Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes optimal fasting before elective surgery by examining clinical study information to determine if optimal fasting is necessary and, if so, what effect this has had on patient risk and morbidity. Research is obtained from sources and studies that have collected data from observation and surveys, and fieldwork studies are also included. Information is also taken from various specialists in the field of anaesthesiology. The primary objectives of the data-gathering throughout the course of the paper will be to obtain information that can determine if optimal fasting is the best standard to implement, whether there are any correlations between pulmonary aspiration and optimal fasting, and if a new standard should be implemented that lessens fasting time.

Outline
Introduction
Problem Statement
Purpose of Research
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Research Design
Data Collection
Sample Design
Field Work
Data Analysis
Limitations of Research
Literature Review
Application of Findings
Implementation
Conclusions
Bibliography
Appendices

From the Paper
"During a study conducted in 2002 (Crenshaw & Winslow), surgical patients revealed that they were thirsty and hungry after having fasted for 12-14 hours prior to surgery. However, guidelines issued in 1999 by the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) (www.asahq.org) allow for the consumption of liquids as close as two hours before surgery and a light meal within six hours. Although the authors acknowledge "a well-known lag between the dissemination and implementation of practice guidelines", they maintain that it is up to the nursing staff to be "more assertive" in collaborating with attending clinicians to establish evidence-based preoperative fasting policies (Clinicians Publishing Group,