...Post Crises reforms and regulations The global financial crises displayed various weaknesses in the financial system. Ever since the crises, there have been sincere efforts in trying to eliminate or reduce the chances and impact of a future crisis. Four main areas of reform were identified by the international policy makers and sufficient work has been done to implement them (The Regulatory Response to the Global Financial Crises, 2014). Although Australia has not been affected as much as the north Atlantic countries, it still operates in the global environment. A part of regulatory reforms includes managing and monitoring systemic risk. Australia has been trying to do that through various entities such as the RBA, APRA and ASIC. Australia has also implemented reforms related to derivative trading, which are being traded more and more despite their high level of risk. Even though the reforms and regulations that were and going to be implemented, improved the safety of the financial system, there will never be a one hundred percent guarantee that there will be no future crisis. The G20 summit in 2008 was different from the prior summits in that it constituted of the leaders of the countries instead of Finance Ministers and Bank Governors (RBA, 2012). The leaders agreed on four areas of reforms which are: Strengthening Prudential Regulatory Standards (Basel III), addressing too big to fail institutions, reforms to OTC derivatives market and shadow banking. The entities...
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..."Impact of Government Regulation" Please respond to the following: •* From the scenario for Katrina’s Candies, take a position as to whether government regulation is constraining or enabling in this situation, as it relates to the operational efficiency of the company. Speculate on the fundamental manner in which government regulation could impact the shareholders’ wealth and profitability. Considering the scenario for Katrina’s Candies, I believe the government regulation is enabling in this situation, as it relates to the operational efficiency of the company. The government’s intervention in the US market place process is to; provide for a market that is competitive by keeping monopolistic and other anti-competitive tactics at bay, protect the public interest and enable and encourage innovation. These are accomplished through the antitrust regulation statues and their enforcement which prohibits monopolies as stated in the Sherman Act, 1890 (McGuigan et al., 2014). The presence of anticompetitive business practices of collisional price fixing, wholesale price discrimination, exclusive dealing and tying contracts, anti-merger regulations, and interlocking directorates are specified in the Clayton Act, 1914. The Federal Trade Commission is the nation’s consumer protection agency that works for the consumer to prevent fraud, deception and unfair business practices in the marketplace. Government policies are there to ensure that products are available to the consumer at lower...
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...BASEL III NORMS B Y: RANJIT RAMKUMAR RASHMI.S RENUKA PRASANNA MEANING OF "BASEL III": A comprehensive set of reform measures designed to improve the regulation, supervision and risk management within the banking sector. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published the first version of Basel III in late 2009, giving banks approximately three years to satisfy all requirements. Largely in response to the credit crisis, banks are required to maintain proper leverage ratios and meet certain capital requirements. REASONS FOR FORMULATION OF BASEL III Reducing profitability of small banks and threat of takeover Lack of comprehensive approach to address risks Self-regulation in area of asset securitization Lack of safety Inability to strengthen the stability of financial system Failure to achieve large capital reductions Failure in enhancing the competitive equality amongst banks AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF BASEL III To minimize the probability of recurrence of crises to greater extent. To improve the banking sector's ability to absorb shocks arising from financial and economic stress. To improve risk management and governance. To strengthen banks' transparency and disclosures . To minimize the probability of recurrence of crises to greater extent. STRUCTURE OF BASEL III PILLAR 1- MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS Calculate required capital Required capital based on Market risk Credit risk Operational risk Used to monitor funding concentration ...
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...& strategic analysis regarding the post-‐financial-‐crisis environment 3 December 2014 Strategic Management Fall 2014 Authored by: Stefan Garval 040594STG1 Collin Gibbons 281293COG1 Spencer Gliddon 260394SPG1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Problem formulation .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Market definition ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2. The External Environment ........................................................................................................... 4 ...
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...financial regulatory reform As regulators and policymakers continue their efforts to find the best way to prevent a repetition of the financial crisis that almost engulfed the world economy, re-evaluating how corporate governance and risk management can make the financial system more secure has become a crucial question. Clifford Chance organised three round-table debates between 2009-2010 to assess this issue. With financial regulatory reform continuing to dominate the global political agenda, Clifford Chance has decided to publish a summary of these discussions as part of its commitment to promoting a balanced and informed analysis of the challenges that lie ahead. Much has been written and spoken about the causes of the financial crisis. Most people accept it is time to learn the lessons and move on. While the need to reform the banking and the financial services sector is beyond question, there is a tension between the desire to ‘get it right’ and the intense pressure for politicians and regulators to act quickly and decisively. In the ensuing debate over regulation and reform, the real issues of corporate governance and risk management have been largely obscured by the remuneration question. “There are some conflicting imperatives,” said Michael Bray, a partner in Clifford Chance’s London office. “We still have a long way to go.” Among a host of challenges facing the global financial community are questions of its own reputation, harmonizing rules of conduct and regulation, and...
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...CHoUDHARY (PGDMB13/081) SHERIN MATHEWS (PGDMB13/049) SOHINI BANERJEE (PGDMB13/052) TUSHAR SHARMA (PGDMB13/086) table of contents TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. Importance of Regulation of Bank Capital 2 3. BCBS : A Historical Background 3 4. BASEL I ACCORD 4 I. SALIENT FEATURES 5 II. ADVANTAGES OF BASEL I 9 III. SHORTCOMINGS OF BASEL I 11 5. baSEL II 13 I. from basel i to basel ii - the journey continues 13 II. OBJECTIVES 15 III. THE ACCORD IN OPERATION 15 IV. IMPACT OF BASEL II ON INDIA 26 a. IMPACT ON THE INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM 26 b. POSITIVE IMPACT 27 c. NEGATIVE IMPACT 29 V. Basel II and the global financial crisis 30 6. BASEL III 32 I. INTRODUCTION 32 II. OBJECTIVES 32 III. CHANGES MADE IN THE BASEL ACCORD 33 IV. COMPARISON OF CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER 39 BASEL II AND BASEL III V. macroeconomic impact of basel iii 40 A. Impact on Individual Banks 40 B. IMPACT ON THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM 40 C. impact of basel iii on the indian 42 banking system VI. RBI GUIDELINES 44 VII. CONCERNS WITH BASEL III 45 7. CONCLUSION ` 50 Introduction Banks are a vital part of a nation’s economy. In their traditional role as financial intermediaries, they serve...
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...1) Throughout this class we have discussed the conduct of the major players at financial institutions and their role in leading their companies to the brink of failure, and in some cases have been successful (Bear Stearns, Lehman & AIG). With that as a starting point how important is character and ethics? What role(s) do you think boards of directors should play and did they exercise their fiduciary responsibilities to the shareholders and employees? Money is an important character in various financial institutions, but by itself is not necessarily evil. Rather, it is something that is used to trade goods and services. We call it "currency", and it allows us to do business between organizations. Unfortunately, that is the sterile dictionary-type definition but it does not capture all the issues that are involved with finances. In corporate life, just like in many other realms, money causes all sorts of problems. People make incredibly bad decisions because of money, and plenty of people have gone to prison because of their money-related behavior. This is why people always approach money with a certain amount of uneasiness. Here are a few thoughts on why financial management ethics are important. The numbers do not have a soul, so they cannot govern themselves. They must be managed by people. Ethics are important because finances make people do some strange things. The spreadsheet does not have a conscience, and the goal of working with spreadsheets is to make numbers add...
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...3 The Regulatory System in the United Kingdom This chapter examines the regulatory system currently in place in the United Kingdom. It provides an overview of the structure and objectives of regulation, the role of the regulator and the techniques that are employed in regulating firms and individuals who engage in investment business. 3.1 Background: the financial crisis and regulatory reform 3.1.1 Responding to the financial crisis In the UK, as elsewhere, the onset of the financial crisis exposed deficiencies in financial regulation and led to calls for regulatory reform. The Treasury Select Committee1 led the way, with its hearings into the collapse of Northern Rock exposing serious deficiencies in supervision and risk management.2 In October 2008, the Chancellor of the Exchequer asked Lord Turner, the newly appointed chairman of the FSA, to review the causes of the crisis and to make recommendations on the changes in regulation and supervisory approach needed to create a more robust banking system for the future. The Turner Review3, published in March 2009, made a 1 The Treasury Select Committee is a Parliamentary (House of Commons) committee that scrutinises the activity of the regulatory authorities in the UK. 2 See House of Commons Treasury Committee, The Run on the Rock HC 56-1 (Fifth Report of Session 2007-08). 3 FSA, ‘The Turner Review, A regulatory response to the global banking crisis’ (March 2009) at http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/Library/Corporate/turner/index...
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...RISK MANAGEMENT THE NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR FOR ABI ALCHEMY BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE BY OYINDAMOLA OMOSEBI CONSULTANT ALCHEMY BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE 5TH MAY 2012 Table of Content 1.0 Overview of Risk Management 1.1 Principle of Risk Management 1.2 The Risk Management Process 1.2.1 Risk Identification 1.2.2 Risk Assessment/Measurement 1.2.3 Risk Mitigation 1.3 Risk Management Plan 1.3.1 Implementation 1.3.2 Review and Evaluation of Plan 2.0 A Review of Risks in Banking 2.1 Overview of Risk Management Practices in Nigerian Banks 2.1.1 Reputational Risk and Confidence Crisis in the Nigerian Banking Industry 2.1.2 Operational Risk 2.1.3 Credit Risk 2.1.4 Human Resources Risk 2.1.5 Risk Associated with Mergers and Acquisition 2.2 Current Regulatory and the Way Forward 3.0 Summary and Conclusion 1.0 Overview of Risk Management There is risk in every business because of uncertainty about future events and exposure, almost everything we do in the business world involves risk. This is the probability that organization or an individual will be unable to meet some expectations set for itself during a given period or could incur a financial loss because of some known or unknown threats or events outside his immediate control. Therefore, Risk Management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of these risks followed by coordinated and effective application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Banking reached colonial Africa through the activities of colonial merchants, and the first bank in West Africa was established in 1894, that is the British Bank for West Africa (BBWA), which extended its operations to Ghana soon after in 1896. In Ghana, the Bank of Ghana is responsible for the banking sector. The Bank of Ghana was established in 1957 to oversee the health of the nation’s financial sector. Presently the Bank of Ghana is empowered by the banking act of 2004, Act 673 (amended in 2007) and the Bank of Ghana Act 2002, Act 612 to regulate banks in Ghana. The mission of the central bank is “to pursue sound monetary and financial policies aimed at price stability and create an enabling environment for sustainable economic growth.” In maintaining a stable banking industry, the Bank of Ghana ensures that banks playing a part in the pursuit of its goals are well leveraged to withstand any unforeseen circumstances. One way the central bank does this is to ensure that banks have capital adequacy to a certain level through the regulation of the minimum capital requirement. The issue of the minimum capital requirement, its increases and implications has always been an issue of hot debates amongst economists, and even politicians. The minimum capital requirement is the minimum level of security below which the amount of financial resources should not fall (European Parliament legislative resolution of 22 April...
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...OVERVIEW……………………………………………2 - History of Japanese Economy - Japanese Financial & Banking System - Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group BANK OF TOKYO MITSUBISHI UFJ………………16 - Structure - Rating - Capital - Competition - Services BANK MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS…………...……29 - Asset Management - Liability Management - Risk Management - Other Developments (Social Responsibilities) REPORTS ANALYSIS………………………………..35 - Financial Sheets - Financial Ratios FORECASTING……………………………………….38 - Forecasted Financial Sheets CONCLUSION………………………………………...40 I. OVERVIEW A) History of Japanese Economy The Japanese economy is the 3rd largest economy in the world, coming right behind the American economy and the economy of China. It’s one of the most studied economies among all due to its rapid growth in different eras. Its economy first interacted with Europe in the 16th century, and the Europeans were admirers of the country as it was one of the richest in metals and became a major exporter of copper and silver. In 1603, which is the beginning of the Edo period, the interaction between the Japanese and Europeans was extremely intense, and that, however, exposed Japan to Christianization waves, which lead Japan to enter a period of isolation in order to avoid such religious waves. Significant expansion of domestic industries increased during this phase. The construction trade grew along with banking dealing activities. The Edo period ended in 1868, and by that time Japan had developed...
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...OVERVIEW……………………………………………2 - History of Japanese Economy - Japanese Financial & Banking System - Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group BANK OF TOKYO MITSUBISHI UFJ………………16 - Structure - Rating - Capital - Competition - Services BANK MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS…………...……29 - Asset Management - Liability Management - Risk Management - Other Developments (Social Responsibilities) REPORTS ANALYSIS………………………………..35 - Financial Sheets - Financial Ratios FORECASTING……………………………………….38 - Forecasted Financial Sheets CONCLUSION………………………………………...40 I. OVERVIEW A) History of Japanese Economy The Japanese economy is the 3rd largest economy in the world, coming right behind the American economy and the economy of China. It’s one of the most studied economies among all due to its rapid growth in different eras. Its economy first interacted with Europe in the 16th century, and the Europeans were admirers of the country as it was one of the richest in metals and became a major exporter of copper and silver. In 1603, which is the beginning of the Edo period, the interaction between the Japanese and Europeans was extremely intense, and that, however, exposed Japan to Christianization waves, which lead Japan to enter a period of isolation in order to avoid such religious waves. Significant expansion of domestic industries increased during this phase. The construction trade grew along with banking dealing activities. The Edo period ended in 1868, and by that time Japan had developed...
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...The Global Roots of the Current Financial Crisis and its Implications for Regulation Anil Kashyap (University of Chicago) Raghuram Rajan (University of Chicago) Jeremy Stein (Harvard University) Where did the current financial crisis come from? Who or what is to blame? How will it be resolved? How do we undertake reforms for the future? These are the questions this paper will seek to answer. The analysis will have three parts. The first is a rough and ready sketch of the global roots of this crisis. Second, we will focus in a more detailed way on why it hit the financial sector, especially banks. Finally, we will end with some suggestions for future regulation, especially capital regulation. I. A Rough Sketch. It is always useful to start with the macroeconomic environment. In a sense, this is a crisis borne out of previous crises. An important difference between the recent period of sustained growth and previous periods is the low level of long term real interest rates over the last 5 years, certainly relative to the last two decades. Long rates fell following the collapse in investment in both emerging markets and developed countries after the crises in 1998 and the ICT bubble in 2001. Emerging market governments became more circumspect and increased budgetary surpluses, even while cutting back on public investment. For instance, in Philippines, investment fell from 24% of GDP in 1996 to 17% in 2006, while its savings rose from 14% to 20%. From borrowing 10% of its...
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...ICB Independent Commission on Banking Final Report Recommendations September 2011 ICB Independent Commission on Banking Final Report Recommendations September 2011 Official versions of this document are printed on 100% recycled paper. When you have finished with it please recycle it again. If using an electronic version of the document, please consider the environment and only print the pages which you need and recycle them when you have finished. © Crown copyright 2011 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-governmentlicence/ or e-mail: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to: Independent Commission on Banking Victoria House Southampton Row London WC1B 4AD This document is also available from our website at http://bankingcommission.independent.gov.uk/ ISBN 978-1-845-32-829-0 Produced by the Domarn Group, London. Final Report Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................... 1 List of acronyms .........................................................................................
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...of disaster we saw during the Financial Crisis of 2008. By developing a model of risk-manager decisionmaking, this Essay illustrates how even “good people” acting in utterly rational and expected ways brought us into economic turmoil. The assertion of this Essay is that the root cause of the Financial Crisis was systemic moral hazard. Systemic moral hazard poses a unique challenge in crafting a regulatory response. The challenge lies in that the best response to systemic moral hazard is “predictive prevention.” It is inherently difficult to reward individuals for producing predictive prevention. Unsurprisingly, markets fail to produce it at optimal levels and thus cannot prevent systemic moral hazard and the kind of crises that ensue. The difficulty in valuing predictive prevention is seen when we model how risk managers make decisions regarding the prevention of excessive risk. The model reveals how the balance can be tipped in favor of risk taking that leads to systemic failure and broad social harm. The model also reveals how regulation might work to reset the balance to one that is superior for society. We can achieve optimal risktaking decisionmaking in two ways: (1) by requiring all asset managers in the market to put their own money at risk in their trading decisions; and (2) by requiring all asset managers to use “best practices” in managing risk, or else be subject to legal liability. These prescriptions arise out of a regulatory strategy that accepts the need to balance...
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