...1. DEFINATION: Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors that modulate specific gene expression. Currently there are 100 nuclear receptor are identified[1]. 2. INTRODUCTION: In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within other molecules. In response, these receptors work in concert with other proteins to regulate the expression of specific genes thereby controlling the development, homeostasis, and metabolism of the organism. Nuclear receptors have the ability to directly bind to DNA and regulate the expression of adjacent genes, hence these receptors are classified as transcription factors. The regulation of gene expression by nuclear receptors only happens when a ligand—a molecule which affects the receptor's behavior is present. More specifically, ligand binding to a nuclear receptor results in a conformational change in the receptor which in turn activates the receptor resulting in up-regulation of gene expression. A unique property of nuclear receptors which differentiate them from other classes of receptors is their ability to directly interact with and control the expression of genomic DNA. Consequently nuclear receptors play key roles in both the embryonic development and adult homeostasis of organisms [2, 3, 4]. 3. LIGANDS: Ligands that bind to and activate nuclear receptors include lipophilic substances such as endogenous hormones, vitamins A and D, and xenobiotic endocrine disruptors...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Dermatology Research and Practice Volume 2010, Article ID 893080, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2010/893080 Review Article Acne Scars: Pathogenesis, Classification and Treatment Gabriella Fabbrocini, M. C. Annunziata, V. D’Arco, V. De Vita, G. Lodi, M. C. Mauriello, F. Pastore, and G. Monfrecola Division of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Systematic Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80133 Napoli, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Gabriella Fabbrocini, gafabbro@unina.it Received 17 March 2010; Revised 7 September 2010; Accepted 28 September 2010 Academic Editor: Daniel Berg Copyright © 2010 Gabriella Fabbrocini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Acne has a prevalence of over 90% among adolescents and persists into adulthood in approximately 12%–14% of cases with psychological and social implications. Possible outcomes of the inflammatory acne lesions are acne scars which, although they can be treated in a number of ways, may have a negative psychological impact on social life and relationships. The main types of acne scars are atrophic and hypertrophic scars. The pathogenesis of acne scarring is still not fully understood, but several hypotheses have been proposed. There are numerous treatments: chemical peels, dermabrasion/microdermabrasion...
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...matlab Probleme teoretice ale programării în MATLAB 1. Tipul de dată numeric. 2. Tipul de dată logic. 3. Tipul de dată caracter, şir de caractere. 4. Tipul de dată data şi ora. 5. Tipul de dată structură. 6. Tipul de dată celulă. 7. Expresii numerice şi logice în MATLAB. 8. Variabile în MATLAB. Definiţie şi tipuri de variabile. 9. Crearea variabilelor şi reguli de declarare a lor. 10. Cuvinte cheie. 11. operatori şi reguli de precedenţă. 12. Constante speciale în MATLAB. 13. Matrici, vectori, scalari. Funcţia size. Crearea cu operatorul []. 14. Crearea matricelor cu funcţii speciale. 15. Concatenarea matricelor. 16. Crearea matricelor cu blocuri pe diagonală 17. Accesarea directă şi liniară a matricelor. 18. Accesarea multiplă (cu operatorul :). 19. Accesarea logic indexată. 20. Funcţii de matrici şi funcţii de manipulare a matricelor. 21. Comanda de atribuire. Comenzi de întrerupere a execuţiei buclelor. 22. Comenzi de execuţie condiţionată. 23. Comenzi de execuţie a ciclurilor. 24. M-programe (M-scripturi şi M-funcţii) 25. Erori. Exportul şi importul datelor. Listarea pe ecran. 26. Depanarea M-programelor. 27. Utilizarea eficientă a memoriei. 28. Analiza timpului de execuţie şi principalele tehnici de reducere a timpului de execuţie. 29. Modelarea cu blocuri şi conexiuni în Simulink 30. Cele mai utilizate blocuri din biblioteca de blocuri Simulink. 1. Să se scrie...
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...and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . (2011, nov). Rice market monitor. Retrieved 3 25, 2013, from fao.org: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/am945e/am945e00.pdf Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, T. S. (2012). The “Populism” Policy and Building/Diminishing Economic “Inequality” and “Unfairness”: Empirical Suggestion on Pork-Barrel in Thailand’s Rice Trading Business. Retrieved 3 25, 2013, from ipedr.com: http://www.ipedr.com/vol28/37-ICEMM2012-G00004.pdf Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, T. S. (2012). The “Populism” Policy and Building/Diminishing Economic “Inequality” and “Unfairness”: Empirical Suggestion on Pork- Barrel in Thailand’s Rice Trading Business. Retrieved 3 25, 2013, from iiste.org: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/PPAR/article/view/3781/3830 Saicheua, S. (2012, oct 11). Thailand: Local Insights. Retrieved 3 25, 2013, from...
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...framework 12 6.1 Background of 8D 12 6.2 What is 8D? 12 6.3 The 8 discipline 12 7.0 The QJ process 14 7.1 Identify new QJ 14 7.2 Open New QJ 14 7.3 Investigate QJ 15 7.4 Develop solution 15 7.5 implement solution 16 7.6 Follow up 16 8.0 poka-yoke 17 9.0 Specification paper 17 10.0 Warning light 17 11.0 Scanner 17 Table of Figures Figure 1: six sigma improvement process transactional tasks 6 Figure 2: Process Input and Output 7 Figure 3: An example of APQP planning 10 Figure 4: This picture illustrates how to match Volvo GDP at part level with supplier 11 Figure 5: chart showing PPAR process 12 Figure 6: The eight steps in 8D 14 Abstract Maintaining quality in production system management is very important in competitive world. Volvo implemented poka-yoke system in order to maintain zero defects in the production system. Volvo Powertrain has a problem solving process called the QJ-process, which is based on the 8D framework. If quality issues occur that are severe or urgent enough, a problem-solving project is initiated, the QJ-process is due to this very...
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...Going “gluten-free” is a very popular mantra lately. No differently than dietary fads of the past, the phrase “gluten free” commonly appears in health magazines, cooking shows and on the shelves in our supermarkets. However, the difference between the present gluten free dietary craze and the fad diets of the past is that losing weight is not the end goal, instead, preventing and warding off disease and illness is. Perhaps for this reason going gluten free has gained global popularity and unparalleled support from the medical community. There are a number of unhealthy side effects that come from consuming gluten that most of us consume in the form of wheat. While research on the issue is still inconclusive we know there is something in the wheat plant that is making many of us sick. This research paper was created to examine how gluten and the wheat grain are affecting humans, the potential causes of the sudden manifestation of gluten related disorders, and what, if anything, can be done to prevent gluten related ailments. By way of background, gluten is the main structural protein found in wheat and other grains such as rye, barley, and oats. Wheat is the most commonly consumed gluten containing grain as it makes up approximately seventy-five percent (75%) of all calories consumed from carbohydrates in the American diet. The gluten proteins found in wheat is what gives dough its elasticity and the ability to rise when combined with yeast. Traditional breads, baked goods, pasta...
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...The effect of biologically active vitamin D on differentiating skeletal muscle cells Abstract Vitamin D deficiency can cause fat infiltration and this will lead to muscle 'quality' reduction. The probable mechanism of origin of these adipose cells is that abnormal trans-differentiation of myogenic precursor cells into adipocytes lead to the fat form within the intermuscular space. Myogenic precursor cells keep the potential to trans-differentiate towards the adipogenic lineage and VitD has potent effects on both adipogenesis and myogenesis. Therefore, the experiment is designed to investigate the effect of a broad range of concentrations of VitD3 active form (1,25(OH)2D3) on the capacity of the murine C2C12 muscle cell line to trans-differentiate towards the adipogenic lineages. C2C12 cells were cultured in adipogenic media and with increasing 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration (0, 10-13, 10-11, 10-9, 10-7 or 10-5M) for up to 6 days, the expression of muscle and fat gene markers were measured. The results showed that physiological concentration (10-13 and 10-11M) induces adipogenesis and myogenesis, while supraphysiological concentration (10-5M) inhibit both. (150) Introduction Nowadays, Vit D deficiency is considered as worldwide problem and influencing upwards of one billion people. Vit D deficiency can cause myopathy and atrophy of skeletal muscle (Holick 2006). Due to fat infiltration, there will be a concomitant reduction in muscle 'quality' (Ryall et al., 2008). The deficiency...
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...POWER AND POLITICS Politics in work places simply put is about getting noticed and liked by the right people in other to advance up the career ladder in an organization and also to achieve position of power that confers a status of relevance in the scheme of affairs in an organization. This definition is supported by an old saying that ‘’it’s not what you know ,but who you know’’. It is upon this premise that human beings are classified as political animals and as such it is difficult to eliminate politics from workplaces.’’ While teamwork may be extolled as an organizational virtue ,in the real practice, workplaces are likely to be characterized by competition and conflicts as it is by cooperation (Fineman and Gabriel,1996). Politics is a means through which individual self-interests are pursued without regard to the their effect in the realization of the organizations objectives .Organizational politics is arguably one of the most researched concepts in the field of management’’ ( Boateng et al ,2013)the researches here are to understand the impact of organizational politics on business entities. One of these studies propagates that organizational politics may affect decision making and allocation of resources in an organization amongst other factors. Power on the other hand is the ability of a person or a group to influence others. If a person have influence, he or she is perceived as powerful. A person may hold power by having the ability to make decision, apportion...
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...alpha activation increased the activation of Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF1/2). NRF is responsible for the activation or increase in many of the mitochondrial genes. This activation of NRF leads to the activation of mitochondrial transcription factor A or TFAM, which is responsible for the increase in mitochondrial DNA content. This signaling cascaded was proved in several model organisms with many knockout models producing reproducible results. With more and more studies emerging from the same field it PGC1 alpha has also been shown to interact with many other proteins. One of them is UCP’s. PGC1 alpha induced the activity of UCP’s which also leads to an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC1 alpha has also been shown to increase PPAR activity which controls several mechanisms including energy homeostasis, fat and glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis as well. Thus PGC1 alpha is responsible for linking several stimulus and cues from the environment. On the other hand PGC1 beta has also been linked to mitochondrial biogenesis. It has been shown that PGC1 beta also controls the activity of NRF1/2 and TFAM as well. But neither exercise nor cold shock induced PGC1 beta activity. This denotes the important of mitochondrial biogenesis, as it can be induced by different stimulus, so that the cell can respond to different requirements. It is very clear how mitochondrial biogenesis is activated inducing PGC1 activity. After this discovery there have been many studies...
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...NEWER ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS A. Sundaram* , C. R. Anand Moses*, S. Ilango*, V. Seshiah** INTRODUCTION The basic defects in Type 2 diabetes consist of (1) Insulin deficiency (2) Insulin resistance and (3) increased hepatic glucose production (HGP) leading to glucotoxicity, beta cell exhaustion and finally beta cell failure. The treatment strategies to overcome these defects are: 1) Modified meal Plan 2) Exercise 3) Blood glucose lowering drugs and 4) Insulin The current oral blood glucose lowering agents and dietary measures only partially correct the multiple metabolic defects in NIDDM with insulin resistance remaining relatively impervious to treatment Hypoglycaemia and secondary failure are common with presently available sulphonylureas and hence the need for newer blood glucose lowering drugs. In case of NIDDM, a successful new drug should correct atleast one of the major underlying metabolic disturbances. i.e. reduce insulin resistance, enhance insulin production and secretion in response to glucose, suppress exessive hepatic glucose production or improve glucose uptake and utilisation in peripheral tissues particularly, skeletal muscle. Within the last few years three new groups of drugs have been identified and they are: a) Alpha glucosidase inhibitors, eg. Acarbose b) Insulin Sensitizer, eg. Troglitazone. c) Insulin secretoguogues, eg. Glimepiride and Repaglinide The following review will discuss each of these groups of drugs in detail. ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS In human...
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...Childhood Obesity Danielle Borde ENG122: English Composition II Instructor: Peter Kunze July 29, 2012 Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is an issue that has become more evident of a problem as the years have changed. I am interested in the facts as to how a child becomes obese and if there are any ways to either prevent it or overturn it. I want to prove that obesity weighs more heavily on nature rather than nurture. There are specific genes that some people have and some people don’t have that attribute to becoming obese. I know the schools are doing a lot to keep kids more fit and active these days. First Lady Michelle Obama has played a huge role in helping over turn childhood obesity. Her goals for her “Lets Move” campaign are, better school nutrition, better labeling of high calorie foods and drinks, growing support for farmers markets, and educating moms and dads to instill better eating habits (Christina, 2010). I believe this will be a very productive program. It has been said in the past that nurture was the main factor in becoming obese. This has become less of a factor since scientists have been looking more closely at the genes. Genes account for more than three quarters of the difference between children’s waistlines, with factors such as diet and exercise playing a much smaller role (MNT, 2008). A man named Nikhil Dhurandhar discovered a gene by the name of adenovirus-36(Ad-36), which causes fat cells to grow. Dhurandhar and his team...
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...PERSPECTIVE SERIES On diabetes: insulin resistance Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance Gerald I. Shulman Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Address correspondence to: Gerald I. Shulman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 254C Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. Phone: (203) 785-5447; Fax: (203) 737-4059; E-mail: gerald.shulman@yale.edu. It is estimated that by the year 2020 there will be approximately 250 million people affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide (1). Although the primary factors causing this disease are unknown, it is clear that insulin resistance plays a major role in its development. Evidence for this comes from (a) the presence of insulin resistance 10–20 years before the onset of the disease (2, 3); (b) cross-sectional studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is a consistent finding in patients with type 2 diabetes (3–6); and (c) prospective studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is the best predictor of whether or not an individual will later become diabetic (2, 3). Here, I focus on some recent advances in our understanding of human insulin resistance that have been made using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This technique takes advantage of the spin properties of the nuclei of certain isotopes...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Hepatology Volume 2012, Article ID 487480, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2012/487480 Review Article Acute Liver Failure Caused by Amanita phalloides Poisoning Luca Santi,1 Caterina Maggioli,1 Marianna Mastroroberto,2 Manuel Tufoni,1 Lucia Napoli,1 and Paolo Caraceni1 1 U.O. Semeiotica Medica, Department of Clinical Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy 2 S.S.D. Liver Transplant, Department of Clinical Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Paolo Caraceni, paolo.caraceni@unibo.it Received 4 May 2012; Accepted 11 May 2012 Academic Editor: Bruno Nardo Copyright © 2012 Luca Santi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mushroom poisoning is a relatively rare cause of acute liver failure (ALF). The present paper analyzes the pathogenesis, clinical features, prognostic indicators, and therapeutic strategies of ALF secondary to ingestion of Amanita phalloides, which represents the most common and deadly cause of mushroom poisoning. Liver damage from Amanita phalloides is related to the amanitins, powerful toxins that inhibit RNA polymerase II resulting in a deficient protein synthesis and cell...
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...REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS BY NUTRIENTS Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Nutrition Yun-Zhong Fang, Sheng Yang, and Guoyao Wu, PhD From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China; the Division of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and the Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA Radiation hazards in outer space present an enormous challenge for the biological safety of astronauts. A deleterious effect of radiation is the production of reactive oxygen species, which result in damage to biomolecules (e.g., lipid, protein, amino acids, and DNA). Understanding free radical biology is necessary for designing an optimal nutritional countermeasure against space radiation–induced cytotoxicity. Free radicals (e.g., superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and other reactive species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hypochlorous acid) are produced in the body, primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism. Antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, arginine, citrulline, taurine, creatine, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and tea polyphenols) and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidases) exert synergistic actions in scavenging free radicals. There has been growing evidence over the past three decades...
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...SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research Journal of Thyroid Research Volume 2011, Article ID 809341, 10 pages doi:10.4061/2011/809341 Review Article Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects J. Lindholm and P. Laurberg Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark Correspondence should be addressed to J. Lindholm, j.lindholm@ofir.dk Received 15 January 2011; Accepted 17 March 2011 Academic Editor: Marian Ludgate Copyright © 2011 J. Lindholm and P. Laurberg. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The last part of the 19th century was a period of great achievements in medicine and endocrinology. The thyroid gland evolved from being considered a rudimentary structure to an organ related to specific diseases. The singular importance of iodine became acknowledged. Graves-Basedow’s disease was described. Surgical treatment evolved with extraordinary speed. Theodor Kocher observed that the clinical picture in patients after total thyroidectomy was similar to the one seen in cretinism. In 1850, the first case of hypothyroidism or myxedema was described. Less than 50 years later, effective treatment was introduced. Another 50 years later, autoimmune thyroiditis was ascertained as the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism (in areas with no iodine deficiency). This paper gives...
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