...(societal) cultures through four dimensions: Power distance, Individualism, Masculinity vs. Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Power Distance is a crucial dimension of national culture that influences leadership and subcultures in organizations and will therefore be discussed in more detail here. Power Distance Index (PDI) scores inform us about dependence relationships in a country. In small power distance countries there is limited dependence of subordinates on bosses, and a preference for consultation, that is interdependence between boss and subordinate. The emotional distance between them is relatively small: subordinates will quite readily approach and contradict their bosses. In large power distance countries there is considerable dependence of subordinates on bosses. Subordinates respond by either preferring such dependence (in the form of an autocratic or paternalistic boss), or rejecting it entirely, which in psychology is known as counter dependence: that is dependence, but with a negative sign. Large power distance countries thus show a pattern of polarization between dependence and counter dependence. In these cases, the emotional distance between subordinates and their bosses is large; subordinates are unlikely to approach and contradict their bosses directly. Power Distance can therefore be defined as “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally” (Hofstede,...
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...Challenges in International Business Management has been one of the key elements of companies in most cases. A major responsibility of managers at all levels is to encourage organization members to perform to the best of their abilities in ways that help the organization achieve its goals (George & Jones 2002). In order to do so, managers need to first have an understanding of their subordinates. The better managers perceive subordinates, the more they are capable to motivate them. In addition, it is the same situation for manager and customer relations. A manager cannot satisfy his customer unless he has a very good sense of perception. Globalization is a very popular term recently. In a way, this term represents the shortening of distances and disappearance of borders (Friedman 2007). Borders within Europe, at the present, are almost forgotten. As the regulations on FDI were loosened in China with her accession to World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001, the three continents America, Europe and Asia are much closer to each other than they have ever been. Multinational corporations (MNC) have spread all over the world. Collaboration with many companies independent of national borders became a must for MNCs to survive. Collaboration with companies all around the world cannot be managed without a multicultural workforce and cultural differences in it. Having a multicultural workforce has some advantages such as deeper knowledge of different product markets, culturally...
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...Power Distance in Romania Romania is among the 10% of the most power distant countries, more precisely it scores 90, which is the 7th position regarding the most power distance societies in the world as for instance Latin American countries and countries of South-eastern Asia and Eastern Europe. This is underlined by the fact that the country is extremely centralized: 2/3 of all foreign investments go into the capital city Bucharest where also 80% of all financial potential is concentrated. There are a lot of backgrounds to the high PDI in Romania. The main reason is that the Romanian culture with its emphasis on authority figures, subjugation to the Communist Party elite has bred a legacy of high power distance in the populace and in Romanian managers and workers. Big PDI means that Romania has a big power separation between the rich and poor which are also known as high power distance between people. Basically if you are born into a family with power you will have a high possibility to keep that power but if you’re born into a family who is poor, it is really hard to move up and you will continue to be poor. Even if nowadays we can observe a decreasing trend in the power distance of Romania, I think it’s still very high. Current situation leads to the numerous negative consequences. For example, the majority of salary-earning workers have open-ended working days or injurious conditions of work. The huge discrepancy between the less and the more powerful people leads...
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...Power Distance: El Salvador 66 / United States 40 This contrast indicates that the Salvadorians believe that there is a vast difference between who is in control of their destiny, i.e., (the Government) as opposed to the American belief that we are all part of a collective system. We as Americans fundamentally believe and understand that we have a voice in both what the Government and society as a whole should be. The Salvadorian people have lived in, and understand that inequality is a matter of fact. Individualism: El Salvador 19 / United States 91 In this category the Salvadorian people are more family, or group oriented. Their tendency will be to gravitate towards groups, clans, gangs, etc. Loyalty to these units provides protection from outsiders and a means towards success or longevity. This is due in fact that there is not equality in their Power Distance or hierarchical status. Americans on the other hand believe that we are all created equal, and we do have a say in our situation. We tend to concern ourselves with our immediate families rather than collect in groups for protection because we understand that as a whole we are not in jeopardy from a Governmental system. Americans...
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...Context Page Introduction 1 Power Distance 1 Power Distance in South Korea 2 Comparison with UK and China 2 Conclusion 2 Reference 3 Introduction “South Korea is located on a peninsula of Asia. The location is on the northeastern side of the continent. It’s equally known for its green, hilly countryside dotted with cherry trees and centuries-old Buddhist temples, plus its coastal fishing villages, tropical islands and high-tech cities such as Seoul, the capital” (Yun, 2015). “Geert Hofstede defines culture as “the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others”. The six dimensions of national culture are based on extensive research done by Professor Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, Michael Minkov and their research teams” (Hofstede, n.d.). The model of national culture consists of six dimensions: Power Distance Index (PDI), Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), Long Term Orientation versus Short Term Normative Orientation (LTO) and Indulgence versus Restraint (IND). Power Distance The definition can be stated: “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally” (Hofstede, 1980, p.149). More specifically, it is the expectance and acceptance of unequal distribution of powers amongst the people in institutions (family, school, work) within a country...
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...procedures are difficult to solve for realistic size problems. Therefore, two types of heuristic procedures are considered. Construction Procedure Improvement Procedures 11.07.2010 Dr. Erkan Bayraktar 4 Evaluation of Facility Designs Which layout is best? Is layout A better than Layout B? Several Common Methods for Block Layouts Distance Based Scoring Requires flow and distance Requires subjective AEIOU relationships Many methods available Weighted factor scoring Adjacency Based Scoring Multi-Objective Scoring 11.07.2010 Dr. Erkan Bayraktar 5 Distance Based Scoring Volume-Distance product Distance usually measured rectilinearly, between centroids Assumes that the material flow system has already been specified Assumes that the variable flow cost is proportional to distance Distance often depends on the aisle layout and material handling equipment Can also add a cost term ($/dx) to convert to $ 11.07.2010 Dr. Erkan Bayraktar 6 How should you measure distance? Most common is “rectilinear” distance between centroids d(X, P) = |x - a| + |y - b| Absolute difference in x direction PLUS absolute difference in...
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...FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS AIM: The aim of this experiment is to determine the focal length (f) of a convex lens by two methods. YOU WILL NEED: A 10 cm focal length bi-convex lens, lens holder, screen (a wooden block with a white painted side is ideal), ruler, light source (mounted clear bulb), power supply suitable for the lamp. An optical bench is ideal if one is available. WHAT TO DO: (a) Minimum distance method Set up the lamp, lens and screen so that a clear image of the lamp filament is formed on the screen. Measure the object and image distances (u and v). Repeat the experiment for a series of values over the range u+v = 45 cm to 100 cm. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION: Plot a graph of u+v against u. The minimum point on the graph is at a point u+v = 4f, u = 2f (b) Two position method Set up the lamp, lens and screen 0.6m apart. Find the TWO positions where a clearly focused image of the lamp may be obtained. (one of these will give a large image and the other a small image). Measure the separation of lamp and screen (d) and the distance between the two positions of the lens (a) Repeat the procedure for other values of d between 0. 5m and 1m ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION: The focal length of the lens may be calculated from the formula: f = [d2 – a2]/4d ----------------------- a v2 d u1 2...
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...T.C. BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY VISION BASED TARGET TRACKING CONTROLLED SENTRY Capstone Project Fikret Taygun Duvan İSTANBUL, 2011 T.C. BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECATRONICS ENGINEERING VISION BASED TARGET TRACKING CONTROLLED SENTRY Capstone Project Fikret Taygun Duvan Advisor: Dr. Khalid Abidi İSTANBUL, 2010 T.C. BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECATRONICS ENGINEERING Name of the project: Vision Based Target Tracking Controlled Sentry Name/Last Name of the Student: Fikret Taygun Duvan Date of Thesis Defense: 23/01/2011 I hereby state that the graduation project prepared by Your Name (Title Format) has been completed under my supervision. I accept this work as a “Graduation Project”. Dr. Khalid ABIDI I hereby state that I have examined this graduation project by Your Name (Title Format) which is accepted by his supervisor. This work is acceptable as a graduation project and the student is eligible to take the graduation project examination. Asst. Prof. Yalçın Çekiç Head of the Department of Mechatronics Engineering We hereby state that we have held the graduation examination of Your Name and agree that the student has satisfied all requirements. THE EXAMINATION COMMITTEE Committee Member 1. Khalid ABIDI 2. ………………………….. 3. ………………………….. Signature ……………………….. ……………………….. ……………………….. ACADEMIC HONESTY PLEDGE In keeping with Bahçeşehir University Student Code of...
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...The Al Gore Effect: An Inconvenient Truth and Voluntary Carbon Offsets∗ [Job Market Paper] Grant Jacobsen University of California-Santa Barbara 2120 North Hall University of California Santa Barbara, 93106-9210 jacobsen@econ.ucsb.edu Phone: (717) 315-5503 Fax: (805) 893-8830 I thank Matthew Kotchen, Robert Deacon, Olivier Deschenes, and Charles Kolstad for helpful comments. I also thank participants at a UCSB seminar, the Western Economics International Association’s Conference, and the University of Colorado Environmental and Resource Economics Workshop. ∗ 1 The Al Gore Effect: An Inconvenient Truth and Voluntary Carbon Offsets Abstract This paper examines the relationship between climate change awareness and household behavior by testing whether Al Gore’s documentary An Inconvenient Truth caused an increase in the purchase of voluntary carbon offsets. I find that in the two months following the film’s release, zip codes within a 10-mile radius of a zip code where the film was shown experienced a 50 percent relative increase in the purchase of voluntary carbon offsets. During other times, offset purchasing patterns for zip codes inside the 10-mile radius were similar to the patterns of zip codes outside the 10-mile radius. There is, however, little evidence that individuals who purchased an offset due to the film renewed them again a year later. This research has implications for how information campaigns, which are commonly used by policy-makers to...
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...Grupo Bimbo: Executive Brief Changes to Global Strategy Grupo Bimbo should overcome the cultural and administrative distances and better respond to its consumers needs around the world. The management should develop, produce and deliver the products that meet the consumers’ current needs and preferences for every type of consumption occasion. This can be reached by constant innovation and a commitment to quality as the company broadens its reach around the world. In order to maintain its leading position in this highly fragmented and competative industry and successfully expand into new territories, Grupo Bimbo needs to have a strong presence in Brazil, overcome its administrative and cultural challenges in the US, and gain a strong position in China. Changes to the US Market In the US, the baking industry has been hurt by the advent of the low-carb movement which decreased the consumer demand for bread products. (Per capita bread consumption in the US decreased by 2 Kg between 1998 and 2006). The company is also under pressure from strong retail stores and supermarkets to keep prices low while the wages keep increasing due to unionization of its workers and truckers. To overcome the administrative and cultural distance in the US, Grupo Bimbo should produce healthier choices and earn a price premium by improving quality. Since it is difficult to bust the union, the company should create an incentive program to get drivers and employees to improve their efficiency. ...
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...the greatest advantage. There are five well known theories Least cost theory Maximum profit theory Maximum coverage theory Minimum interference theory General Location Theory 1 04-03-2016 THERE ARE MANY PROBLEMS A) Based on the number of facilities 1) Single facility location 2) Multi facility locations ( with or without interaction among themselves) B) Based on how the distance between a pair of facilities is measured 1) Straight line ( Euclidean) 2) Squared Euclidean 3) Rectilinear 4) Any other C) Based on the number of options available for locating the facility (discrete or continuous ) D) Based on where the location is (on a plane or in space) COMMON EXAMPLES Some facilities are located at known places and to be served by a common facility. Where to locate the common facility ? TYPES OFLOCATION PROBLEMS ( Contd.) E) Based on the objective function 1) Mini Sum ( minimise the sum of costs / distance / time etc.,) 2) Maxi Sum ( maximise the sum of sales / profit / market coverage etc.,) 3) Mini Max (minimise the maximum of time/ distance /...
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...Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA ABSTRACT An algorithmic information theoretic method is presented for object-level summarization of meaningful changes in image sequences. Object extraction and tracking data are represented as an attributed tracking graph (ATG), whose connected subgraphs are compared using an adaptive information distance measure, aided by a closed-form multi-dimensional quantization. The summary is the clustering result and feature subset that maximize the gap statistic. The notion of meaningful summarization is captured by using the gap statistic to estimate the randomness deficiency from algorithmic statistics. When applied to movies of cultured neural progenitor cells, it correctly distinguished neurons from progenitors without requiring the use of a fixative stain. When analyzing intra-cellular molecular transport in cultured neurons undergoing axon specification, it automatically confirmed the role of kinesins in axon specification. Finally, it was able to differentiate wild type from genetically modified thymocyte cells. Index Terms: Algorithmic information theory, Algorithmic statistics, Information distance, Gap statistic, Clustering. Various portions of this research were supported by the Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, under the Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation (Award Number EEC-9986821), and by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 1. INTRODUCTION Given a set of image sequences, we...
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...appropriate and inappropriate touching. Space is the core connection of the Expectancy Violation Theory. Space has relevance to Expectation Violation Theory not only because the theory is rooted in proxemics, but also because it has direct application to the distances previously discussed (West & Turner, 2010). Let’s explore how individual “personal space” within conversations varies with cultures, friends, and strangers as it is predicted and or explained by the expectancy violations theory. The texts states according to Burgoon, can be defined as an invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual which defines that individual’s preferred distance from others”.(p130) With that said anthropologist Edward Hall proposed that an individual’s surrounding space is divided into four different ranges of special distances called Proxemics Zones. These zones are as follows: Intimate distance, Personal distance, Social distance, and Public distance. Approriate behavior is associated within each of the proxemics zones. Let’s focus and elaborate on one specific proxemics, the intimate distance. Why? My opinion is that this proxemics set the ultimate level of comfort allowed by individual. The intimate distance ranges from zero to eighteen inches. Behavior associated with this zone are being able to touch a person or being close enough to hear a whisper. Edward Hall noted that he finds is interesting that when U.S Citizen find themselves in intimate settings but...
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...they need; Location, x-ray,laboratories, management, pharmacy, etc. must have a specific place in the layout and finallyincorporate areas for medical and non-medical personnel. The second question asks about the advantages of the circular pod design over thetraditional linear hallway layout. One of the advantages of the circular pod design is that is mucheasier for nurses to see and reach each room, this means that the travel time for nurses will beminimized, but not only will save time, will give more medical efficiency for doctors and staff ingeneral. In addition, the circular pod system can supply two rooms at the same time and this issomething that the traditional linear hallway is limited. The third question asks for a total distance traveled for a nurse (Thomas Smith) duringthe day. He makes 6 round trips to each of the 12 patient rooms, 20 to medical supply, 5 break...
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...Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to determine how the deflation of a soccer ball affects the length that it travels when kicked. Due to our many years of soccer experience, we decided to choose this experiment to prove our theory that the amount of air inside of the ball has an effect on the distance that it travels. This theory of ours spirals from the unwritten rule that there is a “perfect” ball in soccer; not too full of air, but not too flat at the same time. As soccer players, when you kick the ball… there is a certain sweet spot when the ball meets your foot – if it is and it is inflated too much. This experiment will help us to determine which deflation rate yields the most successful distance. Design: For our experiment, we wrote down the names of the girls in first period soccer and put them into a hat, we drew thirty names to achieve our population total, and from the total population, we needed two treatment groups for the experiment. We drew names out of the hat and placed them alternately in group one and group two – until we had a population of thirty people split into two sample groups of fifteen. Drawing names out of a hat ensured that our subjects were randomly chosen and that there wasn’t any bias. We did not select the thirty people to participate before placing names into the hat because that could also have been a source of bias (we could have picked our friends or only girls on varsity). The sample subjects in group one were tested with...
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