...Culture and Disease: Trichomonas University of Phoenix Culture and Disease: Trichomonas According to the Clinical Microbiology Reviews (2009), Trichomoniasis is a parasitic protozoan that is transmitted principally through having vaginal intercourse. Trichomoniasis is seen mostly in women but men can also contract it usually without having any symptoms of being infected. (Shafir, S. C., and F. J. Sorvillo, 2006). I will be discussing the factors, modes for disease transmission, methods used to control, and the treatment of Trichomoniasis. A protozoa is the smallest single-celled members of the animal kingdom Carson-DeWitt, R. M. & Frey, R. P. (2006). It infects millions of people worldwide and researchers have found that it can cause inflammation of the prostate by infection on men. When women come in contact with trichomoniasis, their symptoms consist of a foul smell, and a heavily frothy yellow discharge that comes from the vagina. The genital area also comes along with itching and pain when urinating or having sexual intercourse Carson-DeWitt, R. M. & Frey, R. P. (2006). Because men don’t usually have symptoms, they won’t realize they are infected, leaving the infection to settle in. In some states the test for trichomiasis vaginalis can be ordered from the internet free of charge to young girls and also to women of childbearing age and also to assist with finding out if they are infected and refer them to free clinics for follow up treatment...
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...Case Study One Common Cause Rebecca is having a vaginal discharge for 3 days without other symptoms and significant clinical findings. According to previous study, approximately 75% women have vulvovaginal candidiasis at least once in their live, while 40-50% of them develop 2 or more than two episodes (1). Another common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge, bacterial vaginosis (BV), also have a considerably high prevalence (1). Since Rebecca was having unprotected vaginal sex with her male partner for 9-months, an un-safe sex preference must be considered in this situation. Which means, Rebecca is likely to have unprotected sex with her casual male partners (e.g. no condoms), and STIs must be considered. Trichomonas vaginalis is a common bacterial cause of abnormal vaginal discharge (1), also the commonest non-viral STI across the world (2), it should be considered in this case. Thus, three most likely conditions of Rebecca may be, * Bacterial vaginosis (BV) * Vulvovaginal candidiasis * Trichomoniasis Testing According to the Australian STI Management Guidelines and the STI Treatment Guideline (2010) provided by US CDC, the tests of each listed possible causes can be performed as, 1. BV a) Point of care tests Generally, BV can be diagnosed using gram stain microscopy and Amstel’s criteria (3,4,5). Direct observation of vaginal discharge (using speculum), vaginal pH test (using pH paper) and whiff test (using 10% KOH) need to be performed (3,4...
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...There are many different varieties of STIs, a number of the more common ones include sexually transmitted disease, chlamydia, Trichomonas, HPV, herpes and syphilis. A number of these such as herpes and syphilis cause ulcers on the genitals or body part, whereas others; such as sexually transmitted disease, chlamydia, and Trichomonas will cause painful urination and/or discharge. HPV will cause the expansion of genital warts on the genitals or body part. Most STIs can even infect the mouth and throat, STIs will cause swelling, redness and pain within the infected space. However, many folks who have associate degree STI don't have any symptoms at all; so neither they nor their partner might understand they're infected. Although all STIs are...
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...• Your client comes in stating that she "always gets yeast infections" and that she has one again. You verify this diagnosis with a wet mount that supports your inspection and speculum exam. How would you approach management? What differential diagnosis as to etiology would you include? What additional testing would you consider? • Amazingly this coincides with a case seen this week at the office. A patient presented with recurrent yeast infection. She stated that she gets it almost every time she’s about to have her period. She admitted to have taken the three day monistat, but did get any relief. Upon examination of the interior vagina, white cottage cheese like discharge was notes along the vaginal walls and the cervix. • I would approach...
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...complicated UTI is becoming more costly and difficult to treat, so it would be prudent to reduce modifiable risk factors for individuals before they could potentially become a problem or even life-threatening. Another increased risk for uncircumcised individuals is sexually transmitted infections (STI). While the direct mechanism is unclear on how circumcision reduces human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in males, there is a strong correlation between uncircumcised individuals and HPV prevalence, and circumcision is suggested to be a useful intervention for prevention against it (Zhu, Yi-Ping, et al.). Though condom usage is still regarded as the best prevention strategy, there is approximately 60% increased protection from HIV virus with circumcision as well (Esra, Rachel, et al.). Other STIs which have shown reduction due to circumcision are genital ulcer disease, chancroid, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis (Morris, Brian, et al., "Policy"). Coital injuries are more common with uncircumcised individuals and increase the chances of HIV infections (Morris, Brian, et al., "Policy"). Since it is unpredictable that newborn will have a future STI as an adult, being circumcised at an early age would dramatically reduce chances of an STI for when they become physically ready for intercourse. It is important also to discuss the effects circumcision has from the female partner perspective. There is speculation that vaginal secretions could be harbored underneath the uncircumcised...
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...BIOL-182 Reproductive System Dr. Shawn B. Wild I. INTRODUCTION A. Gonads B. Gametes 1. sperm * * head * acrosomal cap (acrosome) * middle piece * tail 2. ovum * oocyte ovum after fertilization 3. meiosis spermatogonia sperm oogonia ovum 4. fertilization 5. zygote II. Male Reproductive System A. Testes 1. spermatic cord * * ductus deferens * deferential artery * testicular artery * testicular vein * nerve -inguinal canal -inguinal hernias 2. Scrotum * tunica vaginalis * dartos muscle * cremaster muscle 3. Structure of the testes a. tunica vaginalis b. tunica albuginea c. lobules d. seminiferous tubules e. straight tubules f. rete testis g. efferent ductule * epididymis h. interstitial cells – Leydig cells i. sustentacular cells – Sertoli cells 4. Spermatogenesis * spermatogonia * 1 spermatocytes * 2 spermatocytes * spermatids * spermiogenesis * spermatozoa B. Male Reproductive tract 1. epididymis (1) (2) (3) 2. ductus deferens 3. urethra * prostatic * membranous * penile C. Accessory Glands 1. functions 2. seminal vesicles 3. prostate gland 4. bulbourethral glands D. Semen 1. sperm count – 20-100 million/cubic milliliter 2. seminal fluid – fluid component of semen...
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...Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms.[1] This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others.[2][3] Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.[1] More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs.[1] Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.[1] The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex.[4] Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV.[4] Safer sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has...
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...disproportionate burden of HIV infection. Similar to most developing countries, female sex workers in Papua New Guinea are following the trend of accounting for a very high HIV prevalence among the total infected adult population. Female sex workers (FSW) are not only high in prevalence but they are experiencing a high increase of HIV infection rates. Data from 1998 of HIV prevalence among FSWs in Port Moresby was 17% and rose to 21% in 2004. This burden is markedly more noticeable when compared to prevalence among the adult population of Port Moresby, only 0.34% in 2004 which increased to 1.54% in 2004. Incidence of other STIs among female sex workers in PNG is also high. In a study in 2003, “Chlamydia trachomatis was found to be 23.3%, Trichomonas vaginalis 41.0%, Neisseria gonorrhea 37.2% and Syphilis 33.3% among 129 FSWs in Port Moresby. Mixed infections with these STIs were observed to be common. Among the 129 FSWs for whom complete results of all STIs were available, 79% (103) were infected, of whom 34% (45 of 129) had one STI, whereas 40% (52 of 129) had...
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...What is Sexually Transmitted Disease? What are the Common Sexually transmitted diseases? What are the Cause of Each Sexually Transmitted Diseases? What are the signs/symptoms and Diagnosis? What is the complications? What is the Effect of sexually transmitted disease? \ S exually transmitted infection is a broader term than sexually transmitted disease. An infection is a colonization by a parasitic species, which may not cause any adverse effects. In a disease, the infection leads to impaired or abnormal function. In either case, the condition may not exhibit signs or symptoms. Increased understanding of infections like HPV, which infects most sexually active individuals but cause disease in only a few has led to increased use of the term STI. Public health officials originally introduced the term sexually transmitted infection, which clinicians are increasingly using alongside the term sexually transmitted disease in order to distinguish it from the former. STD may refer only to infections that are causing diseases, or it may be used more loosely as a synonym for STI. Most of the time, people do not know that they are infected with an STI until they are tested or start showing symptoms of disease. Moreover, the term sexually transmissible disease is sometimes used since it is less restrictive in consideration of other factors or means of transmission. For instance, meningitis is transmissible by means of sexual contact but is not labeled as an STI...
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...Section A: Basic Microbiology 1 SCOPE AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY “Science contributes to our culture in many ways, as a creative intellectual activity in its own right, as a light which has served to illuminate man’s place in the uni-verse, and as the source of understanding of man’s own nature” —John F. Kennedy (1917–63) The President of America The bacterium Escherichia coli INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE MICROBIOLOGY is a specialized area of biology (Gr. bios-life+ logos-to study) that concerns with the study of microbes ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Microorganisms are microscopic (Gr. mikros-small+ scopein-to see) and independently living cells that, like humans, live in communities. Microorganisms include a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cell or cell clusters (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example...
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...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
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...HIV Introduction H - Stands for Human. The virus is only found in humans and not in animals or insects. I - stands for Immunodeficiency – This means the virus weakens the bodies' ability to fight other infections. In time this leads to the group of illness called AIDS. V - Stands for Virus. It is an infectious agent that is non cellular. It is capable of self replicating only inside living cell. They are therefore parasitic because they rely on the host cell multiplication mechanism. AIDS A-Acquired an acquired condition is the one that is not inborn. AIDS patient acquire a condition that makes them not able to fight infections. I - Immune A normal human being has an immune system that helps them fight disease. The immune system involves structures such as the skin to keep away entry bacteria and other pathogens. The environment we live is full of micro organisms some living in the air, others water and others in food. Our bodies are well adopted to keep away these micro organisms. D – Deficiency. When it comes to HIV AIDS there is deficiency of adequate immunity. HIV virus infect immune cell (to be particular T-helper or CD4+ cells). T - Helper cells are very instrumental in the immune system thus when they are attacked by the virus they deplete in number. S - Syndrome: A variety of different symptoms and illness. The grouping of well recognized illness connected with AIDS makes a syndrome. TYPES OF HIV Two types of HIV are currently recognized: HIV-1, HIV-2. - Transmission...
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...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form My Courses --> HNC 310 --> EXAM SCHEDULE and GRADING print contact faculty contact tech | Pathology - Module 1: Introduction to the course - Unit 1: Course Requirements - Item Number: 1 Lecture | Title: | EXAM SCHEDULE and GRADING | Fall 2013 EXAM SCHEDULE Dates | | Percent of Grade | August 25, 2014 | Course begins | | September 18, 2014 | Exam 1 | 25% | October 16, 2014 | Exam 2 | 25% | November 13, 2014 | Exam 3 | 25% | December 11, 2014 | Exam 4 | 25% | A final average grade of C+ or better (a numerical grade of 74 or higher) is required to pass this course. ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form My Courses --> HNC 310 --> CELL PATHOLOGY print contact faculty contact tech | Pathology - Module 2: Module Two - Unit Number: 1 Unit Title: CELL PATHOLOGY Unit Objectives After reading this chapter, viewing the PowerPoint presentation and the accompanying lecture notes, and completing the study activities, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the normal structure and function of the cell. 2. Discuss the adaptive structural and functional changes that occur in cells as a result of changes in homeostasis. 3. Explain the adaptive structural and functional changes associated with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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