...Country Rankings United States Power Distance (PDI) Score: 40 Ranking: 6 Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) Score: 46 Ranking: 7 Masculinity/Femininity (MAS) Score: 62 Ranking: 5 Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) Score: 91 Ranking: 2 Sweden Power Distance (PDI) Score: 31 Ranking: 5 Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) Score: 29 Ranking: 4 Masculinity/Femininity (MAS) Score: 5 Ranking: 8 Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) Score: 71 Ranking: 3 Mexico Power Distance (PDI) Score: 81 Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) Score: 82 Ranking: 3 Masculinity/Femininity (MAS) Score: 69 Ranking: 5 Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) Score: 30 Ranking: 6 Peru Power Distance (PDI) Score: 64 Ranking: 4 Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) Score: 87 Ranking: 3 Masculinity/Femininity (MAS) Score: 42 Rank: 6 Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) Score: 16 Rank: 7 Costa Rica Power Distance (PDI) Score: 35 Rank: 5 Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) Score: 86 Rank: 3 Masculinity/Femininity (MAS) Score: 21 Rank: 6 Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) Score: 15 Rank: 7 Japan Power Distance (PDI) Score: 54 Rank: 5 Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) Score: 92 Rank: 2 ...
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...LIBERALISM QUESTIONS – A2 (UNIT 4) Short Answers 1. Why do liberals support constitutionalism and consent? (Jan 02) Constitutionalism is a belief in limited government brought about through external (usually legal) and internal (institutional) checks on the exercise of power. Consent is the idea that govt power should be based on the agreement of the governed, usually expressed through regular and competitive elections. Liberals support constitutionalism and consent because they fear that govt may become a tyranny against the individual, based on the assumption that power is inherently corrupting and concentrations of power will lead to absolute corruption. This assumption is rooted in the liberal view of human nature: as individualism implies self- interest, those with power over others are apt to abuse it for their benefit and at the expense of others. Liberal constitutionalism is expressed through support for various external and internal devices, such as codified constitutions, bills of rights, the separation of powers, federalism or devolution, and so on. Liberal support for consent is evident in support for electoral democracy in general and, more specifically, sympathy for referendums and proportional representation. 2. Distinguish between negative freedom and positive freedom, and explain the implications of each for the state. (Jun 02) Negative freedom is the absence of external constraints upon the individual, usually understood as non-interference...
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...revolving around what one sees, how they make logic of what they see and how they articulate themselves after all this. Dimensions of culture Dimensions of culture refer to a tool that is used to assess cultural differences that are present in communities or organizations. Cultures differ on the line of these dimensions; directness, hierarchy, consensus and individualism. i) Individualism. Individualism is a measure of individual/collective rights that focuses on the degree to which a society reinforces these rights and interpersonal relationships. Simply put, individualism is the potency of ties that exists amongst inhabitants in a community. High individualism means that in a community. There is loose connections and minimal sharing and is viewed as arrogant or self-centered. In a system where individualism is high, members feel empowered to make their own decisions. Low individualism encourages harmony and cohesiveness though the world views it as being indecisive, not aggressive and hierarchical. Members in this kind of environment must wait for orders from their superiors. ii) Hierarchy/ Power distance. Power distance is the degree to which inequity exists and is accepted in a society. Members accept that...
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...mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.’ Gray argues that the value systems of accountants will be derived and related to societal values, Cultural dimension of • Individualism, • Power Distance, • Uncertainty Avoidance and • Masculinity The values of accounting subculture will in turn, it is believed, impact on the development of the respective accounting systems at the national level. Therefore, at this point we can perhaps start to question whether accounting system can be developed in a “one-size-fits-all perspective – an approach which in some respects, the IASC appears to have adopted. Individualism versus Collectivism Individualism stands for a preference for a loosely knit social framework in society wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate families only. Collectivism stands for a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals can expect their relatives or other in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. Impact of individualism – it is interesting that a great deal of economic theory is based on the notion of self-interest and the rational economic person. Chapter 4 – International Accounting Culture (Cont’d) Large versus Small Power...
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...ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONG SME OWNERS. PROBLEM STATEMENT: The role of national culture is important in verifying the behavior of people in all parts of life. This behavior likewise guides people towards picking between doing work or beginning an individual business. Small work has been seen urgent to explore the influences of society on improvement of entrepreneurial intentions of citizens in the nation. Society incorporates uncertainty avoidance, power separation, and individualism versus collectivism, gender differences and long term orientation versus short term orientation Our study will note that social components for example uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism & collectivism and male dominancy are effecting unfavorably on the development of entrepreneurial intentions in Pakistan. BACKGROUND: The force of progress has sway all business substances from little to extensive. Each substance needs to handle with gigantic innovative, geological, political, economical, legitimate and social change. Despite the fact that the dynamic environment has come about as most amazing test for the countries, they have some way or another figured out how to support the chances with clear dreams, dedicated workers, durable organizational society, group introduction and unwavering strategies. In this way it has been checked through examines that countries attain focused focal point by constantly battling with the change which influences distinctive parts...
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...later a fifth dimension, of culture that help explain how and why people from various cultures behave as they do. (1) power distance, (2) uncertainty avoidance (3) individualism (4) masculinity (5) time orientation - the long Vs. short-term orientations of cultures. The East Asian countries were found to have longer-term orientations while the U.S. and U.K. were found to have relatively short-term orientations. Power distance is “the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally.” Countries in which people blindly obey the orders of their superiors have high power distance. In many societies, lower-level employees tend to follow orders as a matter of procedure. In societies with high power distance, however, strict obedience is found even at the upper levels; examples include Mexico, South Korea, and India. For example, a senior Indian executive with a PhD from a prestigious U.S. university related the following story: The effect of this dimension - organizations in low-power-distance countries generally will be decentralized and have flatter organization structures. These organizations also will have a smaller proportion of supervisory personnel, and the lower strata of the workforce often will consist of highly qualified people. By contrast, organizations in high-power-distance countries will tend to be centralized and have tall organization structures. Organizations in high-powerdistance...
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...your own words. Use your notes, textbook, former quizzes, tests and assignments if you need help. Issue 1: Should ideology be the foundation of identity? 1. What is individualism? 2. What is collectivism? 3. Draw out a spectrum of individualism and collectivism. 4. What is meant by ideology? Give some examples of major ideologies. 5. What does philosopher Thomas Hobbes believe in? 6. What does philosopher John Locke believe in? 7. What does philosopher Jean-Jacque Rousseau believe in? 8. Draw out a spectrum including the words individualism, collectivism, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. 9. Where was liberalism “born”? 10. What is meant by a liberal democracy? 11. What is meant by social contract? 12. What do the Magna Carta, French Revolution and Declaration of the Rights of Man, and American Revolution and Declaration of Independence/Constitution have in common? 13. Who is Adam Smith and famous book did he write? 14. Who is Karl Marx and what famous book did he write? 15. Draw out a spectrum with the words individualism, collectivism, Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Issue 2: Is resistance to liberalism justified? 16. What is liberalism? What are the major characteristics...
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...thoughts of individualism versus collectivism. Secondly with power distance, uncertainty along with risk avoidance strategies. Finally, the topics of achievement versus nurturing orientation on how the lye on organizational performances. An individualistic society depends upon the values of freedom and independence, while a collectivistic society depends on group harmony and consensus. The values in each society play an intricate role in developing communication styles for a business message targeted at each specific audience (Study). The main advantage of individualism within the business world is the concept of “freedom of speech”. With this process, it allows everyone’s opinions to be heard and also serves as a great check and balance within the team. However with every topic, there is also the down side too. The disadvantage of this is that it enables self-centeredness and if you are one of the weaker ones of the team, it allows you to be pushed around. The entire thought of individualism is for personal gain. Collectivism deals mainly with proper teamwork, minimizing confrontations as much as possible and promoting strong harmony within the team. With this topic it does not allow for true creativity and thoughtful openness to others opinions. But when we compare both of these two side by side, it is completely open to the end state goals of the team to actually decide which one is better for their own purposes. With this being stated, individualism would possibly...
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...Geert Hofstede™ Cultural Dimensions Source: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html 1. Power Distance (PDI) This dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. The fundamental issue here is how a society handles inequalities among people. People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power distance accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. In societies with low power distance, people strive to equalise the distribution of power and demand justification for inequalities of power. < an example of Power Distance by Geert Hofstede 2. Individualism versus collectivism (IDV) The high side of this dimension, called Individualism, can be defined as a preference for a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate families only. Its opposite, Collectivism, represents a preference for a tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. A society's position on this dimension is reflected in whether people’s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “we.” < 3. Masculinity versus femininity (MAS) The masculinity side of this dimension represents a preference in society for achievement...
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...The Effects of Culture on International Banking Disclosures George Hooia* aGriffith University, Australia Abstract This paper investigates the influence of national culture on banking disclosures. Seventeen developed and developing countries with a representative sample of 37 listed domestic commercial banks were examined in 2004. Long-term orientation is found to be a non-significant cultural value with banking disclosures. The explanatory power for banking disclosures is found to be similar to the findings in Gray and Vint (1995) with a cross-section of industries. More importantly, this study recommends that long-term orientation should not be used as part of the cultural framework for disclosures due to bias data. Hence, Gray’s (1988) hypothesis on the secrecy / transparency dimension should be maintained with respect to the original four cultural values. JEL Classification: G21, M41, O57 Keywords: Culture, banking disclosures, transparency 1. Introduction The objective of this paper is to report on the empirical findings of the two research questions proposed by Hooi (2004) that may improve the Gray and Vint (1995) model of cultural influence on accounting disclosures. The first proposal was that extending the Gray and Vint study with the new inclusion of Hofstede and Bond’s (1988) cultural value of long-term orientation gives the opportunity to better understand the association between national culture and accounting disclosures. The second proposal...
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...INTRODUCTION Human resource management (HRM) is universal in terms of strategies, policies and processes. The term has gradually replaced personnel management. Managing and developing human resources in the international (global) setting is increasingly recognized as a central challenge, particularly to multinational enterprises (MNEs). Human resource management is both academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practice techniques of managing a workforce. While the theoretical aspects of the discipline may also be universal, the same cannot be said of its practice. The paper defines human resource management, the theoretical basis of the discipline, business practice and global or international human resource management. Thereafter, the paper concentrates on global perspective or issues in international human resource management practice. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Human resource management is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. The terms “human resource management” (HRM) and “human resources” (HR) have largely replaced the term “personnel management” as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations. Human resource management can also be defined as the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management...
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...century. Whether America was full of conformists or individualists depended on the contributions that led to the fracture described by Levin. The variation in culture, the economy, and government intervention not only resulted in a fragmented nation, but it also caused the redefinition of the country’s public identity. Today, individualism in America has caused an even greater divide within communities that were once close, and according to Alexis de...
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...organization, or group In this course work, we will address the various difficulties that international organizations have to face, during their cross border operations. This will be viewed from the perspective of the management, so that we will have clinical approach to the matter at hand. Here in this course work you will see the usage of Hofstede’s framework in terms of: 1. Assess the culture 2. Using of dimensions such as power distance, femininity /masculinity, individualism / collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. The organization that will be focussed in here will be the Coca Cola in India. Coca cola came to India in the year 1956. Since India had not only had any foreign exchange act, Coca Cola made huge money operating under 100 % foreign equity. Hofstede and framework Geert Hofstede gathered and analyzed extensive data on the world's values and cultures, particularly through the IBM survey study, in order to build a comprehensive model which argues that people differ across on the extent to which they endorse six dimensions of values. 1. Power Distance: This dimension relates to the degree of equality/inequality between people in a particular society. A country...
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...communication components between two countries such as the United States and China context (which includes; historical, psychological, environmental, and social) plays a large role in the areas of power distance, individualism, and long-term orientation. According to Geert Hofstede comparison chart China’s power distance dominates over the United States being 80% to the U.S. 40%. This indicates that China acknowledges the different social groups within their nation and treats them accordingly. China accepts inequality and believes in ranks and dominion over the subordinates. There is not a limit to the power that they have over subordinates due to their ranks. On the contrary of China beliefs of power distance the United States excel in individualism compared to China. In reference to Geert Hofstede comparison tool , the United States more than quadruple the percentage of individualism when compare to China with a rate of 91% compared to China’s 20%. This further confirms the differences in social status in the communication context component. America was built on a no respect of person’s theory, meaning that it is not acceptable to display superiority over one of a lower status. Although it does occur in American society with certain individual it does not coincide with the individualism that America is built upon. A quality that China attains that is high in percentage being 118% in the area of being long term orientated compared to the United States 29%. China believes that...
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...1. In what way will the culture of Spain be different from that of the United States? In answering this question, refer to Figures 4-5, 4-6, and 4-7. Answer For power distance and individualism, Spain and United States have strong individualism. While United States has weak power distance, but Spain has strong power distance. In United States, people believe in equality of people and they are individualists because they care only surrounding people. In Spain, it cannot be said that they believe in centralization because of the score rank in the middle chart. Nevertheless, Spaniards have belief in equality less than United States and they are nearly to be collectivism which they have to rely on others. In addition, for power distance and uncertainty avoidance, Spain has strong level in both power distance and uncertainty avoidance, but United States has weak level in both power distance and uncertainty avoidance. Americans are willing to accept risks, but Spaniards are not. They have to prepare and have strong trust in experts. Furthermore, for masculinity and uncertainty avoidance, Spain has strong uncertainty avoidance, but weak at masculinity. United States has weak uncertainty avoidance, but high masculinity. It shows that Spaniards care about other people more than achievement and competition. On the other hand, United States will care about success. Therefore, there are many things that Americans have to change before come to invest in Spain. 2. If the company expands...
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