...Analysis 1: Sociotechnical principles are integral to designing a system. Understanding and applying them increases the likelihood that the system will achieve optimal design and performance. The nineteen principles outlined in the article each contribute a concept that augments critical parameters such as productivity, effectiveness, and employee morale. Sociotechnical understanding is vital to system design because of the fast rate innovative technologies for information and communication are being developed and implemented. The dominance of these technologies require that sociotechnical principles be applied to maximize their effectiveness. The sociotechnical principles outlined in the article contribute to system design by explicitly proposing techniques and concepts that emphasize the critical nature of integrating technical and organizational aspects of system design. The principles are meant to support design by a wide range of disciplines, and their usefulness derives from the idea that they can be implemented across a variety of applications when supported by the proper tools addressing specific issues. 2: I would differentiate between the three major categories of principles using the area of application each category is intended for. The difference is revealed by the names of the categories. Meta principles are intended for an all-encompassing aspect of system design. This is different from Content principles which can be viewed as a subset...
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...Principles of Positive Change As humans, like all sentient things in our world, we seek safety and security above almost everything. This is one of our key instincts that forms part of the backdrop of our growth from child to adulthood. We learn from our parents, other people and events we experience as we grow up, how to be loved and how to stay safe. Some of the lessons we may have learned, worked for us as children, but are no longer appropriate as adults. Others are the product of difficult or traumatic experiences in the past, most usually during childhood, which have left a legacy of negative beliefs and thought patterns. Our thoughts and therefore our lives can be changed if you are truly ready to commit to the process of change. I know it works, I've seen it transform peoples lives first hand. If you are seeking to improve or change your life, then to achieve it using spiritual techniques you will have to integrate the following principles into your life. Don't Panic! It is not something that anyone can do all at once. But by slowly finding ways to adopt these principles into your life, you will grow spiritually and as a person. From this inner strength and love all change is possible. 9 Principles for Positive Change: 1. Love & Self-Esteem i. Love yourself and others and the world around you without limitations. Accepting yourself and everything around you with love. This is the ultimate focus of all our work, at the very centre of everything...
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...Garibay, Andrés Resp21 04/04/14 Bernoulli's Principle Bernoulli's Principle is named after the Dutch-Swiss mathematician, named Daniel Bernoulli. He revealed his principle in his 1783 book titled Hydrodynamica. In it it states that a fluid without viscosity when it increases in speed will decrease in pressure and in the fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's principle can be applied to many types of fluid flow through the use of whats called Bernoulli's equation. There are actually different variations of the Bernoulli equation for different applications. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is used for incompressible flows like most liquid flows, and also for compressible flows like gases moving at low speeds. The volume rate of flow is Vrate = Vol./sec = Av Bernoulli's principle can be taken from the principle of conserving energy. This principle states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This can only be achieved if the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant. If the fluid is flowing out of a container, the sum of all forms of energy will remain the same throughout all streamlines because in a container the energy per unit mass will remain constant everywhere in the container. Pressure and the fluids' own weight are the only things that affect fluid particles. When a fluid flows horizontally and along a section of a streamline...
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...“Response on the Anthropic Principle” The Anthropic Principle, formally proposed at a conference in Poland by Brandon Carter in 1973, is a theory that strongly suggests that humanity holds a special place in the Universe. This topic has become widely discussed and debated topic among scientists. Two branches of the theory are the strong anthropic principle (SAP) and the weak anthropic principle (WAP). The SAP states, “The Universe must have those properties which allow life to develop within it at some stage in its history” (www.physics.sfsu.edu). This branch of the anthropic principle has commonly been used in the argument for intelligent design (ID), which puts forth the proposition that a designer is responsible for the balance of the laws of mathematics and physics that ultimately hold our universe together. The WAP says, “The observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally probable but they take on the values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirement that the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so” (www.physics.sfsu.edu). This is simply saying that if people were not here to observe and if the universe did not work as it does, then we could not ask why we are here and why the universe works like it does. Although the SAP and WAP are somewhat different, ultimately they both appear to agree that human life is special given all of the circumstances it takes for us...
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...The Pareto principle is one of the important managerial tool that can be used to identify alternatives which are worthy of attention during decision making. (Grosfeld-Nir, Ronen & Kozlovsky, 2007). Named after an economist, Vilfredo Pareto, and also known as the 80/20 rule, he stated that, “20% of the population possesses 80% of the wealth” (Grosfeld-Nir et. al, 2007 para ii). Liebler and McConnell (2008) call it “a criterion for decision making” (p 155) which suggests that every persons need should be met possibly without causing loss to another person. It also means that when choosing from among alternatives, the ones rejected are due to the reduced merits to one or more groups. This suggests to me that a little portion (components) of a whole heightens the end product of whatever the thing is meant for. For example, 20% of employees help to achieve 80% of an organizational goal. That is, a little input of the few can help in finishing a greater part of a target provided no one is disregarded. An example is when a healthcare facility with so many departments invests more into a smaller department that spells out the organizations’ image giving it the permit to achieve goals successfully; the other departments are not left hanging and yet most of the goals required are reached. A funny but practical example in daily life activity is marriage. The little things that a spouse put into the marriage sparks it up with all the good things that comes with it. If a husband gives a wife...
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...Heston E Cummings, Daman Sandhu, Jamiel Najmeddine Principle or rules based accounting Heston E Cummings, Daman Sandhu, Jamiel Najmeddine Principle or rules based accounting Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 Principle Based Accounting 4 Rule Based Accounting 6 CONCLUSION 7 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Abstract There have been lots of discussions about principle and rule based accounting approaches, mostly people view U.S GAAP as rule based and IFRS as principle based. In this paper we will examine advantages and disadvantages or both approaches. Finally which is more applicable in real world settings. Introduction After incidents like recession, there have been discussions about principles based versus rules based among accountants, governments. As multinational businesses are increasing, there is need is an increased demand for high quality comparable financial information. “Accurate and consistent information is essential if the allocation of financial capital is to truly reflect comparative advantage, encourage diversified investments, and minimize cost of capital”.(Jermakowicz & Mcguire, 2002). If we look at two major accounting bodies, IFRS and US GAAP. “The IFRS emphasizes the fundamental importance of standards that focus on principle, drawn clearly from IASB’s conceptual framework, rather than on detailed rules”. (Jermakowicz & Mcguire, 2002). “This approach requires both companies and their auditors to exercise professional...
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...The Most Crucial Principles and Qualities for Survival Although humans are the strongest and smartest animals on earth, we still die for silly reasons. Sometimes, humans do not know why they get in trouble or how they control the circumstances for survival. According to Laurence Gonzales, Deep Survival: Who Lives, Who Dies, and Why, we can clearly see the situations that happen to us and understand the reasons why somebody can survive, but someone else cannot. This book makes us realize that "accidents happen anyway but they do not necessarily happen to us". Through this book, Laurence Gonzales supplies an enormous amount of knowledge to us about the most crucial principles and qualities for survival. We need to be aware and ready when the dangers are close to us. We can survive by learning how to be perceptive, positive, and active to overcome the challenges and survive. Before we talk about the qualities insides the survivors' mind, there are three important principles discussed in the book that will improve our chances of survival by learning how our body must act in dangerous situations. The first principle is that we should avoid impulsive behavior and always be aware of danger. In Chapter Two, LG told us about the deaths of two snowmobilers who tried to speed off and reach "high-marking". Although people warned that "there were a high avalanche", they still wanted to go up to the hill (45). They thought, "it's fun" (48). They had poor impulse behavior which easily...
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...To what extent did the precautionary principle assume significance in UK environmental law? In the last few decades the Precautionary Principle has gained significance within the realm of modern environmentalism. It appears, although not always explicitly, in national legislation, international statements of policy, treaties etc. Despite its development, there is no commonly agreed definition of the Precautionary Principle nor is there any guidance on how to implement it. Its central role is to guide administrators and regulators who make decisions or develop policy in circumstances where there is no conclusive scientific proof of a clear link between the relevant action or substance and the harm“on the grounds that it is better to be roughly right in due time, bearing in mind the consequences of being very wrong, than to be precisely right too late.” The first detailed reference to the Precautionary Principle in the UK was featured in the government's White Paper on the Environment, entitled "This Common Inheritance”. It put forward a weaker formulation of the Precautionary principle on the basis that you have to ensure that you balance the costs and benefits in order to dismiss any lack of scientific certainty when taking action against significant risks. It was weakened further in a sub-section of the White paper where it was made clear that all decisions relating to the environment had to “…look at all the facts and likely consequences of actions of the basis of the best...
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...Essay on the Principle of Population, as it affects the Future Improvement of Society with remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers." The speculations and other writers are explained below. William Godwin had published his utopian work Enquiry concerning Political Justice in 1793, with later editions in 1796 and 1798. Also, Of Avarice and Profusion (1797). Malthus' remarks on Godwin's work spans chapters 10 through 15 (inclusive) out of nineteen. Godwin responded with Of Population (1820). The Marquis de Condorcet had published his utopian vision of social progress and the perfectibility of man Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progres de l'Espirit Humain (The Future Progress of the Human Mind) in 1794. Malthus' remarks on Condorcet's work spans chapters 8 and 9. Malthus' essay was in response to these utopian visions, as he argued: "This natural inequality of the two powers, of population, and of production of the earth, and that great law of our nature which must constantly keep their effects equal, form the great difficulty that appears to me insurmountable in the way to the perfectibility of society." The "Other writers" included Robert Wallace, Adam Smith, Richard Price, and David Hume. Malthus himself claimed: "The only authors from whose writings I had deduced the principle, which formed the main argument of the Essay, were Hume, Wallace, Adam Smith, and Dr. Price ..." Chapters 1 and 2 outline Malthus' Principle of Population...
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...Accounting principles 2 Every business and organization needs some form of accounting principles to run on. They are the foundations that either makes or breaks a corporation or business. Businesses from the small corner drugstore to the giant health care organizations work using these accounting principles every-day, simply by understanding the techniques used we are to understand the functioning behind them. Several forms of accounting come up with a result, some of these are cash flow, accrual, and fund accounting. Their strengths and weaknesses as well as inventory accountability will be discussed further in this paper. Smaller company’s compared to say the larger scaled one would have the most problem with applying or using some of these techniques as well as differences between the nonprofit versus profit organizations. Reasons being managers need to know the costs of their budget by having a cost analysis and budgeting report prepared. Accrual accounting is measured by the performance as well as the position of a company in acknowledging the economic events of how cash transactions occur, and depreciation has to be estimated while inventory can be determined simply by doing an adjusting entry for the cost of goods sold. Economic events are matching revenues to the expenses to which a transaction occurs when payment...
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...The matching principle is one of the cornerstones of the accrual basis of accounting. Under the matching principle, when you record revenue, you should also record at the same time any expenses directly related to the revenue. Thus, if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between revenue and the expenses, record them in the same accounting period. Matching principle is relevant to the time period assumption. Revenue Recognition is an accounting principle under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that determines the specific conditions under which income becomes realized as revenue. Generally, revenue is recognized only when a specific critical event has occurred and the amount of revenue is measurable. If you remove either from the process, it would be easy for companies to manipulate their revenue and/or net income results. Revenues will not necessarily be recorded in the same period as expenses related to those revenues are. Therefore, net income could be overstated, or understated. Another effect is that it would be hard to compare the results between competing companies. A good example of this is the Enron scandal. The traders helped in building up the selling by publishing releases about trade deals that did not actually take place. However, there was one problem in all scenarios that were set-up: There was no actual money coming in from real revenues but only those that came from investors. The dividends that the stockholders were given came investors...
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...Instructions Categorize the accounting tasks performed by Urlacher as relating to either the identification (I), recording (R), or communication (C) aspects of accounting. E1-1 Urlacher Company performs the following accounting tasks during the year. ___C Analyzing and interpreting information. ___R_ Classifying economic events. ___C_ Explaining uses, meaning, and limitations of data. ___R_ Keeping a systematic chronological diary of events. __ R__Measuring events in dollars and cents. ___C_ Preparing accounting reports. __ C_ Reporting information in a standard format. ___I__Selecting economic activities relevant to the company. __ R__Summarizing economic events. Instructions Classify each item as an asset, liability, or stockholders’ equity. E1-5 Meredith Cleaners has the following balance sheet items. Accounts payable Accounts receivable Cash Notes payable Cleaning equipment Salaries payable Cleaning supplies Common stock ASSETS LIABILITY STOCKHOLERS’ EQUIT Accounts receivable Accounts payable Common Stock Cash Notes payable Cleaning equipment Salaries payable Cleaning Supplies Instructions After analyzing the data, prepare an income statement and a retained earnings statement for the year ending December 31, 2008. E1-12 The following information relates to Linda Stanley Co. for the year 2008. Retained earnings, January 1, 2008 $ 48,000 Advertising expense $ 1,800 Dividends during 2008...
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...Accounting Principles Relating to Healthcare Christine Watts HCS/571 May 26, 2014 David Catoe Accounting Principles Accounting is a numbers related profession. Staying solvent financially are what business leaders and owners strive for to stay competitive and to keep their doors open. Healthcare institutions are in the business to care for people, but at the same time they must make money in order to achieve this goal. Whether they are for profit or not for profit, accountants and financial managers make decisions every day to keep budgets in line, keep people working, and patients happy. No matter what position one holds in a company, it is important to have a basic understanding of general accounting principles and how they apply to healthcare. The first principle is the accounting entity. The entity is an organization in which the financial information is recorded and reported (Cleverly, Song, & Cleverly, 2011). This must be clearly defined so that the financial reports give a clear picture of the finances for that specific organization. The accounting entity is different from the legal entity so if the organization is a subsidiary or a sole proprietorship, the financial picture must be for the defined organization so that the information is useful and not misleading. Health care organizations that have ownership of many different entities, must keep them separate so that each organization has a clear defined picture of its own financial information...
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...The current set of principles that accountants use rests upon some underlying assumptions. The basic assumptions and principles presented on the next several pages are considered GAAP and apply to most financial statements. In addition to these concepts, there are other, more technical standards accountants must follow when preparing financial statements. Some of these are discussed later in this book, but other are left for more advanced study. Economic entity assumption. Financial records must be separately maintained for each economic entity. Economic entities include businesses, governments, school districts, churches, and other social organizations. Although accounting information from many different entities may be combined for financial reporting purposes, every economic event must be associated with and recorded by a specific entity. In addition, business records must not include the personal assets or liabilities of the owners. Monetary unit assumption. An economic entity's accounting records include only quantifiable transactions. Certain economic events that affect a company, such as hiring a new chief executive officer or introducing a new product, cannot be easily quantified in monetary units and, therefore, do not appear in the company's accounting records. Furthermore, accounting records must be recorded using a stable currency. Businesses in the United States usually use U.S. dollars for this purpose. Revenue recognition principle. Revenue is earned and...
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...are reported solely for account purpose include, accrued liabilities, accrued income taxes, long term debt and deferred income taxes and many more. Accumulated other comprehensive income is like accumulated depreciation. It's an accounting convention so there is no cash exchanged. Transactions that could lead to AOCI can go into the cash flow statement, such as the purchase of marketable securities. Those items can eventually be sold and then go to the cash flow statement. Unearned compensation on restricted stock represents the cost yet to be preformed and is reported on Wal-Mart’s balance sheet under stockholders equity as a loss for 2012. Wal-Mart annual report was very easy to understand and provided the details on following the principles and standards under...
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