...FOOD PRESERVATION AND STORAGE In the past few years preservation of food has been practiced in different ways due to food decay after harvest. For this reason, people where able to enjoy their harvest for a long time .Today, people have distorted from rural practice of preserving food to modern practice of preserving for fun. However, Food preservation is the process by which certain foods like vegetables and fruits are preserved from the growth of bacteria, yeast, fungi and other micro-organisms which causes food blemish. Food preservation practice should be done in a hygienic manner to observe the health of the people for it can cause food borne illness. The preservation of food should not affect the colour, taste or the texture of the food. However, there are several reasons why we preserve food in our society today. We preserve food for personal satisfaction, helps in acquiring more skills on how to reduce waste products, prepare for emergencies, it makes transportation of food and it’s environmentally friendly. There are different methods of food preservation and storage which differ from traditional techniques to industrial or modern techniques. Methods of food preservation There are many process designed to preserve food which involve a number of preservation methods. There are two methods of preserving food; the traditional and modern methods. In ancient times food was preserved in many ways including; freezing, salt, drying, sugar, smoking, drying, refrigeration, lye...
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...Q1: Darwin's Origin consisted of two parts. The first described observations in support of common descent, the second a mechanism to explain how it was the case. Provide examples of the observations Darwin used (1 page). ‘On the origin of species by means of natural selection : or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life’ by Charles Darwin (1860) was the first book to put forward the scientific theory that populations evolve over a period of generations by the process of natural selection. The first part of the book described observations in support of common descent. One such observation is that of the homologous structures possessed by a wide variety of animals. Darwin used the fact that lizards, bats, whales, birds, frogs cats and even humans all contain a pent dactyl limb to support his theory that all life is descended from one common ancestor. As he says himself , “What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?”(Darwin 1860) Another observation of common descent from the first part of Darwin’s book is that of convergence of form. This is the presence of similar biological traits in members of different species. Darwin illustrated this using the example of the finches. He observed a variety of forms encountered...
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...Interrelationships of Life Forms | | | | | | A. Food Web 1. Plant Species 2. Algae Group 3. Animals 4. Fungi and Bacteria IV. Existing Preservations and Protections of Life Forms A. Environmental Factors B. Natural Features and Ecosystems V. Efforts Made for Preserving the Everglades A. Central Figures for Conservation B. Enactment of Laws to Protect the Environment VI. Preserving the Diversity of the Everglades A. The Clean Air Act B. Funding C. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan VII. Conclusion The Everglades National Park In the United States, the Everglades National Park is considered the largest subtropical wasteland. It hosts a variety of rare and endangered species. Many groups of people and animals have landed in the Everglades making it their homeland. Everglades is home for well-known rare animals and plants. The marshes, forests, cypress, fish, animals, plants, and people depend on the ecosystem of the Everglades. Unfortunately, many of these plants and animals are found on the endangered species list for the United States. The Everglades is a breath-taking park with a variety of plants, animals, fishes, and birds. The national park has many living organisms not found any other place on the Earth. The preservation of these natural resources will help to protect the environment along with the animals, plants, and birds. Organizations are searching for ways to preserve and protect the...
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...dangerous for human health and life. Food poisoning is a condition caused by food or drink contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or parasites. In summer, due to high temperatures, such microorganisms multiply very rapidly perishable foods. The increased risk of contamination is mainly caused by improper hygiene conditions, cooking, improper food storage and preservation. The main sources of microbiological contamination are environmental factors (soil, water, air etc.), man, vegetables, animals, insects, rodents. Besides these sources, and food may be contaminated during processing, handling, storage, transport and marketing. Children and the elderly are most frequently affected by food poisoning, but also pregnant women, people with chronic diseases and those associated with weakened immune systems are at risk. The main symptoms occurring in food poisoning are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The intensity of these symptoms can vary from case to case, taking into account factors such as age, general health condition and the type of organism causing the infection. The causes of food are causing degradation: Physical factors: * Temperature is one of the most relevant factors which influence the development of microbial. When discussing food security, then the temperature is certainly the most important factors. - 5-60 ° C bacteria will develop, which is the optimal range where microbial activity is resumed, 100° C bacteria...
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...genetic composition of a population; descent of modern organisms with modifications from pre-existing organisms b. Adaptation- accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ ability to survive in specific environments Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species * Describe the theories of catastrophism, gradualism, and uniformitarianism. c. Catastrophism- principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different than those operating in the present d. Gradualism- idea that Earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today e. Uniformitarianism- mechanisms of change are constant over time * Explain the mechanism for evolutionary change proposed by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck f. x-Use and disuse- Bodies of living organisms are modified through the use or disuse of parts g. x-Inheritance of acquired characteristics- these modifications are inherited by offspring Concept 22.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life * Explain the mechanism for evolutionary change proposed by Darwin in On the Origin of Species. h. Natural Selection- unequal survival and reproduction of organisms due to environmental forces, resulting in the preservation of favorable adaptations * Describe three inferences...
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...nutritional value, safety, and aesthetic appeal varies with food deterioration. The food is subjected to physical, chemical, and biological deterioration respectively. Various causes of food deterioration are as follows a) The growth of micro-organisms (bacteria, yeast, and mold etc.) b) Activities of natural food c) By Insects, parasites, and rodents d) Temperature (high or low) e) Dryness or Moisture content f) Air (mostly oxygen) g) Light h) Time (King, 2004) Furthermore, the major types of food deterioration are:- a) Microbiological spoilage. b) Enzymatic spoilage c) Chemical spoilage d) Fat oxidation e) Environmental spoilage EXAMPLES OF FOOD SPOILAGE AND FOOD PRODUCTS TABLE:- It shows various types of foods having spoilage under various conditions Food preservation involves the a) Use of heat b) Cold c) Drying (water activity) d) Acid (pH) e) Sugar f) Salt g) Smoke h) Chemicals i) Radiation j) Mechanical methods. (Frazier and Westhoff, 2009) Examples of food deterioration involves:- a) Microorganisms involved in food spoilage b) Common mould on bread c) Canned food spoilage FOOD SPOILAGE MICRO-ORGANISMS Spoilage is complex process and huge amount of food is lost due to microbial, chemical and other processes....
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...effects of international subsidies. One of the problems that farmers face is the loss of farmland. Due to urban sprawl and rural non-farm development Canada is losing thousands acres of farmland annually. We need to protect our farmland because it’s the base for our agricultural economy. On top of that, our farmlands provide a healthy environment to our wildlife. The American farmland Trust, a nation-wide, not-for-profit agency is working on the preservation of farmland for many years now. They believe that there are four fundamentals to creating growth strategies that benefit farmers, urban dwellers and suburban residents. One, being communities must plan out a good framework that balances out all interest such as work and transportation. Two, being subsidies which support sprawl over top quality farmland must be eliminated. Three, being the support of private landowners must be enlisted to help create land conservation and smart growth strategies. All levels of government must support and commit themselves to the protection of preservation of farmland and open spaces. Canada has good farmland and to pave over it for communities is not right. To make an inch of good topsoil takes millions of years, so there is no way of getting our farmland once it’s lost to the urbanization sprawl. Another problem farmers face are the decline of the family farm and the growth of agribusinesses. Careless polices of the Federal government seem to be causing the loss of large numbers of family...
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...are considered. The traditional methods of preservation, many taken from the food industry are summarised. The use of alcohol, glycerine, sugar, salt, dessication, anhydrous systems and temperature are amongst examples considered. The definitions of the many words used to describe the act of preservation are considered, and the confusion that results from the presence of the many synonyms is considered. e.g. antimicrobial, antibiotic, antiseptic, bactericidal, etc. Specific organisms are identified as being of particular interest, especially those standard organisms that form part of the B.P. challenge test. These include Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus. A cross-section of plants mentioned in the literature as being specifically targeted at these organisms are considered. The paper concludes with Appendices of plant materials that have mention in the literature according to specific definitions, which may give researchers a potential introduction to future research. KEY WORDS Natural preservation, traditional preservation, challenge test organisms, legal status. INTRODUCTION The subject of natural preservatives is one that probably has more academic interest than practical or economic virtue. However, it does have a wonderful marketing angle which may justify the higher raw material costs. The paper first reviews the most commonly used methods of preservation that are already available to the formulator...
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...What are some basic assumptions of science? 3. Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. A hypothesis is the second step from the scientific method that forms an educated guess based off an observation. A theory is the information that was gathered to support the proof of an observation and confirms the hypothesis. 4. Describe the steps in the scientific method. 7. What’s the first step in critical thinking? The first step in critical thinking is 8. Distinguish between utilitarian conservation and biocentric preservation. Name two environmental leaders associated with each of these philosophies. Biocentric preservation emphasizes the fundamental right of living organisms to exist and to pursue their own good. While utilitarian conservation emphasized that resources should be used for the greater good for the greatest number for the longest time. Two environmental leaders associated with the biocentric preservation philosophy are John Muir and Aldo Leopold. Two environmental leaders associated with the utilitarian conservation philosophy are President Theodore Roosevelt and his chief advisor, Grifford Pinchot. 9. Why do some experts regard water as the most critical natural resource for the twenty-first century? 11. Describe some signs of hope in overcoming global environmental problems. 12. What is the link...
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...Theory This thesis expands on the theoretical understandings of environmental archaeology and climate change driven landscapes. An understanding of environmental archaeology and climate change assists in the heritage management at KLGO and throughout the national park system. Incorporating biological, ecological, and geological sciences with applied anthropological investigations remains necessary in understanding the research conducted at KLGO. I use environmental archaeology and climate change theories to understand past environments and people’s interactions with their environment, examine impacts to archaeological sites, prepare preservation plans and develop future monitoring plans using comparative data, conduct archaeological inventories,...
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...a) Preservation, promoted by John Muir, values the protection of natural wilderness from economic use. Conservation, advocated by Gifford Pinchot, emphasizes the importance of the sustainable use of natural resources (Bulkan, 2016a). Preservation is the concept of forests being a “never failing fountain of wealth and beauty” for everyone to relax and enjoy, not for economic prosperity (Muir, 1901, p.51). This can be achieved by creating protected areas, allowing nature to be uninterrupted and uninfluenced by man (Bulkan, 2016a). Conservation, on the other hand, is the practice of sustainably using forests for development, for the present and future generations (Pinchot, 1910, p. 33). Natural resources are to be efficiently utilized while reducing...
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...summary of the appearance of major animal organisms on Earth from oldest to newest. Unicellular organisms were presented as a one living cell that functioned individually. worms had actual organs and they were made of several cells, they used to have actual systems of organs, fishes were cold-blooded, their skin was covered with squama and they also were able to swim - > they had the tail , amphibians were able to be outside of the water their skin was smooth and covered with mucus that prevents their skin from drying out and also helps to respire, reptiles had a rough dry skin without any hair, it was divided with squama, their jaw is quite developed. Mammals are the most developed group, about 98% of their body is covered in hair to keep warm because they are warm-blooded, they feed their offsprings with milk (they have nipples on their body for that) 2. Describe two very different environmental conditions on Earth during two different times. Include things like relative temperature, atmospheric composition and major plant and animal life forms present., include the time (MYA) and period of each time period. Snowball Earth describes a theory that for millions of years the Earth was almost entirely or wholly covered in ice. This freezing happened over 650 million years ago in the Pre-Cambrian. This period includes the origin of the Earth and the explosion of the first multicelled organisms first one-celled organisms. During the Cambrian( 540 to 490 million...
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...CONTAMINATION, PRESERVATION AND SPOILAGE OF SUGAR AND SUGAR PRODUCTS CONTAMINATION * The raw juice expressed from sugarcane may become high in microbial content unless processing is prompt. * The relevant microorganisms are those from the sugarcane and the soil contamination it and therefore comprise slime producers such as species of Leuconostoc and Bacillus representatives of the genera Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas; a variety of yeast, chiefly in genera Saccharomyces, Candida, and Pichia and a few molds. * Much contamination may come from debris or fine particles on the sides or joints of troughs at the plant. * If organisms grow to an extent then inversion of sucrose or even destruction of sugar may take place. * Activities of the organisms take place from cutting of the cane through extraction to clarification of the juice, a process which kills yeasts and vegetative cells of bacteria. * Bacterial spores are present from then on, through sedimentation, filtration, evaporation, crystallization, and centrifugation, but may be reduced in number by these processes, although spores of thermophiles may be added from equipment. * Bagging of raw sugar may also add some micro organisms. * During the refining of raw sugar contamination may come from equipment, and organisms are added during bagging. * In manufacture of beet sugar, clean beets are sliced into thin slices and the sugar is removed by diffusion process at 60 to 85 C. sources...
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...economic commodity. Salt has many beneficial applications in commercial industries. Salt plays a role in chemical manufacturing, food preservation and consumption, plastic fabrication, glassmaking, pharmaceutical synthesis, pulp and paper production, textile production, waste and water treatment, petroleum production, agricultural processes, dye production, and de-icing methods (). However, as beneficial as salt is to our society, its use can lead to major environmental pollution issues. In this experiment, the effects of salt as a pollutant to the freshwater algae,...
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...Research shows that as a result of more industries being built and operated, there was a large emission of carbon monoxide gas (and other effluents of factory) into the atmosphere. The emission affected the environment in a number of ways. The emission of industrial gases into the atmosphere will lead to the destruction of ozone layer. Due to9 this, the life in the planet will be endangered because there will be excessive heat. Such changes have occurred and it has forced the society to think about how they will react to avert such negative changes from harming the life. Many nations across the world has come together to address the plight of Environmental issues. 2) Discuss the seeming duality between the concepts of “extraction” and “preservation.” Focusing on Norgaard’s coevolution theory, explain that a middle ground may actually be more beneficial for both humans and ecosystems. Response Economically, extraction of natural resources contributes to the success of economic of a given nation. The wealth of a nation is measured by how such countries extracts and use the natural resources. To generate wealth, nations have been vying to extract the resources. The process of extraction of natural resources will lead to the depletion and degradation of the environment. Therefore as the nations tries to generate wealth, they...
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