...Prepositions “at”, “on” and “in” The prepositions “at”, “on” and “in” are function words which do not have clear lexical meanings and obvious concepts associated with them. However, these prepositions are important because they specify grammar relations by connecting the content words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs to a larger grammatical context. For instance, polar bears hibernate in the winter. This sentence shows that polar bears hibernate during or throughout the winter by just using the preposition “in” before “the winter”. The meaning of the sentence changes if we replace “in” with “at” or “on” in the above sentence. In terms of morphology, “at”, “on” and “in” are all morphemes of a single syllable. Morpheme is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning (or grammatical function) that cannot be further analyzed. Even though the structure of these morphemes are simple as they are all made up of two alphabets and one syllable, but their functions are not limited. They can be used in other contexts apart from the context related to time. “At” is used as a preposition to show a point in certain space. For example, he was standing at the door. The usage of “at” point out specifically that he was standing right at the door. It is used to show an intended aim or object towards which a thing or action is directed. For example, he shot at the bird, but missed it. It can be used to show the cause of an action or feeling as in this sentence “I was surprised...
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...adult(adjective) online(adjective) industry(noun) in(preposition) the United States(noun) generates(verb) approximately(adverb) $1 billion(noun) in(preposition) revenues(noun) annually(adverb), and(conjunction) some(adjective) in(preposition) the(definite article) industry(noun) expect(adverb) this(pronoun) figure(noun) to grow(infinitive to) to(preposition) $5 billion(noun) to(preposition) $7 billion(noun) over(preposition) the(definite article) next(adjective) 5(cardinal number) years(noun), barring(preposition) unforeseen(adjective) change(verb). As(conjunction) the(definite article) rest(noun) of(preposition) this(pronoun) chapter(noun) discusses(verb), revenues(noun) can(modal/auxiliary verb) come(verb) from(preposition) a number(cardinal number) of(preposition) sources(noun): paid(adjective) subscriptions(noun) to(preposition) the(definite article) site(noun), advertisements(noun) carried(verb) on(preposition) the(definite article) site(noun), sending(verb) traffic(noun) to(preposition) other(determiner) sites(noun), sale(noun) of(preposition) sex-related(adjective) products(noun), and(conjunction) providing(conjunction) auxiliary(adjective) services(noun) such(pronoun) as(conjunction) adult(adjective) content(noun) search engines(noun), content(noun) for(preposition) other(determiner) adult(adjective) Web site(noun) operators(noun), or(conjunction) age(noun) verification(noun) services(noun). For(preposition) purposes(verb) of(preposition) this(pronoun) report(noun), the(definite...
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...for 2011 till april location JAN FEB MAR APR MUMBAI 110 65 11.9 32 NEW YORK 33 98 44 555 CAIRO 16 678 56 89.09 MADRID 79 11 77 32 TOKYO 444 98 123 123 TORONTO 22 232 445 45 DALLAS 40.98 54 66.01 77.8 AMSTERDAM 43 55 35 65 DELHI 45 122 64.03 132 CHILE 24 66.9 21 33.8 If there are images in this attachment, they will not be displayed. Download the original attachment Prepositions Exercises on Prepositions Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs). Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips). The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English: Prepositions - Time English Usage Example on days of the week on Monday in months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour at for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night at the weekend at half past nine since from a certain point of time (past till now) since 1980 for over a certain...
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...Verb + preposition (1) Study this list of verbs + preposition: apologize (TO someone) FOR something (see also Unit 57a): ■ When I realized I was wrong, I apologized to him for my mistake. apply FOR a job / admission to a university, etc.: ■ I think you'd be good at this job. Why don't you apply for it? believe IN something: * Do you believe in God? (= Do you believe that God exists?) * I believe in saying what I think. (= I believe that it is a good thing to say what I think.) belong TO someone: ■ Who does this coat belong to? care ABOUT someone/something (= think someone/something is important): ■ He is very selfish. He doesn't care about other people. care FOR someone/something: i) = like something (usually in questions and negative sentences): ■ Would you care for a cup of coffee? (= Would you like ... ?) ■ I don't care for hot weather. (= I don't like ...) ii) = look after someone: * She is very old. She needs someone to care for her. take care OF someone/something (= look after): * Have a nice vacation. Take care of yourself! * Will you take care of the children while I'm away? collide WITH someone/something: ■ There was an accident this morning. A bus collided with a car. complain (TO someone) ABOUT someone/something: ■ We complained...
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...BECOMING A WRITER January of 2011 was the beginning of a special adventure in my life as a student. I took an English class 0890, at Utah Valley University. Now, in the last days of this class, almost four months later, I can look back and see myself with a lot of problems in my writing that needed to be fixed. These four months in this class have helped me solve many writing challenges. I am far from perfect in becoming a good writer but I have learned that hard work and perseverance can produce wonderful results. Even though I learned many things, the three man points that I want to talk about are the following: quote analysis scaffold, grammar, and research online. The first month of the English 0890 class was intense, the students had to do a special analysis writing exercise called “Quote analysis scaffold”. It is the developing of many skills in one exercise. It helps develop reading and vocabulary comprehension. After the quote analysis scaffold is made, it can be used in the essay as a hook or concluding thought. We ended up doing around ten of these exercises. After writing the quote, provided from the teacher, this analysis was made from the following steps: The first thing was to do a research online about the author and make two to three sentences, on average, about who he was and what were his major contributions to society. Second, the students had to look for unknown words and their definition in the dictionary. After this, the third part was for the students...
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...English Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate learners of English Fourth Edition with answers Raymond Murphy CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/englishgrammarinuse Fourth Edition © Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. English Grammar in Use first published 1985 Fourth edition 2012 4th printing 2013 Printed in Italy by L.E.G.O. S.p.A. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-18906-4 ISBN 978-0-521-18908-8 ISBN 978-0-521-18939-2 ISBN 978-0-511-96173-1 ISBN 978-1-107-64138-9 Edition with answers Edition without answers Edition with answers and CD-ROM Online access code pack Online access code pack and book with answers Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual...
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...MAKING HEADWAY Phrasal Verbs and Idioms Graham Workman Oxford University Press Making Headway Upper-Intermediate Phrasal Verbs and Idioms Graham Workman Oxford University Press Oxford University Press Great Clarendon Street. Oxford osz Acknowledgements ~ D P Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan OXFORD Illustrations by Kevin Baverstock Caroline Church David Murray Nigel Paige Bill Piggins Location photography by Rob Judges The publishers would like to thank the following for their permission to reproduce photographs: Barnaby's Picture Library Channel 4 News Format Partners Photo Library Impact Photos Ltd Network Photographers The Telegraph Colour Library Ltd and OXFORD ENGLISH are trade marks of Oxford University Press O Oxford University Press 1993 ISBN 0 19 435509 8 First published 199 3 Third impression 1996 No unauthorized photocopying All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted. in any form or by any means. electronic. mechanical. photocopying. recording, or otherwise. without the prior written permission of Oxford University Press. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not. by way of trade or otherwise, be...
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...BÀI 14: GIỚI TỪ (PREPOSITIONS) Trong bài này chúng ta cùng ôn tập về giới từ, vị trí của giới từ, các nhóm giới từ và một số lỗi thường gặp khi sử dụng giới từ. Giới từ là từ đứng trước một danh từ hoặc một từ tương đương để chỉ ra mối quan hệ của nó với các từ khác trong câu. Về vị trí, như đã nói ở trên, giới từ là từ đứng trước một danh từ, cụm danh từ hoặc từ tương đương. Vì thế, giới từ luôn đứng đầu ( ở trước) và sau nó là danh từ, hoặc từ tương đương. Cụm từ đứng sau nó gọi là tân ngữ của giới từ (objects of a preposition) 1. TÂN NGỮ CỦA GIỚI TỪ (OBJECT OF A PREPOSTION) Tân ngữ của một giới từ có thể là một danh từ hay một cụm danh từ Ví dụ: I left my books on the table She always get to work by car. |Preposition |noun/noun phrase | |on |the table | |by |car | Tân ngữ của một giới từ cũng có thể là một đại từ (tức là từ thay thế cho một danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ đã biết). Ví dụ: Mark stands in front of her. She looked at him and smiled. |Preposition |pronoun | |in front of |her | |at |him | Tân ngữ của một giới từ cũng có thể là một trạng ngữ. Ví dụ: I haven’t seen him since yesterday. She hasn’t done anything wrong till now. |Preposition |Adverb | |since |yesterday | |till |now | Tân ngữ của một giới từ cũng có thể là một cụm...
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...Handy Handouts ® Free, educational handouts for teachers and parents* Number 294 Parts of Speech ( That’s a Noun!) by Rynette R. Kjesbo, M.S., CCC-SLP What Are “Parts of Speech?” Every word in the English language can be put into a category based on the function of the word in a sentence. The categories that words are put in are “parts of speech” or “word classes.” Knowing the parts of speech and their purpose helps us to understand sentences and create sentences that make sense. What Are the Different Parts of Speech? There are eight main parts of speech. They are represented in the following example: “Uh-oh! Sara pulled the jammed switch forcefully and it broke off in her hand!” • Noun – A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. Nouns can be proper nouns or common nouns. A proper noun refers to a specific person, place, or thing and is always capitalized. A common noun refers to a general person, place, or thing. “Sara,” “switch,” and “hand” are the nouns in our example sentence. “Sara” is a proper noun because it refers to a specific person. Other examples of nouns include David (proper noun), sister, Vermont (another proper noun), store, truck, and pen. • Pronoun – A pronoun takes the place of a noun. Pronouns typically refer back to nouns that are mentioned earlier. In our example sentence, “it” takes the place of “switch,” while “her” refers to “Sara.” Other examples of pronouns include me, him, our, I, you, and they...
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...Topics 1. tax, ceiling/floor price ⁃ describe and make short analysis + preposition(s) about the impact of tax on cigarretes product (don’t forget to use elasticity in your analysis). 2. national income/economic growth, employment/unemployment, price/inflation ⁃ pick any developing country as the object of observation and describe + analise it’s condition using its national income, employment/unemployment, & its price index/inflation from time to time. It is better if you compare this country’s economic condition with a realtively developed country. Hint: visit World Bank website to access these data. 3. money & inflation ⁃ collect the M1 and inflation data for a country (any country), and analyse the periodes where it had relatively high rate of inflation and compare it with the periodes when it had relatively low and stable inflation rate. Explain those periods using comparison of V, M1 growth and inflation. 4. financial institution: saving & investment ⁃ Collect these data for any country: GDP , Investment, Saving, Tax Revenue, Government Spending. Assume it has a close economy system. Describe and analyse shortly about those data. Does that country has surplus of private and public saviing? What are your prepositions? Note: you should also check the country’s official budget (it’s called APBN for Indonesia). 5. open economy: exchange rate system, government policy (tax imports/exports, quota) ⁃ Describe and analyse how an exchange rate system...
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...Potential Problems & Causes In English Morphology and The Way to Overcome Them Every language may not have the same way to form the words. English, for instance, has many different ways to forming words (e.g. singular to plural, present to past, verb to noun, noun to adjective, and so on) from Indonesian language. In English, the way to form words is by adding the affixes that can be categorized into suffix and prefix into the words. Derivational and Inflectional Affixation Generally, morphology has two rules of forming the words in English. The first rule is inflection. is the study that deals with syntactically determined affixation processes (Katamba, 1993, p.205). Inflectional morphemes, which are always suffixes in English, simply add a grammatical element to a word without changing its basic part of speech (Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman 1999: 32). Indonesian morphology has little by way of inflectional affixation, i.e. affixation of the type of English plurals or past tense morphemes or third person singular endings. Meanwhile, derivation is the study of how affixes are combined with stems to derive new words (Akmajian, 1995, p.29). It is important to know that in this process, the part of speech of a word may change when it is attached by the affixes. In other words, when a derivational morpheme is added to a word, it “results in either a different part of speech or the same part of speech with a different lexical meaning” (Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman...
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...Linguistic Errors Lexical Errors H: Lexical interference traps are common enough but more invidious are innocent looking collocations which appear to make sense until one asks oneself what they mean in particular context. Lexical interference is very dangerous because it can distort the meaning of a sentence. 1. Context CT: The context itself determines the meaning of words. Therefore, their meaning should be solved in the context. It is commonly known that a word may have equivalents and accordingly the analysis of its meaning has to be made carefully in order to pick out the most appropriate word. There are many ways of translating of some nouns related to professions, classes, and fields in society. H : Polish President affirmed that the Polish government would continue to create favourable conditions for the Vietnamese community, the fourth largest foreign community in Poland. Tổng thống Balan khẳng định rằng chính phủ Balan sẽ tiếp tục tạo điều kiện thuần lợi cho cộng đồng người Việt, cộng đồng nước ngoài lớn nhất thứ tư ở Balan. President Ho Chi Minh is a lofty example of sacrifice in Vietnamese revolution cause. Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh là tấm gương hy sinh cao cả trong sự nghiệp cách mạng Việt Nam. Last year, there was a conference for alumni of Harvard University in New Delhi and Mr. Larry Summners, a former President of Havard, he said in his speech that the U.S. has to change its thinking and has to change its look at the world. Năm ngoái, trong một...
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...English Grammar A Short Guide Graham Tulloch This book was prepared in the English Discipline of the Flinders University of South Australia and printed by Flinders Press. ©1990 Graham Tulloch FURTHER READING This is intended as a basic and simple guide to English grammar. For a more detailed introduction with exercises see J.R. Bernard's excellent book A Short Guide to Traditional English Grammar (Sydney: Sydney University Press, l975) to which I am much indebted. For a longer study read Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, A University Grammar of English (London: Longman, 1973) and for a very detailed, very complex (and very expensive) treatment of the subject see Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartik, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman, 1985). 2 PARTS OF A WORD A word can be divided into its STEM (the basic part of the word containing its meaning) and its INFLECTIONS (the endings added to indicate such things as that a noun is PLURAL or a verb is in the past tense). Examples: Stem: Inflections: PARTS OF A SENTENCE SUBJECT The subject is the person, thing or topic which the sentence deals with. To discover the subject, ask who or what before the verb, e.g. in the sentence The house stands on the hill, what stands on the hill? Answer: the house. Examples: The house stands on the hill. It overlooks the plain. PREDICATE The predicate is all of the sentence except the subject. Examples: The house stands on the hill...
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...------------------------------------------------- (S) : Performer, topic ------------------------------------------------- (O) : Recipient ------------------------------------------------- : Direct object (DO) and indirect object (IO) ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- I sent you a letter. (S) + (V) + (IO) + (DO) ------------------------------------------------- I sent a letter to you. (S) + (V) + (DO) + preposition + (IO) ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- : Object of a verb and object of a preposition ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- I kicked you. [You is object of the verb ‘kicked.’] ------------------------------------------------- on the table [Prepositional phrase: The table is called object of the preposition] ------------------------------------------------- • Object of a preposition cannot be the subject element. ------------------------------------------------- ✗ [In the world] have many people. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- (C) : Fulfill the meaning of either the subject or the object element ------------------------------------------------- : Subject complement (CS) and object complement (CO) ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Topic Error analysis on written English of two public and two private universities students Abstract This study seeks to identify and analyze errors by means of error analysis procedures. The objective of this study was investigating the written English errors of University students in males and females universities in Dhaka. It was conducted on purpose of identifying The written errors of English committed by the university students, estimating the predominant errors And the least ones and explaining the causes of the written errors of English committed by the University students .The sample of study consisted of 4 student selected from public and private university in Dhaka. Introduction Learning a Second Language (L2) is a lifelong process and it is often a challenging experience for L2 learners. Presently, English is an international language and is used as the language in international relations, and in exchanging knowledge and technology. It is not easy for anybody to deny that English is one of the most important languages in the world. It is seen by large number of people as the language of art, science, politics and economics. So when one wants to cope with what happens in the world he must learn English language. Languages are of four Skills. English language is not an exception. It consists of four skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. One of the most important components in English language is writing skills. The ability to write...
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