...the increasing presence of private label products. Personal or own label products were defined as consumer products produced by retailer itself and sold under the retailers’ own name, logo or trade mark throughout their own outlets. Most often private label brands were manufactured by retailer itself by putting any name or private log on that products. Retail products mostly reduce the cost of production because manufacturer or producers usually do not need to spend heavily amount on that products even private label brands were less advertised. Private or own-label brands enable the manufacturers to achieve the economies of scale in producing or distribution of the products and utilization of more capacity. However, it appears that most own-label suppliers were small regional players not unintentionally playing on the major manufacturers’ field (Hoch, 1996). Past research examined circumstances which craft it nice-looking for a store brand to be introduced to exacting product categories (Hoch et al 1993; Sethuraman and Dhar, 1995). Raju et al. (1999) classified three conditions below which a store brand raises a retailer's categories earnings. First, if the cross price compassion amongst the national brands was low down. Second, if the cross price compassion among the national brand and the store brands was high. Third, if the category has a big number of national brands. Category share was also been studied as a performance assess for store brands. Hoch et al come acrossed...
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...she’d visited that day . Collins walked on to the Dollar General (DG). A fairly steady stream of shoppers entered DG’s doors, their progress slowed by families exiting with plastic bags jammed full. When Collins looked inside, she noticed workers filling what was obviously a new freezer case—the first freezer she had seen in a dollar store that day. This DG was doing just as well, to judge from this glimpse, as the Family Dollar she’d walked past half an hour earlier at North Valley—but no better than the Aldi store she had visited in the morning. That Aldi trip was interesting: a bright and spotless mini- supermarket, run by a giant firm from Germany that carried one-tenth the food items that a Reed did and sold virtually no brand names, only private-label—but still posed a threat to Reed due to its remarkably low prices. As she drove out of the parking lot, thinking back to last week’s discussions with the management team about the newest threats to Reed’s position as a leader among the region’s supermarkets, Collins wondered how Marketing could target competitors like DG. It seemed clear to her that dollar stores and Aldi both...
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...Impact of Organized Retailing on the Unorganized Sector Mathew Joseph Nirupama Soundararajan Manisha Gupta Sanghamitra Sahu May 2008 INDIAN COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS Foreword The retail sector is expanding and modernizing rapidly in line with India’s economic growth. It offers significant employment opportunities in all urban areas. This study, the second undertaken by ICRIER on the retail industry, attempts to rigorously analyse the impact of organized retailing on different segments of the economy. No distinction has been made between foreign and domestic players, in analyzing the impact of the increasing trend of large corporates entering the retail trade in the country. The findings of this study are based on the largest ever survey of unorganized retailers (the so-called “mom and pop stores”), consumers, farmers, intermediaries, manufacturers, and organized retailers. In addition, an extensive review of international experience, particularly of emerging countries of relevance to India, has also been carried out as part of the study. The study estimates that the total retail business in India will grow at 13 per cent annually from US$ 322 billion in 2006-07 to US$ 590 billion in 2011-12. The unorganized retail sector is expected to grow at approximately 10 per cent per annum with sales rising from US$ 309 billion in 2006-07 to US$ 496 billion. Organized retail, which constituted a low four per cent of total retail in 2006-07, is estimated...
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...Contents overview List of figures List of tables List of mini case studies Acknowledgements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Introduction to International Marketing The International Marketing Environment The International Marketing Information and Research Process International Competitive Marketing Strategies Market Selection Decisions and Entry Strategies Management of Exporting and Importing International Marketing Operations and Planning Product and Brand Decisions for International Marketing Service Strategies for International Marketing International Channels of Distribution and Logistics Management Pricing Decisions in International Markets Integrated International Marketing Communications International Business-To-Business Marketing Retail Internationalization and Marketing The Internet and International Marketing Ethics and International Marketing Index xix xxi xxiii xxiv 1 34 68 104 138 172 209 239 274 303 335 367 401 430 454 478 507 Contents List of figures List of tables List of mini case studies Acknowledgements 1 Introduction to International Marketing Introduction The nature of international marketing Contextual determinants of international marketing Historical development Definition of international marketing Relationship with other business fields A theoretical framework for international marketing Approaches to internationalization Factors causing internationalization The process of firms’ internationalization A holistic approach The motivation...
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...Marketing - Session 0 Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. Core marketing concepts: 1. Needs, wants, & demands : Needs : Basic human requirements (Air, water, food, clothing, and shelter ) Wants : Needs directed to specific objects that might satisfy the need (Shaped by society ) Demands :Wants for specific products backed by an ability to pay (Necessity to measure how many people are able buy a company’s products ) Offerings & brands Companies address customer needs through a value. Proposition: Set of benefits that satisfy customer needs. Offerings: Physical representation of those benefits. Brands: Offering from a known source, a brand’s name carries many associations in people’s mind that makes up its image. 2. 3. Value & satisfaction Value: sum of tangible and intangible benefits and costs to a customer (perceived value increases with the quality and services) Satisfaction: A person’s judgment of a product’s perceived performance in relationship to his expectations. 4. Exchanges & relationships Exchange: The act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return. (= ONE sale, to ONE customer) Relationship: several exchanges with several customer = the goal. Relationships are built through delivering value and satisfaction. The marketing process: 1- Analyzing the environment...
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...BE440 BRAND MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT COURSEWORK Brand extension (or stretching) is a strategic concept which relates to managing the brand portfolio. In addition, it can be understood as a process by which the practices of branding extend to social contexts beyond the traditional business domain. Critically analyse the purpose, implementation, advantages and disadvantages of brand extension. Illustrate your argument with at least two practical examples of brand extension. By Mr. Olan Kaewwichit Brand extension (or stretching) is a strategic concept which relates to managing the brand portfolio. In addition, it can be understood as a process by which the practices of branding extend to social contexts beyond the traditional business domain. Critically analyse the purpose, implementation, advantages and disadvantages of brand extension. Illustrate your argument with at least two practical examples of brand extension. Companies must carefully manage their brands. First, the brand’s positioning must be continuously communicated to consumers. Major brand marketers often spend huge amounts on advertising to create brand awareness and to build preference and loyalty. For examples, General Motors spends nearly $820 million annually to promote its Chevrolet brands. McDonald’s spends more than $660 million. (Top 100 megabrands by total measured advertising spending, 16 July 2001, p.s2.) Such advertising campaigns can help to create name recognition, brand knowledge and...
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...Toward Sustainability The Roles and Limitations of Certification Final RepoRt June 2012 prepared by the Steering Committee of the State-of-Knowledge assessment of Standards and Certification Toward Sustainability The Roles and Limitations of Certification Steering Committee Mike Barry Head of Sustainable Business, Marks & Spencer Ben Cashore Professor, Environmental Governance and Political Science; Director, Governance, Environment and Markets (GEM) Initiative; and Director, Program on Forest Policy and Governance; Yale University Jason Clay Senior Vice President, Market Transformation, World Wildlife Fund Michael Fernandez Director of Public Policy and Global Partnerships, Mars, Incorporated Louis Lebel Director, Unit for Social and Environmental Research, Chiang Mai University Tom Lyon Director, Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise, University of Michigan Patrick Mallet (Steering Committee chair) Director of Credibility, ISEAL Alliance Kira Matus Lecturer in Public Policy and Management, London School of Economics and Political Science Peter Melchett Policy Director, Soil Association Michael Vandenbergh Professor of Law, Tarkington Chair in Teaching Excellence; Director, Climate Change Research Network, Vanderbilt University Jan Kees Vis Global Director, Sustainable Sourcing Development, Unilever Tensie Whelan President, Rainforest Alliance RESOLVE Staff Abby Dilley Vice President of Program Development Jennifer Peyser Senior Mediator Taylor...
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...Green Marketing – Opportunities & Challenges Abstract: Although environmental issues has inclined all actions but very few academic disciplines have inculcated green issues into their literature. Even till dated it has not been inclined a must be taught subject in all most all management and related higher education level but one business area where environment issues have received a great deal of importance is marketing. Now a days modern business houses have accepted green marketing as a part of their strategy. Green marketing subsumes greening products as well as greening firms. In addition to manipulating the 4Ps (product, price, place and promotion) of the traditional marketing mix, it requires a careful understanding of public policy processes. This paper will attempt to introduce – the terms and concept of green-marketing; about the importance of green marketing; examine some reasons that make the organizations interested to adopt green marketing philosophy; it also highlights some problems that organization may face to implement green marketing and it’s managerial implications along with few case points. WHAT IS GREEN MARKETING? So in this scenario of global concern, corporate houses has taken green-marketing as a part of their strategy to promote products by employing environmental claims either about their attributes or about the systems, policies and processes of the firms that manufacture or sell them. Clearly green marketing is part and parcel...
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...Market and Industry Dynamics in the Global Tuna Supply Chain Amanda Hamilton I Antony Lewis I Mike A. McCoy Elizabeth Havice I Liam Campling June 2011 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the kind assistance of hundreds of people who made time available to meet with members of the consulting team during in-country visits and who provided valuable insights and data. Analytical and research support was also provided by several international fisheries experts, as well as logistical support from a number of industry representatives. The consultants and the FFA Secretariat gratefully acknowledge and extend their sincere thanks to all persons who assisted Pacarrying out this study. ce for in cif ic P eo ple A In particular, special thanks is extended to the following people who provided assistance over s r Sli aire F and above the norm: Phil Roberts, Hugh Walton, Masao Nakada, Len Rodwell, Peter Terawasi, Marco D’Agostini, Rick Heroux, Kwame Mfodwo, Isamu Murakami, Taro Kawamoto, Ken Banwell, David Webb, Jamie Birch, Alfonso Beitia, Alberto Quinteiro, Vicky Franco, Liu Xiaobing, Davy Chen, Zhao Gang, W.H. Lee, Chris Hsu and Jerry Tsai. 2011 - production of this report was provided by the Funding for the assignment undertaken for the2014 Government of Japan through the Overseas Fisheries Cooperation Foundation. OFCF Funding for the publication and distribution of this report has been provided by the European Union through the DevFish...
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...Retailing and Consumer Services 20 (2013) 189–199 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jretconser Generation Y vs. Baby Boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications for retailing Anders Parment Stockholm University School of Business, Stockholm University, Department of Marketing, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden a r t i c l e i n f o Available online 29 January 2013 Keywords: Generational cohorts Generational marketing Market segmentation Generation Y Baby Boomers Consumer behavior Purchase involvement Retail strategies abstract This paper presents some significant empirical findings about generational cohorts and their shopping behavior. Marketing has long relied on the use of market segmentation. While birth age has been a useful way to create groups, it describes segments but does not help to understand segment motivations. However, environmental events experienced during one’s coming of age create values that remain relatively unchanged throughout one’s life. Such values provide a common bond for those in that age group, or generational cohort. Segmenting by ‘coming of age’ age provides a richer segmentation approach than birth age. This study compares two significant cohorts: Baby Boomers and Generation Y, with respect to their shopping behavior and purchase involvement for food, clothing and automobiles. For the three types of products, Baby Boomers value...
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...Key Industry Ratios and Statistics ................................................................... 29 How to Analyze a Retail Company ................................................................... 31 Glossary ................................................................................................................ 36 Industry References ........................................................................................... 37 Comparative Company Analysis ...................................................................... 38 This issue updates the one dated November 2012. The next update of this Survey is scheduled for December 2013. CONTACTS: INQUIRIES & CLIENT RELATIONS 800.852.1641 clientrelations@ standardandpoors.com SALES 877.219.1247 wealth@spcapitaliq.com MEDIA Marc Eiger 212.438.1280 marc.eiger@spcapitaliq.com S&P CAPITAL IQ 55 Water Street New York, NY 10041 Topics Covered by Industry Surveys Aerospace & Defense Airlines Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco Apparel & Footwear: Retailers & Brands Autos & Auto Parts Banking Biotechnology Broadcasting, Cable & Satellite Chemicals Communications Equipment Computers: Commercial Services Computers: Consumer Services & the Internet Computers: Hardware Computers: Software Computers: Storage & Peripherals...
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...INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING Background Marketing. Several definitions have been proposed for the term marketing. Each tends to emphasize different issues. Memorizing a definition is unlikely to be useful; ultimately, it makes more sense to thinking of ways to benefit from creating customer value in the most effective way, subject to ethical and other constraints that one may have. The 2006 and 2007 definitions offered by the American Marketing Association are relatively similar, with the 2007 appearing a bit more concise. Note that the definitions make several points: * A main objective of marketing is to create customer value. * Marketing usually involves an exchange between buyers and sellers or between other parties. * Marketing has an impact on the firm, its suppliers, its customers, and others affected by the firm’s choices. * Marketing frequently involves enduring relationships between buyers, sellers, and other parties. * Processes involved include “creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings.” Delivering customer value. The central idea behind marketing is the idea that a firm or other entity will create something of value to one or more customers who, in turn, are willing to pay enough (or contribute other forms of value) to make the venture worthwhile considering opportunity costs. Value can be created in a number of different ways. Some firms manufacture basic products (e.g., bricks) but provide relatively little value above...
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...The Concept of Luxury Brands by Klaus Heine Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Marketing Prof. Dr. Volker Trommsdor Wilmersdorfer Str. 148, 10585 Berlin, Germany Phone: +49.30.314-29.922 • Fax: +49.30.314-22.664 Email: Klaus.Heine@marketing-trommsdor.de • Internet: www.marketing.tu-berlin.de Heine, Klaus (2011) The Concept of Luxury Brands, Technische Universität Berlin, www.concepto uxurybrands.com. Edition: 1.0 This paper is published as the rst part of the serial publication Luxury Brand Management ISSN: 2193-1208 Editing & Review: Bartek Goldmann and Kate Vredenburgh Cover page: Kevin Duggan Acknowledgements: Dr. Steen Herm. I would like to thank the following people for their support and constructive criticism: Prof. Dr. Volker Trommsdor, Prof. Dr. Reinhold Roski, Dr. Vera Waldschmidt, Demet Tuncer, by Klaus Heine (2011); Copyright by Klaus Heine. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of re- search or private study, or criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, scanning, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Marketing, Wilmersdorfer Str. 148, 10585 Berlin, Germany, Tel: +49.30.314-29.922, Fax: +49.30.314-22.664 Contents List of Figures . . . . . . ...
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...|of Bangladeshi people which brings immense opportunities to the country's telecom service providers.Banglalink is standing far away| |from Grameenphone in terms of subscriber base. The key reasons behind this are - Grameenphone's greater focus on quality, the | |network coverage, strong equity structure and superior resource allocation. These unique competencies of Grameenphone have | |established a stronger brand image for the company while Banglalink is yet to achieve these crucial qualities and difficult to | |achieve them instantly.The Industry Analysis section of this study shows that, both companies are yet to exploit the potentials | |that include – banking service solution, order-purchase platform, remittance services & many more and Banglalink made the first | |effort with the award winning services like - M-banking, M-remittance and Krishi Bazar. These services requires improvement. | |Moreover, popularizing and educating - are the mandatory necessities. Once the people start to accept the services, the brand | |preference for Banglalink over its competitors is inevitable.s share and make...
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...[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING [pic] [pic] | | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |[pic] |[pic] | Lars Perner, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Clinical Marketing Department of Marketing Marshall School of Business University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-0443, USA (213) 740-7127 INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING Background Marketing. Several definitions have been proposed for the term marketing. Each tends to emphasize different issues. Memorizing a definition is unlikely to be useful; ultimately, it makes more sense to thinking...
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