...causes of sugar price hike as discussed in the article above. [8 marks] The article as reported by Andrew Clark indicates that the main cause of the sugar price increase in the global commodity market occurred due to a simultaneous drop in the overall supply of sugar by the world’s largest sugar producer, Brazil, alongside a change in the supply and demand of the world’s largest consumer of sugar, India. In the case of Brazil, the world’s largest sugar producer, the drop in the supply of sugar occurred due to a period of heavy rain, as well as the decision to channel a large portion of sugarcane, an input into the production of sugar, into another industry, ethanol fuel production, hence significantly reducing the availability of this input to sugar production. Figure 1.1 below illustrates S1 as the original supply curve of sugar, and S2 as the new supply curve of sugar which has shifted to the Left. This shift to the left is caused by a decrease in sugarcane supply, an important input to sugar production. The effect is an increase in the Price of sugar due to a decrease in the quantity of sugar supplied globally. Coupled with the existing global sugar supply shortage caused by Brazil’s decreased production of sugar, India, the world’s largest consumer of sugar, encountered a bad monsoon season and went from being an exporter to an importer of sugar. This indicates that where India may have previously enjoyed a Surplus of their own domestic supply of sugar to meet...
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...Supply and Demand and Price Elasticity Paper Betty Hargrove ECO/212 January 30, 2013 Vivek Singhal Introduction After careful evaluation of our daily commodities we have chosen, soap, oil, sugar, salt, tissue, flour, toothpaste, deodorant, electricity, and wheat. These lists of commodities are necessary in a basic style of life. Our chosen product to focus on throughout our paper is sugar. We will address the supply and demand shift of sugar in a market economy. Furthermore, we will address supply and demand and price elasticity as well as whether our chosen commodity is a necessity or a luxury. Supply and Demand Shift There are limited explanations of why the demand and shifts in sugar vary. One of these reasons is because of the federal tariffs that are put on sugar. A tariff or tax on the import or even export increases the price and make it less in demand. No one wants to pay more for anything that we were paying less for a week ago. Also now there are a few different substitutes of sugar then using the real things. There are brands such as Equal, Splenda, and Sweet and Low. These are known as artificial sugar substitutes. These artificial sugar substitutes are sometimes found in food that we consume daily depending on our likes. Items that are, labeled as “diet” or “sugar free” use artificial sweeteners. There is “sugar free gum” and “diet soda”. These products typically have artificial sweeteners. The demand for the sugar is how much the consumers are willing...
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... 1. Elasticity of demand measures the change in the quantity demanded due to the price changes in the market. This can also be characterized as a change in percentage to both the quantity demanded and the price. Durable items, such as appliances or automobiles, show elasticity of demand because these products can be bought infrequently and are not a consumer necessity. These durables can be purchased at leisure or when the prices are low. Elasticity of demand is measured by the number of substitutes available, the degree of necessity, and the price of a good as a proportion of income. Cross-price elasticity is a measure between the price changes or demand for one good affects the change in the price of another good. When the cross-price elasticity is negative, goods are referred to as complements. If there is an increase in price of a good that results in the decrease of the quantity demanded of another product, then both products are considered to be complements of each other. When the cross-price elasticity is positive, goods are called substitutes. If there is an increase in the price of one product that results in the increase of the quantity demanded of another product, then both products are seen as substitutes. Because of cross-price elasticity, goods that compete with one another are often paired together in the market (economics.about.com). Income elasticity measures the change between the quantity of a good demanded and a change in income. Income elasticity is the...
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...Part 1 Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of people to changes in economic variables. One of the determinant of price elasticity of demand is the level of income.People with higher incomes will tend to make demand become inelastic. For example, when the price of milo increases , the people with higher income will still buy it because it will not affect the ability of purchasing. The second determinant of price elasticity of demand is necessities versus luxuries.A price increase on necessities good such as bread , will not affect much on the percentage of quantity because necessities good have no close substitutes. On the other hand, people will cut back their purchases on luxuries good when the price of luxury good rises. Furthermore, availability of substitutes is one of the determinant of price elasticity of demand. The greater the amount of substitutes available, the greater the elasticity of demand. When the price of a good increases , the quantity demanded on good will fall off because consumers will buy the cheaper substitutes. Lastly, the determinant of price elasticity of demand is habits. People with habits tend to have an elasticity demand on their addiction,such as cigarettes and liquor.For example,when the price of cigarettes increases, the smokers will still willing to pay more to buy the cigarettes at a higher price. Section A : Part 2 Firms have to measure the responsiveness of price changes by using the concept of price elasticity...
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...of ethanol. Because resources are not equally productive in all activities, the PPF bows outward—is concave. The outward bow of the PPF means that as the quantity produced of each barrel of ethanol increases, so does its opportunity cost. Part B c. The equilibrium price = $2.5 The equilibrium quality = 225 d. At the price $1.5 a box, the equilibrium demanded is 275 boxes and the equilibrium supplied is 175 boxes. There is a shortage of banana by 275-175=100 boxes; the quantity demanded of pizza exceeds the quantity supply. The shortage forces the price higher to the equilibrium price. e. When the quality of banana supplied decreased by 50 boxes, the equilibrium price rises to $3 and the equilibrium quality decreases to 200 boxes a week. f. An decrease in banana supply and increase in banana demand raises the equilibrium price from $2.5 to $3.5. The equilibrium quality does not change because the increase in demand increases the quality and the decrease in supply decreases it. In this case, the decrease in banana supply equal to the increase in banana demand. Question 2: Part A: a> The total expenditure at the price $600 per night = $600 x 4 = $2400 The total expenditure at the price $500 per night = $500 x 8 = $4000 * The total expenditure of the tour agency...
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...QUESTION: price elasticity of demand for textbooks is two and the price of the textbook is increased by 10%. By how much does the quantity demand fall? Inter the result and discuss reasons for the fall in the quantity demand. Price elasticity of demand (PED) is defined as the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good or service to a change in its price. Price Elasticity of Demand Percentage Change in Quantity Demand Percentage Change in Price for Product A So, Percentage Change in Quantity Demand for Product A = PED X Percentage Change in Price for Product A Given PED of Books= 2, Percentage Change in Price for Books = 10% So, Percentage Change in Demand for Books = 2 X 10% = 20% Therefore the fall in the Quantity Demand of the Books will be 20% Price elasticity of demand Therefore, it is percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in price of the same goods. In economics and business studies, the price elasticity of demand is a measure of the sensitivity of quantity demanded to changes in price. It is measured as elasticity, which it measures the relationship as the ratio of percentage changes between quantities demanded of a good and changes in its price. In other words, demand for a product can be said to be very inelastic if consumers are insensitive to the price and is willing to pay for the product at any price, and very elastic is when consumers are more price sensitive and will only pay a certain price, or a...
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...consumed jointly. The demand for a good in a particular market area is related to the number of buyers in the area: more buyers, higher demand; fewer buyers, lower demand. This merged learning team also reviewed pertinent information on the substitute goods and complements goods, and then discussed the importance of each related goods by giving different examples. In the following summary, there are highlight of the results from the group discussion and further explain the sometimes tumultuous, yet necessary relationship and differences between substitutes and complements. Complements When two products complement each other, they are called complementary goods. Complementary goods combine to create a greater overall value than each product would have on its own. Consumers may use each good separately but when they do there is little to no value in the product by itself (Colander, 2013). For example, a boat has little value if there is no gasoline to run it. In the same respect, the gasoline would have little value if it just sat in a gas can waiting to be used. Many products complement each other but two that stand out are razors and shaving cream. Both items can be used separately but do a much more effective job when they are combined. Shaving cream helps consumers get a closer shave, moisturize skin, and reduce razor burn. Razors and shaving cream are complementary products because the price of razors has an inverse correlation with the demand for shaving cream...
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...course. In addition, you should demonstrate a sound knowledge of the topics covered and adhere to the proper referencing technique. 2 Part A (40 marks) Case Scenario Read the following case scenario carefully and answer all the questions given at the end of the case. Sugar the new oil as prices soar By Andrew Clark The price of sugar on global commodity markets has doubled since the beginning of the year and is close to a 28-year high as hedge funds and speculators jostle to bet on the possibility of an international shortage of the world's favourite natural sweetener. For financiers seeking adrenaline-driven price lurches, sugar has become the new oil. Historically, raw sugar has traded at between 10 and 12 US cents per pound at the New York Board of Trade. But the price briefly touched 24.85 cents last month, its highest since 1981, and sugar is now hovering around the 23 cent mark. The rise has come amid a broader commodity boom. Metals and energy rose sharply today as the dollar weakened and global stock markets moved higher. There are some solid underlying reasons for the upward lurch in the price of raw sugar. Heavy rain has disrupted milling in the world's largest producer of sugar, Brazil, where a sizeable portion of sugarcane...
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...NOT an application of supply and demand analysis? a. Understanding changing world economic conditions and their effects on prices. b. Evaluating the effects of government price controls on the agricultural industry. c. Determining how taxes affect consumers’ spending patterns. d. all of the above. e. none of the above. 2. A supply curve reveals a. the quantity of output consumers are willing to purchase at each possible market price. b. the difference between quantity demanded and quantity supplied at each price. c. the maximum level of output an industry can produce, regardless of price. d. the quantity of output that producers are willing to produce and sell at each possible market price. 3. Plastic and steel are substitutes in the production of body panels for certain automobiles. If the price of plastic increases, with other things remaining the same, we would expect a. the price of steel to fall. b. the demand curve for steel to shift to the right. c. the demand curve for plastic to shift to the left. d. nothing to happen to steel because it is only a substitute for plastic. e. the demand curve for steel to shift to the left. 4. Which of the following would shift the demand curve for new textbooks to the right? a. A fall in the price of paper used in publishing texts...
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...reduced the price of its popular Sundae from $2.25 to $1.75. As a result, the firm’s daily sales of these sundaes have increased from 1500 a day/ to 1800 a day. Compute the arc price elasticity of demand over this price and consumption quantity range. The arc price elasticity can be computed with the formula of arc elasticity. After the calculation we are getting that the arc price elasticity will be equal to 0.72 which is less than 1, that means that the price is inelastic. 4. The subway fare in your town has just been increased from a current level of 50 cents to $1.00 per ride. As a result, the transit authority notes a decline in rider-ship of 30 percent. a. compute the price elasticity of demand for subway rides. We can compute the price elasticity in demand with the formula: Ed = change Q/change P = 0,3/2 = 0,15 So the demand for subway rides is inelastic b. if the transit authority reduces the fare back to 50 cents, what impact would you expect on the ridership? Why? If the transit authority reduces the fare back to 50 cents, there will be an increase in ridership of 30 percent, so the will not be the significant change of demand. 7. In an attempt to increase revenues and profits a firm is considering a 4 percent increase in price and an 11 percent increase in advertising. If the price elasticity of demand is -1.5 and the advertising elasticity of demand is +0.6, would you expect an increase or decrease in total revenues? Price: MR=change TR(price)/change Q...
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...PART A – Definitions Elasticity of Demand Elasticity of Demand was developed by Alfred Marshall for measuring consumer’s reaction to demand of a change in price of goods or services. It is measured in percentages of demand requirements of a product after a price has changed even slightly. Cross-price Elasticity Cross – Price Elasticity occurs when the price change of a product affects the consumer demand of a completely different product. In the case of substitute products, cross-price elasticity happens when a substitute product is entered in to the market at a higher price than the original product and consumers continue to purchase the lower priced product. If the products are complements of each other, the rise in price of one of the products will cause both products demand to fall. For example, if the price of eggs rises the demand for bacon will decrease because of the association of eggs and bacon. Income Elasticity Income Elasticity measures the response of quantity demand of consumers as their incomes either rise or fall. Normal goods are products where demand increases with the increase of consumer income and decreasing demand when income levels fall while prices stay the same. Income elasticity is positive when associated with normal goods. Normal goods are classified as either necessity goods (food, power, and housing) or superior goods (caviar, luxury cars). Inferior goods are associated with a negative elasticity of demand because when consumers’...
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...Elasticity Paper Elasticity Paper With all products available on the market there is always fluctuation with supply and demand. It is said that some products are complementary to one another and can cause the demand to grow for relatable products. These would be considered compliment products on the other hand there are products that can lower demand for other products as they compete with one another for the market share spot; these would be called substitute products. These products combined have their effect on the price elasticity of demand. Compliment products are easily described in examples like hot dogs and buns they typically get sold together. Other products can do the same depending who you are. For ladies if a dress is on sale one might see a spike in shoes to go with that dress for guys this may be totally different. The ideology behind it is that there is a pricing shift in one item lowering the price and that could cause a spike in the demand of another relatable item even if there is no price cut. This will cause the demand spike. A substitute is a product or service that will satisfy the need of the customer in place of another product or service (Investopedia, 2014). Products must have a relationship with one in another in order for a substation to occur. A good example of a substitute occurring is when the price of sugar rises, the demand for the substitute sweetener products such as Equal or Splenda will increase. The demand for the substitute...
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...Professor Emily Oster 1. Annual demand for US wheat is: Q D = 3600 - 300P. Annual supply of U.S. wheat is: Q S =1800 + 300P. P is the price, in dollars. a. Draw a supply and demand diagram representing this system. b. What is the price for wheat in equilibrium? c. Government sometimes regulates the price of food. Imagine that government introduces a short-term restriction that you cannot sell wheat at more than $2 per unit. What will happen to the market? Illustrate using your supply and demand graph. 2. Use supply and demand curves to illustrate the effects of the following actions on the quantity and price of tea: a. b. c. d. An increase in the price of sugar. An increase in the price of coffee. An increase in income levels. An announcement from scientists that coffee contains very effective antioxidants. 3. Due to the financial crisis, the CTA must raise prices. It raises fares by 40%. After a month, the revenue is 5% greater than the month before the fare increase. a. Without any math, explain intuitively whether the number of riders has increased or decreased. b. Estimate the % change in riders as a result of the fare increase. c. Estimate the price elasticity of demand. d. Assume fare increase is permanent. How would you expect price elasticity of demand to change after several years? Illustrate this graphically using a supply and demand diagram. (HINT: Treat the supply curve as perfectly horizontal, with the CTA simply picking a price and committing to supply as much...
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...healthy diets due to its fat, calorie, and sugar content. As a result, the demand for a healthier version of ice cream with retained or even improved sensory properties arises. Unilever responds to this demand by launching a new kind of ice cream which is based on vegetable and fruit mix, therefore improving the nutrient content. Economical analysis of the product, including market structure, associated costs, elasticity of demand, and pricing and non pricing strategies is provided below. Market Structure In order to identify the suitable strategies for the product launch, it is essential to identify the type of market structure in which the product will engage in. The product is a differentiated version of conventional ice cream, but is an imperfect substitute. In essence, the product is expected to compete in the market by means of value added attributes. Furthermore, there is relatively large number of sellers which could enter and exit the industry easily based on the market conditions. From the mentioned characteristics, it could be inferred that the type of market structure for the product is a monopolistic competition (McConnell, et al., 2009). Target Market There is also the need to identify the target consumer scope in the market, which would be useful in the consideration of strategies to improve the standing of the brand in the market. The product itself is a value-added product, in which people are expected to pay a premium price for the improved version of ice cream...
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...with this product in overseas markets with an expected release in the United States soon. Using what we have learned about microeconomic concepts so far in ECO/365, we will analyze the fundamental market forces that will influence this product’s success in relation to the existing competition. Factors That Affect Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium Prices Supply and demand are forces that are always working to reach an equilibrium point in a competitive market. The soft drink industry is highly competitive and there are numerous firms seeking to gain market share. The two largest firms in the market are Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, which collectively dominate the vast majority of the market. These two firms have built exceptional brand loyalty and have contracted with fast food chains to serve their products exclusively. The main force effecting demand for this product will be consumer sentiment about stevia-sweetened products. At this point in time, the sweetener has not had a long history of use in the Western world and potential health drawbacks are not well understood. If research shows that the sweetener is a healthier alternative to cane sugar is will cause demand to rise...
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