...Exploring Programming Languages Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do, much like the average teenager. To make the computer do something useful, you must give it instructions in either of the following two ways. When you write a program it tells a computer what to do, step by step, just as you would like when taking directions. When you buy a program that someone else has already written, it tells the computer what to do. Ultimately, to get a computer to do something useful, you (or somebody else) must write a program. A program does nothing more than tell the computer how to accept some type of input, manipulate that input, and spit it back out again in some form that humans find useful. Table 1 lists some common types of programs, the types of input that they accept, and the output that they produce. The five popular programming languages in the 1970’s were Pascal, C, SQL, KRL, and COMAL. Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter C) is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. SQL often referred to as Structured Query Language. KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University...
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... PT1420 1. C# This general-purpose programming language developed by Microsoft evolved from C and C++ as a part of the software company’s .NET initiative. the C++ programming language standard was ratified in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882: 1998. The standard was amended by the 2003 This language is an essential part of the .NET framework, so developers who use Microsoft heavily will find it critical, according to Duqaine. 2. Java An object-oriented programming language developed in the late 1990s by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems. This “beautiful” programming language is central for any non-Microsoft developer, i.e. any developer who focuses on the non-.NET experience. It is mostly derived from C and C++ but has a more basic object model. It ranked first on TIOBE’s list of most popular programming languages. 3. Objective-C This object-oriented programming language created first by Brad Cox and Tom Love at their company Stepstone in the early 1980s, adds Smalltalk-like messaging to the C programming language. This language is most used on the Apple iOS and Mac OS X. Objective-C is the principal language used for Apple's Cocoa API as well. 4. C++ is a general purpose multi-paradigm spanning compiled language that has both high-level and low-level languages’ features. It was started as an enhancement to the C programming language, Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979. It is one of the most popular programming languages, winning fourth place on the list, with application...
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...the programming language that was most popular was Pascal. Pascal was designed in 1968-69 but published in 1970. Niklaus Wirth created the Pascal language to “a) make available a language suitable for teaching programming as a systematic discipline based on fundamental concepts clearly and naturally reflected by the language, and b) to define a language whose implementations could be both reliable and efficient on then-available computers.” - http://pascal-central.com/ppl/#Origins In 1972 the C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie. C was created to work with the system Unix. “Unix gives C such advanced features as dynamic variables, multitasking, interrupt handling, forking, and strong, low-level, input-output. Because of this, C is very commonly used to program operating systems such as Unix, Windows, the MacOS, and Linux.” - http://cs.brown.edu/~adf/programming_languages.html In the 1980s the popular programming language was C++. C++ was developed at Bell Laboratories. “C++ is a general purpose multi-paradigm spanning compiled language that has both high-level and low-level languages’ features. It was started as an enhancement to the C programming language, Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979.” - http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/chat/2880277/posts In the 1990s Java was the popular programming language. It was created in 1991 developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and release in 1995. In the 2000s Visual Basic (VB) was popular in the programming world...
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...the most use programming languages used today is known as Java. The inspiration behind the programming language goes back to the languages such as C and C++. The Java developers saw how the C++ programming language tends to get bogged down and may have many bugs within the code. Even more importantly, C++ developers had to we write the same C++ programs again for compatibility with different operating systems. Java developers came together to figure out a way to make a programming language that is portable but yet powerful and robust. In 1991, the company called Sun Microsystems developed the programming language that was called Oak as in an oak tree that stood out the office window, but it was quickly renamed Java before the programming language was officially released. Later, the company called Oracle had now taken ownership of the Java programming language. “Write once run anywhere” is a very popular phrase that the Java developers created. The greatest benefit is that the Java programming language can be compiled once and ran on Windows operating system, UNIX, as well as Mac operating systems without having to rewrite the program for each operating system. They achieved the write once run anywhere ability by using what is called a Java virtual machine or JVM. Having that Java developers created the JVM makes it much easier to have more secure programs created as well as being more bug free than programs that was created with other programming languages. In the early...
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...Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s Pascal was created by Niklaus With. It was named after a mathematician, physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It was designed as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. 1980’s C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++ is one of the most popular programming languages and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. It was also used for hardware design. The idea of creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. 1990’s Java was created by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. James Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation. JavaScript is not related to Java. It was originally developed in...
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...PT1420 In the 1970s the programming language that was most popular was Pascal. Pascal was designed in 1968-69 but published in 1970. Niklaus Wirth created the Pascal language to “1) make available a language suitable for teaching programming as a systematic discipline based on fundamental concepts clearly by the language, and 2) to define a language whose implementations could be both reliable and efficient on then-available computers. In 1972 the C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie. C was created to work with the system Unix. “Unix gives C such advanced features as dynamic variables, multitasking, interrupt handling, forking, and strong, low-level, input-output. Because of this, C is very commonly used to program operating systems such as Unix, Windows, the MacOS, and Linux.” In the 1980s the popular programming language was C++. C++ was developed at Bell Laboratories. C++ is a general purpose multi-paradigm spanning compiled language that has both high-level and low-level languages’ features. It was started as an enhancement to the C programming language, Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979. In the 1990s Java was the popular programming language. It was created in 1991 developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and release in 1995. In the 2000s Visual Basic (VB) was popular in the programming world. VB was developed from BASIC which was originally developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurts. VB is a Microsoft programing language and software that allows...
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...| Exploring Programming Language | Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 | | | 5/3/2014 | PT1420 | The five most popular programming languages in the 1970’s were: 1970: Pascal 1972: C 1972: Smalltalk 1972: Prolog 1973: SQL Pascal The Pascal programming language was developed by Niklaus Wirth. It was created in 1968 but it wasn’t published until 1970. It was developed to provide the features other programming languages didn’t offer at that time. His main reason for developing Pascal was efficiently implement and run, to allow for the development of structured and well organized programs, and to serve as a tool to teach the important concepts of computer programming. The program was named after a mathematician named Blaise Pascal. It was used as the primary language in the Apple Lisa and for the Mac in the early years of the computer. SQL SQL, which is short for, Structured Query Language, was designed by an IBM research center in 1974-1975. The Oracle Corporation introduced it as a commercial database system in 1979, the first time it was introduced. It has been a favorite query language for the use of database management systems for the microcomputer and mainframes, but is being supported by the PC database. C C was created at the Bell Laboratory in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie. It was created for the purpose in designing UNIX. Prolog Was created from 1971-1973 and was distributed in 1974-1975. It was created not as a programming language on purpose but...
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...Exploring Programming Languages Popular programming languages of the 1970’s: * B – Was a forerunner to “C” * Created by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs in 1969. * Designed for recursive, non-numeric, machine independent applications, such as system and language software. * C – A general purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming. * Was designed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972. * Used to re-implement the Unix operating system. * Smalltalk – An object oriented, dynamic typed, reflective programming language. * Designed and created in 1972 at the Learning Research Group by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, and Adelle Goldberg. * Created as the language to underpin the “new world” of computing exemplified by “human-computer symbiosis.” * Prolog – The first logic programming language. * Designed in 1972 by a group around Alan Colmerauer. * Intended use was for natural language processing. * ML – A statically typed functional programming language. * Designed by Robin Milner in 1973. * Purpose was to develop proof tactics in the LCF theorem prover. Popular programming languages of the 1980’s: * C++ - General-purpose programming language. Imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features. * Designed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Ben Labs in 1980. * Designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded...
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...enables a programmer to study and develop its algorithms. Computer source code is often written by computer programmers. Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming. Source code may be converted into an executable file (sometimes called an executable program or a binary) by a compiler and later executed by a central processing unit. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed with the aid of an interpreter, or may be embedded directly into hardware. Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines: system software and application software. Two or more computer programs may run simultaneously on one computer, a process known as multitasking. Computer programming is the iterative process of writing or editing source code. Editing source code involves testing, analyzing, and refining, and sometimes coordinating with other programmers on a jointly developed program. A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer, software developer or coder. The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development. The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline. Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm...
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...there are so many programming languages, it seems nigh impossible to list all of them. But, of course, there's always the most important or the most popular, and a lot of times the most important/most popular are the same languages, just maybe in a different order. The 1970's seen a quick advancement in computers and their languages due the the creation of the microprocessors. This era's programming history is marked by C, Pascal, Smalltalk, Scheme and Prolog The C programming language is the basis for many others. It's one of the singly most important building blocks of many of the languages used today. C was created in 1971, though it's roots go back to 1954's Fortran. However, it's direct predeccessor was B in 1969. C was created as a compiler to more easily install OS's on computers. It made it possible to the few system-dependent requirements and then use a C compiler to install the new OS. Bell Lab's Ken Thompson was behind the original B, then him and Dennis Ritchie, also of Bell Labs, improved upon it for the NB language. The evolution of NB led naturally to C. Pascal is another language that is the basis of many others, and many of the languages used commonly now have it somewhere in their developmental line. Pascal was named for Frenchman Blaise Pascal, a pioneer mathematician, that had created the first arithmetic machine. That machine could, arguably, be considered the first computer. Niklaus Wirth had written the first version of the Pascal language in 1970 with...
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...bullie Pt1420 intro to programming Unit 1 assn.1 exploring programming languages The progression of computer programming languages was made possible by the programmer's search for efficient translation of human language into something that can be read and understood by computers. The languages generated, called machine code, have high levels of abstraction, which hide the computer hardware and make use of representations that are more convenient to programmers. As programs evolve and become more sophisticated, programmers found out that certain types of computer languages are easier to support. As expected in a dynamic discipline, there is no standard for categorizing the languages used in programming. There are, in fact, dozens of categories. One of the most basic ways to categorize the languages is through a programming paradigm, which gives the programmer's view of code execution. Among the languages classifications according to programming paradigm are: o Object-Oriented Programming Languages Known as the newest and most powerful paradigms, object-oriented programming requires the designer to specify the data structures as well as the types of operations to be applied on those data structures. The pairing of data, and the operations that can be done on it is called an object. A program made using this language is therefore made up of a set of cooperating objects instead of an instructions list. The most famous object-oriented programming these days are C#, C , Visual...
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...object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis."[1] It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Scott Wallace, and others during the 1970s. The language was first generally released as Smalltalk-80. Smalltalk-like languages are in continuing active development, and have gathered loyal communities of users around them. ANSI Smalltalk was ratified in 1998 and represents the standard version of Smalltalk. Compiler Description Language, or CDL, is a programming language based on affix grammars. It was designed for the development of compilers. It is very limited in its capabilities and control flow; and intentionally so. The benefits of these limitations are twofold. On the one hand they make possible the sophisticated data and control flow analysis used by the CDL2 optimizers resulting in extremely efficient code. The other benefit is that they foster a highly verbose naming convention. This in turn leads to programs that are to a great extent self-documenting. The original version, designed by Cornelis H. A. Koster at the University of Nijmegen emerged in 1971. Pascal is a historically influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970...
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...Programming Midterm Study Guide Programs that make a computer useful for everyday tasks are known as application software. System software – the programs that control and manage the basic operations of a computer. System software types: Operating system: most fundamental set of programs on a computer. Controls the internal operations of the computers hardware manage all of the devices connected to the computer, allows data to be saved to and retrieved from storage device, and allows other programs to run on the computer. Utility programs: performs a specialized task that enhances the computer’s operation or safeguard data. Examples are virus scanners, file compression programs, and data backup programs. Software Development tools: the programs that programmers use to create, modify, and tests software. Assemblers, compilers, and interpreters are examples. Interpreter is a program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high-level language program. The statements that a programmer writes in a high-level language are called source code or code. Syntax error is a mistake such as a misspelled key word, a missing punctuation character, or the incorrect use of an operator. NOTE: programs that are compiled generally execute faster than programs that are interpreted because a compiled program is already translated entirely to machine language when it is executed. A program that is interpreted must be translated at the time it is executed. Compiler...
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...The language of Programming Computer programming is governed by many different languages, most of which are simple codes used to define the program. These languages can be specified by their practical application or simplicity of use. They all have the same basic function, which is to take high-level speech and convert it into low-level speech or machine code. Machine code is written in a cryptic series of 1s and 0s referred to as binary. Choosing which language to use is solely dependent on what kind of program you want to make. Writing in a programming language is as close as a computer will get to natural or spoken language. Some examples of the different languages are C++, COBOL, Python, COMPASS, Pascal, and Assembly language. While hard to understand at first, with a little practice the code comes naturally. C++ C++ is one of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. Several groups provide both free and proprietary C++ compiler software, including the GNU Project, Microsoft, Intel and Embarcadero Technologies. C++ has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C# and Java. C++ is sometimes called a hybrid language. It is possible to write object oriented or procedural code in the same program in C++. This has caused some concern that...
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...or CMP 401 ASSIGNMENT | ORGANIZATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES | | ANZOTSA JOHN ALAKU | BHU/12/04/05/0042 COMPUTER SCIENCE 400 LEVEL | | | ABRSTRACT My objective for these research was to find out about different programming languages and paradigm in which they belong, the most important use in this research are text and journal by other researchers. After all studies where carried out, I came to a conclusion that one programing language can belong to more than one paradigm C++ C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. Some people say that C++ is a middle language because it has the features of high level and low-level language. As one of the most popular programming languages in the world, C++ is widely used in the software industry. C++ is also used for hardware design to analyze structure. Some of its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. AspectJ AspectJ is a general-purpose Aspect-Oriented extension to java programming language. It was created at Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated (PARC), now it is an open source project and part of the Eclipse Foundation. AspectJ has everything that Java has and more which...
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