...dimensions of treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) through Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR will be analysed in terms of its clinical efficacy and practical effectiveness utilizing extensive outcome literature and research. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stressor related psychiatric condition that occurs through exposure to isolated or multiple traumatic events (Lake, 2012). Traumatic events mainly encompass direct or by proxy exposure to death, serious injury or sexual violation, such as sexual assault, car accidents, warfare, or natural disasters (Barlow & Durand, 2015). Symptoms The symptoms of PTSD...
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...Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Literature: An Analysis of The Odyssey The Odyssey is one of the most well known stories about war and its effects on the survivors. Homer goes out of his way to share the names and families of fallen soldiers for many reasons. The deaths in The Odyssey are exceptionally bloody and gore-filled, which allows the reader to vividly see the scenes depicted and understand the true horror that violence holds. The war scenes are particularly gruesome and filled with death. The only part of The Odyssey that Homer has left to the reader to venture in to is what Odysseus has going on inside his head. How did the Trojan War affect Odysseus mentally? Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. PTSD affects most war veterans and has for as long as wars have raged on. Until 1980, when PTSD was first recognized as a mental disorder, people suffering from PTSD were deemed psychologically insane if they were deeply affected. When the Odyssey was written, there was no possible way to diagnose Odysseus with PTSD, though many signs in The Odyssey point to the fact that he would have. Odysseus struggled through many hard times and witnessed many terrifying things during his strife. He witnessed the gory death of at least six of his crew, seeing their skulls bashed open on rocks and their brains...
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...According to Discovering Psychology- Chapter 13, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a disorder triggered by exposure to a highly traumatic event that results in a recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories of the event; avoidance of stimuli and situations associated with the event; negative changes in thoughts or moods or emotions; and a persistent state of heightened physical arousal (Hockenbury & Nolan, 2016, p. 546/547). Society has always been aware of PTSD, especially in soldiers who have recently returned from war. However, it was not until the 1980’s when PTSD was finally identified as a disorder with specific symptoms. In recent findings, studies showed that 20% of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans,...
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...Risk Factors: The risk factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder are the frequency and possibility of being exposed to traumatic events such as war, domestic violence, natural disaster, violence, sexual trauma. The factors mentioned can cause post-traumatic stress disorder especially if the trauma is not easily escapable. Hyland P. et al states, ICD-11 proposals suggest that trauma exposure which is prolonged and/or repeated, or consists of multiple forms, that also occurs under circumstances where escape from the trauma is difficult or impossible (e.g., childhood abuse) will confer greater risk for CPTSD as compared to PTSD. (Hyland, P., Murphy, J., Shelvin, M., et al, 2017). As with the film mentioned that caused me to pick this specific...
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...In my Behavioral Neuroscience class, Dr. Miller told us a story about a 70-year-old veteran who was on his way to the post office to send a letter to his son. As he got out of the car, his gaze fell upon the tall, slender pole that had raised the American flag proud and high. However, for this gentleman, he, unfortunately, had an adverse reaction as he stared at the flag. His heartbeat was on a full rush, his hands became sweaty, and it became suddenly hard for him to keep standing. At that moment, he was taken back to his war years and relived the moment when his partner, who’d been carrying the American flag, was killed right before his eyes. The poor old man became terrified that he would face the same fate as his friend, even though the...
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...Post Traumatic Stress disorder, or PTSD is described by WebMD as a serious condition that can develop after a person has experienced or witnessed a traumatic or terrifying event in which serious physical harm occurred or was threatened. The large majority of PTSD victims are war veterans. Being in a war in Macbeth’s time was even more gruesome and traumatizing. Murdering people with nothing but his bare hands and a sword, Macbeth encountered and committed what might have been the most horrifying murders, repeatedly. Death was a part of Macbeth’s everyday life. This made Macbeth first victim of the two to experience mental illness that affected his everyday living. He had become somewhat desensitized to the horrors of murder. After being told by three witches that he is to one day take Duncan’s place as king, Macbeth is...
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...Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is a complex mental health disorder with poor treatment outcome. While the majority of the population will be exposed to some form of trauma throughout their lifetime only a fraction will actually go on to develop the disorder (Kessler et. Al, 1995). This has lead many researchers to devote their time to the analysis of pre-trauma factors such as individual characteristics (e.g intelligence) as a means of identifying personal vulnerability for the development of PTSD. However, with the exception of female gender, pre-trauma variables are for the most part associated with an individual's risk of exposure and have been shown to have substantially less predictive power regarding who's actually at risk for developing PTSD following trauma (Bromet 1998). Therefore, peri-traumatic factors such as the nature of the trauma and dissociative symptoms currently remain the most successful predictors in relation to the onset and duration of PTSD at our disposal (Ozer et al. 2003). Continued research of trauma severity and dissociative symptoms as well as further investigation into how these two factors interact to predict PTSD is necessary to further our understanding of the disorder and improve treatment methods. It has been known for some time that the severity of a traumatic event is a robust predictor for PTSD (Birmes et. Al, 2003). While there is no universal measure of trauma severity, factors like perceived life threat, duration of the event...
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...Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam War Veterans COMM/156 4/14/2013 Professor Marsha Parker PTSD is an anxiety disorder classified as a mental illness caused by exposure to terrifying or life threatening events. During the time of war, people get exposed to devastating experiences such as sexual abuse, witnessing murder of family members or familiar people, and other horrors of war. As a result, the victims suffer from mental disorders since the horrible experiences are forever ingrained in their mind. Bearing in mind that bad memories are rarely erased, the experiences can be compared to a horror movie that is often played in the mind and constantly frightens the victim to death. On one hand the victim celebrates survival but on the other hand the experiences haunt one through night mares or flashbacks. The victim remains constantly on edge and is easily startled. Some common feelings include intense guilt and some time numbness- all signs of posttraumatic stress disorder (TMP, 2012). A research finding by Bruce Dohrenwend and colleagues from New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia’s Letter Carrier School of Public Health, shows that traumatic experiences during war predicted the onset of PTSD in Vietnam veterans (Mikulak, 2013). We will examine the PTSD in Vietnam War veterans. Human existence has been always exposed to traumatic incidences of various kinds. For instance, attacks by lions or even the twentieth century terrorist attacks to...
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...Darrel Watlington April 1, 2015 Sociology 101 Speaking out for Soldiers Page 1 I have been in the military since 2007 and have witnessed several of my friends change during this time period. I have only one friend who is seeking help for PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder) I find it interesting that even though they are suffering they will not seek help. My question is why are most military troops less likely to seek help for PTSD? The mental health in our military troops is becoming more of a concern. It has been found that one in eight US soldiers returning home from either Iraq or Afghanistan has PTSD. The major problem occurring from this is soldier are for one reason or another not seeking any help for this issue. This problem has been going on for as long as there has been war. Fortunately our society is starting to understand the effects war has a a person and are paying more attention to this issue. It is important that our society pay more attention to this problem because their can be lasting negative effects if soldiers do not seek treatment. The short term effects of PTSD are sleeplessness, panic attacks, intense fear, nightmares, self destructive thoughts, and depression. The long term effects of PTSD are subsidence abuse, anger management issues, loneliness, and severe depression. In 2012 the military sent out a survey to military spouses and found out that over sixty...
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...Environmental Psychology Article Analysis Introduction to Article Analysis For the majority of the human population there has been an event or events that possibly produced an occurrence that had a large impact upon the persons’ overall perception and ability to function regularly. In some instances individuals are able to overcome the occurrence or event, but for some such events can trigger a potent impact that can create an eruption in their cognitive response, when this occurs it is usually diagnosed as being Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. The following brief analysis was written from context to an article titled “Ecological Analysis of Early Adolescents’ Stress Responses to 9/11 in Washington, DC Area. The following analysis of the article in mention will include a brief description of the article and its contents as well as the 9/11 events. Lastly, a discussion on some of the influences that this specific event may or may not have had on the field of environmental psychology will be briefly looked into. Summarization of Article September 11, 2001 was a day that will be remembered here in America for many centuries to come. On that horrific day back in 2001 terrorists’ high jacked multiple airlines and began their rain of terror upon the U.S. Some of the planes were flown directly into the twin towers in New York City, while others were flown directly towards our nations capitol in Washington DC. Many individuals were greatly affected...
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...PLANTS AVOID SUNBURN In chapter 5, we learned about one of the most important roles in plants, which is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants,algae, and some microorganisms harness solar energy and convert it into chemical energy, this is done through pigments in plant cells. These pigments have distinct colors because some absorb more wavelengths then others. For example, carotenoids, these accessoery pigments reflect longer wavelengths of light, making them appear red, orange,or yellow. Carotenoids perform two major functions in the process of photosynthesis. One purpose is to serve as excessory light pigment and the other purpose to serve is to protect the pigments from the photo distructive reaction of oxygen. There was a couple articles breaking down this process. I found a popular article published July 19, 2006 that has no author but the source was Arizona State University. This same institution offered a scientific article written by Iris Visoly-Fisher, Kayvon Daie, Yuichi Terazono, Christian Herrero, Fernando Fango Luis Oterom Edgardo Durantini, Juana J. Silber, Leonides Sereno, Devens Gust, Thomas A. Moore, Ana L. Moore, and Stuart M. Lindsay published in June 6, 2006. This article was most likely written for scientists or college grads majoring In the field because it was more into depth and was pubished on www.pnas.org[->0]. While the popular article is mostly intended for high school or junior high students as its published on pysc.org[->1]...
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...unexpected such as the airplane crash of September 11, 2001. The analysis after this traumatic event underlines the understanding of how individuals perceive, respond, or change their behavior when facing global threats. The plane crash of 9/11 caused a fear of uncertainty and left individuals wounded in realization that, indeed everyone is exposed to vulnerability and that even within our comfort zone, it takes few seconds for our whole lives to turn upside down. The article chosen for this analysis is of Bornstein & Hendricks (2007), which talks about the stress responses that were faced by adolescent living in the Washington area. The article will include adolescent perception, personal characteristics, and maternal characteristics. The Theoretical Basis of the Article This article sheds light on unique perspective as few studies have examined the after effects of war or natural disaster on adolescence from an ecological point of view. This article concentrates on maternal characteristics, personal characteristics, as well as the perception of the adolescent towards the primary giver (Bornstein & Hendricks, 2007). From a young age, a child will use same or similar communication style of their personal caregiver thus; stress response and reaction of caregivers have significant impact on how the adolescent reacts to a stressful situation. Either it makes the child stronger and learn to deal and overcome stress, or the adolescent lacks in the ability in adaptive to changes...
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...difficult situations and making decision bad decisions possibly cause physical or mental harm. There are many different things that cause irrationality (http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Stress_(psychology) “stress: (roughly the opposite of relaxation) is a medical term for a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological, which can cause a physiological response called the general adaptation syndrome, first described in 1936 by Hans Selye in the journal Nature.edication, moodiness to name a few. Moodiness: (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/moodiness) “Given to frequent changes of mood; temperamental”. (“http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aggressiveness) Aggressiveness:”characterized by or tending unprovoked offensives attacks, invasions or the like militantly forward militantly” The word that I have cited above describes me when stressed or irritated. Therapist would say I suffer from a mild case of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder because of multiple deployments and the strenuous hours; worked. For extended time. The actions isolated me from my family and made it difficult for anyone to deal with me. Self analysis and seeking therapy is the best action along with having good friends who tell you what kind of person you have become. Self analysis worked great for me because I learned to be honest with myself. This is reinforced with help from a professional in the medical field to help figure out what was wrong. Medication helps to chemically...
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...Diagnosis The patient, Holden Caulfield is experiencing what I presume to be Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD. Holden is going through a lot of difficult situations in his life that he got him a little mislead, such as failing almost all his classes, trouble with his roommate, and leaving his school altogether. The situations Holden is being put through aren’t easy for him and cause him a lot of stress that changes the way that he acts, and feels. Caulfield is experiencing flashbacks, poor relationships, self-destructive behavior, and hopelessness about the future, trouble sleeping, memory problems, trouble concentrating, and efforts to avoid thinking or talking about his trauma. He is emotionally unstable, irritable, angry, shameful, guilty, easily startled or frightened, and dissatisfied with activities he once enjoyed. A thorough analysis has taken place that has proven that Holden Caulfield could perhaps have the predicted diagnosis. The treatment I am going to plan out for Holden is helpful for mainly his psychological problems. First and most important I am planning to have individual therapy with Holden to establish how he is to learn to overcome his problems. If I am not able to accomplish and reinforce this family help will be needed. The second thing to help Holden get back in normality would be to reenroll him in school. It doesn’t matter if he goes back to Pency as long as he is fully recovered. Reenrollment in school could help with his relationships...
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...Executive Summary Table of Content 1.0 Introduction Newth (2011) defines stress as an applied force or systems of forces which tend to strain an individual body in such a way that the particular individual experiences the feeling of ‘not being in control’. From the psychology point of view, stress can also be considered as a reaction to a stimulus that disturbs an individual’s physical or mental equilibrium (Psychology Today, 2014). Given that numerous stressful events are capable of triggering different responses in human beings, it is fair to say that stress is an event that is omnipresent in every part of life; and hence is worth exploring. Significant investigations and debates into the issues of stress, its determinants and who are generally susceptible to stress have been rife in recent decades (Langan-fox and Cooper, 2011). The general consensus is that frequent exposure to traumatic events is the vital stressor for stress and everyone is susceptible to traumatic events and stress (Langan-fox and Cooper, 2011). Externalisation of stressful behaviours as a result of being exposed to traumatic events such as severe neglect, abuse and repeated violence is clinically termed as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013). It has been maintained that PTSD creates psychological and physical imbalances in sufferers; and affects their physical and mental well-being negatively (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013). From this standpoint...
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