...saving rate. According to the Solow-Swan growth model, in the steady state the country with the higher saving rate will have ______ level of total output and ______ rate of growth of output per worker as/than the country with the lower saving rate.| A)|the same; the same| B)|the same; a higher| C)|a higher; the same| D)|a higher; a higher| 2.|Examination of recent data for many countries shows that countries with high saving rates generally have high levels of output per person because:| A)|high saving rates mean permanently higher growth rates of output.| B)|high saving rates lead to high levels of capital per worker.| C)|countries with high levels of output per worker can afford to save a lot.| D)|countries with large amounts of natural resources have both high output levels and high saving rates.| 3.|The Golden Rule level of capital per worker is the steady state level of capital per worker with the highest level of:| A)|output per worker.| B)|capital per worker.| C)|savings per worker.| D)|consumption per worker.| 4.|In the Solow-Swan growth model of an economy with population growth but no technological change, if population grows at rate n, then the total stock of capital grows at rate ______ and total output grows at rate ______.| A)|n ; n| B)|n ; 0| C)|0 ; 0| D)|0 ; n| 5.|In the Solow-Swan growth model of an economy with population growth but no technological change, if population grows at rate n, total output grows at the rate ______...
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...Population Growth and Ecological Footprints The population size (N) of a species at any point in time (t) is determined by its size at (t-1), its per capita birth rate (b), its per capita death rate (d), and immigration and emigration. Each of these values is, in turn, affected by a huge suite of biotic and abiotic conditions. Human populations are governed by these same variables. In this laboratory, you will use models of population growth to understand how population growth is affected by changes in b and d, and why the actual values of b and d are important. You will also explore some dimensions of human impacts on the environment. A model is a mathematical description of how one thinks a system works. For a population growing at a constant rate, where b and d never change, an appropriate model for population growth is the exponential growth model: dN/dt = rN where r = b – d, assuming that immigration and emigration are negligible. This is a density-independent model since neither b nor d change with increasing population size. Conversely, the logistic model is a density-dependent model, where b and d change with changes in the population size: dN/dt = rN [(K-N)/K] where K = carrying capacity of the environment. In this lab you will use a simple Excel spreadsheet model to explore how population size (N) changes as b and d change under the two different growth models, exponential and logistic. The spreadsheets have areas that you...
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...mode, a change in lambda (λ) will change the growth rate of the species. If λ increases, so does the growth rate and if λ decreases, as will the growth rate. However, the growth rate only increases if the number is above 1. 1 itself indicates no growth and below one is negative growth. The same principle applies to r. However, as apposed to 1, 0 is no growth while below 0 and above 0 is negative and positive growth, respectfully. Figure 1 and 2 show a stable, increasing and decreasing population for both continuous and discrete growth. Question 2. What are the differences between the discrete and continuous models of population growth? (2 marks) Discrete growth shows a type of growth in populations that have seasonal breeding seasons (Alstad, 2001). This means the percentage increase can be added after the season to the group. Continuous growth means that the growth of the population is continuously growing without seasons and has overlapping generations. An example of discrete growth is figure 1 and continuous growth in figure 2. Figure 1 Note that the dots are the changes in population after the previous, this graph could also show horizontal lines from one dot to the point in t matches with the above dot. The vertical line from the horizontal dot and dot further along t show the change in population (Otherwise known as a step graph). This graph shows smoothed lines. Figure 2 Showing a continuous change in population along the t axis. Question 3. For what kinds...
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...Consequences of Rapid Population Growth High population growth refers to numerical increase of members of a population at a rate not commensurate to the existing resources or opportunities. Rapid population growth is a major concern of developing and underdeveloped countries. Historically, rapid population growth has negative effects on developing nations and their populations. The main negative effects of rapid population growth include the following issues; First, population explosion results in negative economic growth and development of a country. For instance, as the population continues to grow, the quantity of natural resources does not increase but instead get depleted thus many economic activities cannot take place. Second, rapid increase of a population cancels out any increase in the aggregate output and gross domestic product (GDP) of a country thus incomes remain low and stagnant. Consequently, the standards of living continue to deteriorate regardless of increment in the national output and productivity. Third, high populations exert significant pressure on agricultural land, and infrastructure. Pressure on agricultural land affects farming and agriculture thus low food production and food insecurity in a country. Also, the high population will overstretch existing infrastructures and affect the quality of services in the sectors of education, health, transportation and housing among others. Fourth, developing and underdeveloped countries experiencing population bursts often...
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...Problems with population growth For two consecutive years since 2009, the population has grown just 0.7% a year, down from annual increases around 1% in previous years and the lowest since the late 1930s. The U.S. gained 2.2 million people from 2010 to 2011, fewer than the 2.8 million added a decade earlier, reaching a total of 311.6 million. (El Nasser, 2012) The recent rapid increase in human population over the past two centuries has raised concerns that the planet may not be able to sustain present or larger numbers of inhabitants. Steve Jones, head of the biology department at University College London, has said, "Humans are 10,000 times more common than we should be". (Gibbens, 2011) Population growth has caused many environmental problems, such as rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution, all aggravated by the population expansion. In 1800 the economy passed one billion inhabitants. But the rising numbers are having some serious effects, population growth has already caused climate change, rising sea levels, extinction of wildlife and expanding deserts. Existence has been fuelled by the depleting resources that are fossil fuels, minerals, groundwater, soil, forests and fisheries rather than natural income. (Martin, 2011). Other problems associated with overpopulation include the increased demand for resources such as fresh water and food, starvation and malnutrition, consumption of natural resources faster than the rate of regeneration...
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...Populations, demography, population models, competition, predation Dr. Dorn Introduction to Populations: (chapter 8) A. What is a population? What is a species? Stickleback (fish) in lakes: Primary population parameters – B I D E B. Methods of estimating populations 1. Census Method 2. Sampling Methods Census of sample areas N = C/ N = population estimate C = survey count = proportion of area 3. Relative Abundances – CPUE (catch per unit effort) 4. Mark-Recapture Estimates of population size Lincoln-Peterson (closed populations) Assumptions 5. Removal Design (closed population) Examining the number of animal “removed” and cumulatively removed during successive catches Gear set 1 2 3 4 Catch 76 54 35 24 Cumulative 0 76 130 165 Demographic Techniques (chapter 8) A. What is Demography? B. Life Table Analysis of populations Cohort: Parts of a life table analysis: 1. x and nx 2. Survivorship schedule: lx a. Per capita mortality rate: qx b. Survivorship patterns: Type I Type II Type III 3. Getting the data: cohort life tables static life tables 3. Fertility schedule bx Life history strategies: - Semelparous - Iteroparous Costs: 5. The Intrinsic rate of increase (r) a. Net Reproductive Rate (Ro): b. Generation Time (G): c. r ~ ln...
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...Research Work Subject: Educational Sociology Ten Social Problems and Issues in our Country. |Social Issues |Causes |Alternative Plan/Reforms |Status/Condition | | | |(government/agencies) | | |1. Poverty |Population growth |- Tulong sa Tao Program of the Aquino |Philippines have not been strong | | |Lack of individual |Administration; |enough to speed up the pace of | | |responsibility / Laziness |- Social Reform Agenda (SRA) |poverty reduction. This in turn would| | |Weak Agriculture sector |of the Ramos administration, |impact on the country's progress | | |Poor government policy / Corruption |- Lingap Para sa Mahihirap program of |towards Eradicate Extreme Hunger and | | | |President Estrada, |Poverty. | | | ...
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...Global Population Growth Accordance to the United Nations demographers, global population already passed 6.9 billion in mid-2010. Also, population life expectancy is consistently rising decline (Engelman, 2010). Many industrial countries are now experiencing either slow population growth or completely. However, a lot of developing countries still continue to grow rapidly their populations to have large proportions of young people for working. Thus, 95 percents of population growth is appears in the developing nations today. Population growth has resulted in overpopulation on a national and world's level. It may limit future economic growth in high-fertility nations while population aging may do so in low-fertility ones. The population growth accelerates continuously increased demand for food, water, shelter, energy, health care, commodities, and careers. The most rapid rates of population increase often in countries where basic necessities are already scarce and that are least economically productivities and least ability to afford imports. Meanwhile, in many industrial and some rapidly developing nations, labor supplies are start to decline proportionally and sometimes completely decline. Many industrial and some developing nations have higher proportions of elderly unprecedented in demographic history, such as Japan which is 23 percents of current 127 million population being older than 64. Even if the life expectancies are expanding, there is no guarantee this phenomenon...
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...Caribbean - $10,200) Lower middle income = GNI per capita $976 - $3,855 (Asian Pacific - $1,600) Low income = GNI per capita $975 or less (Africa - $300) Exercise 2. Starting with a hypothetical population of 14,000 people and an even age distribution (1,000 in each age group from 1-5 to 66-70 years), assume that the population initially has a total fertility rate of 2.0 and an average life span of 70 years. Using the spreadsheet for exercises 1-3, estimate how the population will change from this generation to the next under each of the following conditions. a. Total fertility rate and life expectancy remain constant. Population stays at 14,000. b. Total fertility rate changes to 4.0; life expectancy remains constant. Population goes from 14,000 to 28,000. c. Total fertility rate changes to 1.0; life expectancy remains constant. Population goes from 14,000 to 7,000. d. Total fertility rate remains at 2.0; life expectancy increases to 100. Population goes from 14,000 to 20,000. e. Total fertility rate remains at 2.0; life expectancy decreases to 50. Population goes from 14,000 to 10,000. F. Total fertility rate changes to 4.0; life expectancy increases to 100. Population goes from 14,000 to 40,000. Most developed countries have infant mortality rates of around 5...
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...Chapter Review: Cash for Condoms-The Elusive Quest for Growth William Easterly starts off the chapter by saying, “The most unprepossessing candidate for the Holy Grail of prosperity is seven inches of latex: a condom”. The reference here is made to population control. He says that rich countries must provide aid to poor countries to help them control population-cash for condoms-and that is the only way to progress. Population has been concern in economics since Thomas Malthus. In the 19th century, he propounded that the rate of population growth rate will outpace the rate of food production and eventually there will be massive famines to correct the downward pressure exerted by population on food resources. As recently as 1960 Paul Ehrlich predicted massive famines would wipe out at least a fifth of the population. But this didn't happen. While population did double between 1960 and 1990, food production tripled and food prices actually decreased. At the time when Ehrlich predicted the famines, the population growth rate was 2.1 but has since reduced. The reduction can be attributed to a fall in birth rate rather than an increase in death rate in the form of famines. The author then cites Lester Brown to convey that the population scare is a relevant issue. Excess population is putting a strain on food, water, forest products, land availability and employment opportunities. Pakistan’s workforce is projected to increase from 72million in 1999 to 199 million in 2050. The...
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...percent of all income. Meanwhile, the poorest 20 percent receive only 1 percent of the global income. This paper attempts to unlock the significant factors that affect income inequality. In 1963, Simon Kuznets derived the inverted U hypothesis from which he inferred that through the course of development, as per capita income increases, initially, income inequality will increase before it starts to improve. In this paper, I will be using data on 61 countries, an inverted u pattern is found. The labor surplus model supports that the share of labor in industry and high population growth rates explain the inverted U. Economic Disparity Economic growth refers to a rise in national per capita income and product. However, economic growth does not mean that there is improvement in mass living standards. It can be a result of increase of wealth for the rich while the poor have less or no improvement in their living standards (Gillis, 70). This uneven distribution of income is referred to as income inequality. There is much income inequality existing in individual countries as well as globally. Globally, it is reported that the top 1 percent of income recipients receive about 15 percent of worldwide income, and the top 5 percent receive 40 percent of all income. Meanwhile, the poorest 20 percent receive only 1 percent of the global income (Braun, 49). There was much interest in...
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...philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, at a time when the world populace amounted to only 190 million. Today in 2016 this concern is still ever present and the world population amounts to a total of 7 billion, this massive leap in the human population has caused major concerns in both the public and scientific society with regards to its possible effects on the environment and the worlds’ future economic structure and gives great reason to believe that yes, overpopulation is a valid concern in todays’ society. Reasons for Concern Mankind reached the population of 1 billion in 1804 after 200 000...
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...Anthony Mitchell Hessler 5/8/12 The Social-Economic, Political, and Environmental Impacts of Unregulated Population Growth Ladies and gentlemen of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, mankind is well on its way to answering a seldom asked yet vitally important question pertaining to its sustainability. "How many people can inhabit this planet sustainably?" This is a question that should have been looked into decades ago, yet the answer is still unclear. With no regards to what the answer may be mankind persists in rapidly escalating its population as if the worlds sustainable population capacity is limitless. With the numerous problems that currently plague mankind, overpopulation is perhaps the most threatening and overlooked issue. If current population trends continue there will undoubtedly be terrible repercussion to face in the future. Problems arising from overpopulation will eventually have a grim impact on the socio-economic systems and political systems of the world along with the environment as a whole, the worst of which could lead to the annihilation of the human race. This is why population growth should be a global concern that should be recognized, examined, and dealt with immediately. To understand the impacts of overpopulation one must first understand the concept of overpopulation. Overpopulation is a state wherein the population density of an area has grown large enough to exceed what would be the natural sustainable inhabitant capacity of...
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...Population and Environment Theodore Panayotou CID Working Paper No. 54 July 2000 Environment and Development Paper No.2 Copyright 2000 Theodore Panayotou and the President and Fellows of Harvard College Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University Population and Environment Theodore Panayotou Abstract The past fifty years have witnessed two simultaneous and accelerating trends: an explosive growth in population and a steep increase in resource depletion and environmental degradation. These trends have fueled the debate on the link between population and environment that began 150 years earlier, when Malthus voiced his concern about the ability of the earth and its finite resources to feed an exponentially growing population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on population and environment and to identify the main strands of thought and the assumptions that lie behind them. The author begins with a review of the historical perspective. He then reviews and assesses the evidence on the relationship between population and environment, focusing on selected natural and environmental resources: land use, water use, local pollution, deforestation and climate change. The author also reviews selected recent macro and micro perspectives. The new macro perspective introduces the environment-income relationship and examines the role of population growth and density in mediating this relationship. The new micro perspective introduces the...
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...Underlined - needs to be reworked to sound better Examine the sustainability of Australia's population sustainability. The rate of population growth in Australia is higher than many other countries in the OECD (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), as well as levels of resource use and per capita energy consumption ( Sustainable Futures: Linking Population, Resources and the Environment). In Australia, the rate of population growth has increased since the mid 2000s, causes are net overseas migration and natural increase with an average of one birth every minute and 45 seconds. However overseas migration is the main contributor, making up about 60% of population growth. In 2011, Australia's population increased to over 22 million people and (http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001) each year in Australia the population increases by about 400,000 people (http://www.tai.org.au/sites/defualt/files/Population%20Paper%20FINAL.pdf)....
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