...The ideal for penitentiary as its core is confinement and imprisonment in order to keep the criminals off the streets so that he or she cannot continue to commit a crime in the society. It was also the main form of punishment for crimes that were committed. Taking away a person’s freedom and subjecting them to confinement as a means of punishment. Penitentiary ideal purposes were both secular and spiritual (Foster 2006). Prisons were in basic terms designed to give criminals a place that isolated him or her away from other people. Designed to be safe not only health wise, but also for the inmate’s safety from themselves and others. It was also a place that ensured the punishment the court system deemed equal to the crimes committed. The judge/courts administer a sentence to the criminals and other punishment while in the penitentiary (Foster 2006). During this time it was thought the criminal would consider and think about the wrongdoings that were committed, and try to accomplish a change in their life choices before being released. In the penitentiary, it should be rough because people cannot do what he or she pleases. Inmates have to follow certain rules to avoided punishment or lock up in solitary confinement. The people who work in the penitentiary has a little freedom than inmates who refuse to work while he or she locked up. Penitentiary is a safe place to keep criminals so that people who been caught is not out on the street to keep committing a crime in the society...
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...In Prison Name Tutor Course College Date There has been a major concern of gangs in correctional facilities. This phenomenon has been common in prisons since 1960s, and continues to be a major problem over the years in correctional structures. In the year 1920, the number of prison gang was over 1300 in Chicago city and many other cities liked Los Angeles had started witnessing prison gangs. To critically understand this problem, it is important to explore the history and type of prison gangs that exist. In most prisons there is frequent unruly behavior and violence because of the prison environment. The kind of lifestyle among inmates makes a society of its own. The modern gangs have distinct colors of clothing’s particularly for identification. They come from all race, black, Asian, Hispanic and Caucasian. The Aryan brotherhood gang originated in 1967, California’s San Quentin state prison was the hub of this gang. The gang was set up to protect white inmates from other dangerous gangs of the African and Hispanic origin. Initially, the gang was known as the “bluebird” or “Nazi gang” and most of its members were from the white supremacy, Irish and Germany origin. The group received money from drug traffic to sustain its source of operations in the prisons. The condition that required an inmate to join the AB group was to murder one person that was targeted by the group (Parenti, 2000). On the other hand, members of the gang who were freed from the prison dedicated...
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...structures. In prison, unlike most environments, the stakes of adaption are high. Non-conformity does not simply lead to ostracism; it can lead to victimization or death. In many ways prisons turn our understanding of deviance on its head. In a world of persons whom society considers deviants, those who do not conform to the (deviant) rules of prison society are the deviants. In some ways, these deviants are more like the normal members of general society than the normal members of criminal society. This is not always true, of course, but in some cases does apply. It is not unusual, therefore, for individuals in such a situation to band together for safety and survival. However, some groups form more cohesive, complex organizations with their own set of rules that result in activities which move far beyond the simple need to survive in a hostile environment. These gangs often take advantage of their strength within the prison walls to create profit-making enterprises and to disrupt normal prison operations (Camp and Camp, 1985). Prison gangs present a threat not only inside the penitentiary but outside as well, because of their well-established connections with drug trafficking organizations and street gangs. What happens within the razor wire has an impact on society in general not only because most prisoners will eventually be released, but because resources that might have been spent on rehabilitation are spent on combating gang activities (Fleisher and Decker, 2001). Prison gangs...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix E Part I Define the following terms: Term | Definition | Racial formation | When it comes to the definition of racial formation is a theory, which is a analytical tool that is develop by Michael and Howard wish it use to look at different race as a socially. | Segregation | When it comes to segregation is a separation of a person or individual; or even a group of people. For example a group, often order to apply some type of treatment to separated individuals or a group. Segregation can also be a separation of some types of items; from a large group for example it has happen with handling funds in many accounts. | De jure segregation | De jure segregation is a type of segregation that is supported by law and as well as, ordinances. Which this was typically practiced in the 1954; witch it was brown versus the board of education. | Pluralism | Pluralism is a definition of general sense and acknowledgment; of diversity for example the concept is usually used in many different ways that includes the rage and issues. | Assimilation | Assimilation is a term witch it refers to another part of the adaption; or processes the proposed. Thought that assimilation is like new information that he or she takes, or new experiences that incorporate into an idea. For example the process is like or similar to a subject, because some individuals modify some of the experience or information that fits the preexisting beliefs. | Part...
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...organized gangs in the American Justice System have been a growing problem. Drug trafficking, continued violence, and overrunning prisons are a few of the main challenges that the justice system faces when trying to control these gangs. Based usually on race, these gangs are believed to be some of the most dangerous in the world and are only getting larger. Even though measures are being taken to try and prevent these gangs from growing in size, most attempts fail as the gangs are becoming too prominent and too powerful. Prison gangs by definition are criminal organizations that originated within the penal system and they have continued to operate within correctional facilities throughout the United States. They[Prison gangs] are also considered self-perpetuating criminal entities that can continue their operations outside the confines of the penal system. Typically, a prison gang consists of a select group of inmates who have an organized hierarchy and who are governed by an established code of conduct. These gangs vary in both organization and composition, from highly structured gangs such as the Aryan Brotherhood and Nuestra Familia to gangs with less formalized structure such as the Mexican Mafia. Prison gangs are usually more powerful within state correctional facilities compared to the federal penal system (Trusty). The first recognized prison gang was originated at the Duel Vocational Institution in Tracy, California. It was originally founded by thirteen inmates who were...
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...Purpose and History Chris Souza CJA/234 May 5, 2014 Moore When you think of the purpose of prison, what comes to mind? To house some of the world’s most notorious criminals? To rehabilitate those who has seen the evil of their own ways? Or has America's melting pot of philosophies has made it difficult to manage societal institutions? Throughout this paper the discussion of how the history of prison development was established. The history of punishment for those who committed their crimes will be in focus. We will compare the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system to each other. Finally, the impact of prison labor overtime shall be discussed. For some the purpose of prison is to protect society from criminals who intend to harm innocent civilians. For others a prison's purpose is to rehabilitate citizens who need skills to become upstanding members of society. Still others believe that a prison provides a way for criminals to be punished and therefore pay their debt to society. Within the correctional system of America there are varying degrees of incarceration. The history of punishment in corrections of prisons can be dated back as far as 1750 B.C. One of the earliest known written codes that specified different types of offenses and punishments was the Code of Hammurabi. The Code of Hammurabi was divided into sections to cover different types of offenses and contained descriptions of the punishments to be imposed to offenders. (Lych, 2014) There were five punishments...
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... Michel Foucault in his writings “Discipline and Punishment “evaluated how the rise in prisons in the 18th century was a major factor in the formation of the way today’s world views punishment. Philosophers such as Voltaire and Jean Jac Brusseau and Jean Loc made way for social change with their views on human potential, free will and the innate goodness of man. These philosophers voiced their opinion against torture and capital punishment which in their minds represented barbarism. Prison sentences in that age became a way so that judges could not punish those who in their minds were deemed most severe. These views on punishment obviously have changed over time, in my opinion capital punishment serves as a better means as any to punish those who have committed crimes giving those offenders a chance at rehabilitation and redeeming themselves. Prisons in today’s society have gone a long way since prisons in the past, they still may need a little work done to make them a better environment to live in for inmates, but are still an upgrade from how prisons use to be. Prisons or jails in the past were in general the basic understanding of what punishment was defined as in times before. In past times prisons were a lot harsher and more dedicated in the punishment process from days long past. On the other hand today’s jails or prisons seem a little more luxurious. In the past prisons seemed to more desolate and miserable, for inmates having to live there,...
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...juvenile rehabilitator, who strongly advocated reformatories for juveniles and houses of corrections for the idle. She was a powerful influence in New South Wales into the 20th century. She stated, “treatment should be according to the individuals need rather than being controlled by the offense he or she committed.” Stress was on the quality and adaptability of the offender. The movement advocated what could be seen as preventative justice that attempted to condition offenders against further offenses. 2.Inalienable rights are rights that inherent to being a human. They cannot be taken away and are considered the basis of human life. They are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness and are not granted nor conditional. 3.On 5March1770 a group had gathered a round a British sentry stationed in front of the Custom House. Being that he was alone, he feared for his life and called for reinforcements. Six additional men showed up, and soon after shots were fired by the British soldiers that left three people dead and fatally wounded two others. John Adams and Josiah Quincy were called to defend the British soldiers and accepted. Although their own lives were now in danger they believed strongly that no man should want for competent counsel in his defense, and that the soldiers were innocent until proven guilty in the courts. 4.Social Darwinism arose during the civil war years and produced a fascination with laissez faire economics. English philosopher Herbert Spencer took Darwin’s...
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...Soc 120 Niyogi Final Exam Study Questions 1. Discuss two aspects of the racial formation theory (Omi and Winant). Use examples to illustrate your answer. What role does the racial state play in racial formations? 2. In the movie, ‘Race: the Power of an Illusion’ (episode 2) how did expanding democracy intersect with American society becoming increasingly “race-based”? Why did race become one of the most important parts of national life? 3. According to Brodkin what was “the biggest and best affirmative action program”? Discuss two factors pointed out by her that contributed to the success of Jews. 4. John Smith a middle class white man, has lunch with Tatum (Defining Racism) and Lipsitz (Possessive Investment in Whiteness). Lipsitz says, “The U.S. is a racist society.” Tatum nods in agreement. John says, “I know what you mean. Yesterday, I got lost in a poor, black area of Washington D.C. I stopped for fast food and a black female server ignored my order and took the order of the black guy behind me. Role play Tatum and Lipsitz. How will you (as Tatum and Lipsitz respond to Smith’s remark? We have a white dominant society. Can refer Schwalbe’s idea. Using the terms carefully. Different ethnics groups can be prejudice against others but has to be rational thinking. Its prejudice, not racist. Encountering prejudice is not pleasant but it does not effect your life chances. Police system was created for slaves – aka slave control...
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...EUSEBIO AFRICANO DOS REIS VARELA Leadership Concepts, Theories And Issues CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NELSON MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP STYLE 1. Introduction Leadership is a concept that has evolved over time. Individuals such as Mahatma Ghandi, Martin Luther King and Mother Theresa have emerged as defensors of the social issues of their time. This essay looks at one of the most prominent leaders of our time Nelson Mandela, from 1963 to 1999. First it will critically analyse Mandela’s Leadership style in the perspective of two leadership theories: Leadership as a Career, including its four stages of leadership: Formation, Accession, Incumbency and Divestiture. Then it will analyse it in terms of Transformational Leadership Theories, which was Mandela’s Leadership style during his governance. This will cover aspects of Idealised Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Simulation and Individualised Consideration. Ultimately, this review will show that Mandela’s chosen leadership style reveals both his successes and failures as a leader. 2. Nelson Mandela and his Social Context When the National Party achieved power in South Africa in 1948, the government usually composed by “white people” created a policy of racial segregation under a legislated system denominated by apartheid. According to this regime the black South Africans were forced to live in separate areas from whites and to use separate public facilities. Despite consistent struggles to defeat the apartheid...
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...where he developed an interest in native culture. He later joined the university of Fort Hare where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Nelson Mandela was a politician, an anti-apartheid revolutionary and a philanthropist. He was the first black president who was elected democratically to lead South Africa. He concentrated in fighting the apartheid legacy by solving the problem of poverty, racism, inequality and fostering reconciliation among different races. He was the president of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 where he stood out as a true African Nationalist and a democratic socialist. He did not want the nation to get damaged economically just like other nations when white elites left. He led to the formation of Truth and Reconciliation Commission under...
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...organizational justice may be used to explain the success of the incentive programs described here. * Organizational justice draws an overall picture of what is fair in the workplace that is composed of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice (Robbins & Judge, 2013, pp. 222-223). In the case of Rogan, he was not able to provide his 107 employees with pay increases, however the cost savings incentive made up for that. In fact, the employees at Rogan got what they deserved based on the ideas they gave (or interactional justice). Likewise, Aspect Communications incentive plan is based customer service (or procedural justice) in which all 400 employees are equally rewarded when the customers are happy. At the Calvert Group, distributive justice was implemented where the bonuses are distributed to the outstanding performers as well as regular distributions of the company’s yield. As a result, employees will work harder in efforts to monetary bonuses. Indeed, the incentive plans at all three companies are based on a fair outcome and in the end will have a positive impact on the employee as well as the employee. Moreover, the employees will have a sense of satisfaction at their jobs, which increases production and quality. Effective incentives involve more than just money. Explain what these three firms are doing in recognition of this fact. While monetary incentives are great but money does not buy happiness, nor does it buy engagement and loyalty. Studies...
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... | |Racial formation |Is an analytical tool in sociology, developed by Michael Omi and Howard Winant, which is used to | | |look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance of racial | | |categories is determined by social, economic, and political forces. | |Segregation |The action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set | | |apart. | |De jure segregation |Segregation that is imposed by law. | |Pluralism |A condition or system in which two or more states, etc., coexist. | |Assimilation |The state of being assimilated; people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a| | |larger national family. | Part II Answer the following questions in 150 to 350 words each: • Throughout most of U.S. history in most locations, what race has been the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? Throughout most of U.S. history...
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...|[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |CORRECTIONAL FACILITY PLANNING AND DESIGN | | | | | | | | ...
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...Gang Life The term gang (noun) is simply defined as an organized group of criminals. However, the gang sub-culture is more complex. A gang is better defined as a group of adolescents and young adults who are united upon on a common idea/identity, and are often involved in delinquent activities to better their own stature. Gangs usually have a somewhat military like structure, with leaders at the top, lieutenants and sergeants, and soldiers at the bottom. Young children have various reasons for joining street gangs, but do not realize the ramifications caused by the gang life. Children often believe joining a neighborhood gang will make them become recognized, or safer, but the harsh reality is that so many youths don’t realize the hazards associated with gangs until it is too late. The history of street gangs in America dates back to the formation of America herself. The first gang-like groups formed in the Northeast right after the Revolutionary war ended, in 1783, in New York City. These groups were mainly young white immigrants from Europe who just fought over turf in the city. In the Midwest region (mainly Chicago) the first street gangs developed in the 1860s and were mainly white immigrants from Ireland, Germany, and Lithuania. In the most western region of the United States Mexican gang-like groups started appearing in Los Angeles sometime around 1890s. Gang-like groups have been around America for quite some time but a few key events escalated gang presence in the...
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