography in English. John Gower: Medieval poet and friend of Geoffrey Chaucer Francesco Petrarch: Italian poet, and a humanist. Famous for his poems addressed to Laura. Dante: Medieval poet and politician. Christine de Pizan: Medieval author and feminist. William Longland: English poet who wrote the Vision of Piers Plowman. Boccaccio: Italian writer who was famous for writing the Decameron. Raphael Holinshed: Medieval author of Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. (KM) Romance: • Chivalry was the reason behind this type of literature. • The greatest English example of the romance is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. • The romance hero-who often has the help of magic-undertakes a quest to conquer an evil enemy. (KM) Chivalry: • A system of ideals and social codes governing the behavior of knights and gentlewoman. • The rules included: taking an oath of loyalty to the overlord and observing certain rules of warfare. • Adoring a particular lady was seen as a means of self-improvement. (KM) Courtly Love: • The idea that adoring a lady would make a knight braver and nobler was central to one aspect of chivalry, courtly love. • Courtly love was nonsexual • A knight might wear his lady's colors in...
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...MEDIEVAL WEAPONS Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s WEAPONS AND WARFARE SERIES Aircraft Carriers, Paul E. Fontenoy Ancient Weapons, James T. Chambers Artillery, Jeff Kinard Ballistic Missiles, Kev Darling Battleships, Stanley Sandler Cruisers and Battle Cruisers, Eric W. Osborne Destroyers, Eric W. Osborne Helicopters, Stanley S. McGowen Machine Guns, James H. Willbanks Military Aircraft in the Jet Age, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, 1919–1945, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918, Justin D. Murphy Pistols, Jeff Kinard Rifles, David Westwood Submarines, Paul E. Fontenoy Tanks, Spencer C. Tucker MEDIEVAL WEAPONS AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THEIR IMPACT Kelly DeVries Robert D. Smith Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright 2007 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DeVries, Kelly, 1956– Medieval weapons : an illustrated history of their impact / Kelly DeVries and Robert D. Smith. p. cm. — (Weapons and warfare series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-85109-526-8 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-85109-531-4...
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...A, THE BRITISH ACADEMY SOMERSET HISTORICAL ESSAYS SOMERSET HISTORICAL ESSAYS By J. Armitage Robinson, D.D, Fellow of the British Academy Dean of Wells 1921 London: Published for the British Academy By Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press Amen Corner, E.C. PRINTED IN ENGLAND AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS BY FREDERICK HALI, 76$ J 9 2/ PREFACE The writer of these pages makes no claim to be a historian, but he is concerned with the materials which go to the construction of true history. Occasionally he is led to revise the verdicts of historians on the ground of a renewed investigation of some isolated problem, or in the light of fuller information which has but lately become available. He hopes that he has done this with sufficient modesty. As a rule he has avoided direct controversy and has preferred a positive presentation of the revised position. He is well aware that when offered thus silently the corrections he desires to make are less likely to attract immediate attention than if he directly challenged fallacies which shelter under honoured names. But he writes from mere love of the subjects to which he has been drawn by the circumstances of his position and by local patriotism ; and he has experienced more than once the temporary blindness pro- duced by the dust of conflict. On the other hand he asks for criticism, ...
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