...HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM BASED ON CHAPTER 15 – WACC AND THE HAMADA FORMULA Bickley Engineering Company has a capital structure of 30% Debt and 70% Equity. Its current Beta is 1.3, and its Market Risk Premium is 7.5% Points. The current Risk Free Rate is 3.5%. Bickley’s marginal tax rate is 40%. What is the Unlevered Beta of Bickley? Bickley’s management would like to change its capital structure to 15% Debt and 85% equity by retiring its bonds yielding 8%. The remaining long term debt will be at 7%. The marginal tax rate will remain the same. What will be Bickley’s new Beta with this new 15/85 capital structure? What is the WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) of Bickely with its 30/70 capital structure?Bickley’s average borrowing rate with this capital structure is 7.5%. What will be Bickley’s WACC with its 15/85 capital structure? PROBLEM BASED ON CHAPTER 26 – MODIGLIANI & MILLER EXTENSION MODELS WITH GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS Yancey Industries’ Free Cash Flow for the past 12 months is $2.0 Million, and the future expected growth rate of this FCF is 6.5%. Yancey has no debt in its current capital structure. Its Cost of Equity is 11.5%. Its tax rate is 35%. (Hint use Equations 26-16 and 26-17 from the textbook.) Calculate the Unlevered Value of Yancey (Vu). Calculate VL and rsLfor the scenario whereby Yancey uses $8.0 Million Debt costing 8%. Using the Unlevered Value from above calculate VL and rsLby using the M&M Model (with taxes) for...
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...ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM BASED ON CHAPTER 15 – WACC AND THE HAMADA FORMULA Bickley Engineering Company has a capital structure of 30% Debt and 70% Equity. Its current Beta is 1.3, and its Market Risk Premium is 7.5% Points. The current Risk Free Rate is 3.5%. Bickley’s marginal tax rate is 40%. What is the Unlevered Beta of Bickley? Bickley’s management would like to change its capital structure to 15% Debt and 85% equity by retiring its bonds yielding 8%. The remaining long term debt will be at 7%. The marginal tax rate will remain the same. What will be Bickley’s new Beta with this new 15/85 capital structure? What is the WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) of Bickely with its 30/70 capital structure? Bickley’s average borrowing rate with this capital structure is 7.5%. What will be Bickley’s WACC with its 15/85 capital structure? PROBLEM BASED ON CHAPTER 26 – MODIGLIANI & MILLER EXTENSION MODELS WITH GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS Yancey Industries’ Free Cash Flow for the past 12 months is $2.0 Million, and the future expected growth rate of this FCF is 6.5%. Yancey has no debt in its current capital structure. Its Cost of Equity is 11.5%. Its tax rate is 35%. (Hint use Equations 26-16 and 26-17 from the textbook.) Calculate the Unlevered Value of Yancey (Vu). Calculate VL and rsL for the scenario whereby Yancey uses $8.0 Million Debt costing 8%. Using the Unlevered Value from above calculate VL and rsL by using the M&M Model (with taxes)...
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...FIN – 516 – WEEK 2 HOMEWORK ANSWER KEY - REVISED PROBLEM BASED ON CHAPTER 15 – WACC & THE HAMADA FORMULA Bickley’s Unlevered Beta: bu = b / (1+(1-T) ( D/S) = 1.3/( 1+(1-.40)(30/70) = 1.3 / (1+(.60) (.4286)) = 1.03 Bickley’s New Levered Beta: bL = bu X (1+(1-.40) ( 15/85) = 1.03 X (1 + (.60)(0.1765) = 1.14 Bickley’s WACC with the 30/70 Capital Structure: Cost of Equity: ke = 3.5% +(1.3 X 7.5) = 13.25% WACC = [7.5% X (1 - .40) X 30%] + [13.25% X 70%] = 1.35% + 9.28% = 10.63% Bickley’s WACC with the 15/85 Capital Structure: Cost of Equity: ke = 3.5% + (1.14 X 7.5) = 12.05% WACC = [7.0% X (1-.40) X 15%] + [12.05% X 85%] = 0.63 + 10.24 = 10.87% PROBLEM BASED ON CHAPTER 26 – MODIGLIANI & MILLER EXTENSION MODELS WITH GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS Unlevered Value Vu = $2.0 Million (1 + 6.5%) / (11.5% - 6.5%) = $42.6 Million Levered Value VL = $42.6 Million + [.08 X .35 X $8.0 Million / 11.5% - 6.5%] VL = $42.6 Million + [224,000 / .05] = $47.08 Million Therefore, Equity is : S = $47.08 Million – $8.0 Million = $39.08 Million Expected Return by Levered Shareholder (Without Taxes) rsL = 0.115 + (0.115 - .08) X $8 /$ 39.08 = 12.22% With M & M with Taxes VL = Vu + (T X D) = $42.6 + (.35 X $8.0) = $45.4 Million Value of Equity: S = $45.4 – $8.0 = $37.4 Million rsL = 0.115 + (.115 - .08) (1-.35) (8 / 37.4) = 0.115 + 0.005 =...
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...Rahman Babu(ID: Fin -01- 15-036) Farzina Sulvia (ID: Fin -01- 15-054) MPF Program, Department of Finance University of Dhaka Date: 03 June 2016 Table of Contents Chapter 01: Introduction 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Objective 5 1.3 Methodology 5 1.4 Limitation 5 Chapter 02: Brief Company Overview 6 2.1. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd 6 2.2. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd 7 Chapter 03: Capital Structure 8 3.1. What is a 'Capital Structure' 8 3.2. BREAKING DOWN 'Capital Structure' 8 3.3. Corporate Finance - Factors that Influence a Company's Capital-Structure Decision 8 3.4. Study on the Debt Equity Ratio Analysis 10 3.5. Observation: 11 Chapter 04: Dividend Policy & Dividend Payout 13 4.1. Dividend theories 13 4.2. Dividend Policy: 14 4.3. Dividend Policy of Beximco & Squar Pharma 15 4.4. Dividend Payout Ratio: 16 4.5. Analysis on Dividend Payout Ratio and its impact on average share price in the long run 19 Chapter 05: Effect of Dividend Declaration & Dividend Payment on Share price 20 5.1. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd 20 5.2. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd 22 Chapter 06: Merger 24 6.1. The Main Idea of Merger 24 6.2. Amalgamation of Beximco Infusion Ltd with Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd 26 Chapter 07: Conclusion 29 Bibliography 30 Chapter 01: Introduction 1.1 Introduction The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is one of the most developed technology sectors within Bangladesh....
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...the four most commonly used discounted cash flow valuation methods (free cash flow discounted at the WACC; cash flow for equityholders discounted at the required return on the equity flows; capital cash flow discounted at the WACC before taxes; and Adjusted Present Value) always give the same value. The disagreements in the various theories on the valuation of the firm arise from the calculation of the discounted value of tax shields (VTS). The paper shows and analyses 7 different theories on the calculation of the VTS: Modigliani and Miller (1963), Myers (1974), Miller (1977), Miles and Ezzell (1980), Harris and Pringle (1985), Ruback (1995), Damodaran (1994), and Practitioners method. The paper also shows the changes that take place in the valuation formulas when the debt's market value does not match its book value. JEL Classification: G12, G31, M21 October 16, 2008 (First version: July 2, 1999) Another version of this paper may be found in chapters 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the author's book Valuation Methods and Shareholder Value Creation, 2002 Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Pablo Fernández. IESE Business School ∗ -2- This paper addresses the valuation of firms by cash flow discounting. The first part shows that the four most commonly used discounted cash flow valuation methods (free cash flow discounted at the WACC; cash flow for equityholders discounted at...
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...Chapter 11 Efficient Capital Markets: Evidence 1. Roll’s critique (1977) is based on the assumption that capital markets are in equilibrium. What happens when the market is not in equilibrium? Suppose new information is revealed such that the market must adjust toward a new equilibrium which incorporates the news. Or suppose that a new security is introduced into the marketplace, as was the case of new issues studied in the Ibbotson (1975) paper. Given such a situation, the abnormal performance of an asset can be measured by the arbitrage profits available as its price is adjusted to a new market equilibrium. Before the disequilibrium situation as well as afterward, Roll’s critique applies and we cannot expect to observe any abnormal performance relative to an efficient index. However, the adjustment process itself can be used to detect abnormal performance relative to the market index prior to equilibrium. In this way, Ibbotson’s results can be interpreted either as 1) selection of an inefficient index, or 2) detection of abnormal performance during disequilibrium. 2. (a) The securities market can be efficient even though the market for information is not. All that is required for efficient securities markets is that prices fully reflect all available information. Should an individual—for example, a corporate insider—have monopoly access to valuable information, then the market cannot reflect the information because it is not publicly available. This is not a deficiency in...
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...Thesis in Applied Statistics for Banks and Insurances Credit Risk Models: Single Firm Default and Contagion Default Analysis Supervisor: P rof essor Fabrizio Cipollini Student: Marco Gambacciani Academic Year 2009/2010 Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Structural Models 1.1 Terminal Default . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 First Passage Models . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 The Black and Cox’s Model . . 1.2.2 Longstaff and Schwartz’s Model 1.2.3 Leland and Toft’s Model . . . . 1.2.4 Zhou’s Model . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5 Random Threshold Model . . . 2 5 5 11 11 15 19 24 30 35 36 39 41 45 48 50 51 56 67 76 77 79 79 82 83 84 94 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Modelli reduced form 2.1 Approach With An Homogenous Poisson Process . . 2.2 Approach With a Non-Homogenous Poisson Process 2.3 Approach with a Cox’s Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Bond and Spread Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Models For The Correlation Between Defaults 3.1 Bottom-Up Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Structural Apporach . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Intensity Models Approaches . . . 3.1.3 Approaches with Copulas . . . . . 3.2 Top-Down Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Financial strategy is the largest corporate financial decisions that are made by the financial management committee and it is the most crucial for all organization or company for their strategy to make profit to their firms. Financial strategy also will influence the capital structure. The theory of Capital structure is closely related to the firm’s cost of capital. It is one of the effective tools of management to manage the cost of capital. Capital structure is the mix of the long-term sources of funds used by the firm. The primary objective of capital structure decisions is to maximize the market value of the firm or achieving the maximization of shareholders wealth through an appropriate mix of long-term sources of funds and an optimal capital structure is reached at a point where the cost of the capital is minimum. To design the capital structure, the element that should consider is first, the wealth maximization is attained and second, is the best approximation to the optimal capital structure. In finance, capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities (Saad, 2010). In short, capital structure is a mixture of a company's debts (long-term and short-term), common equity and preferred equity in financing its assets. Capital structure is essential on how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using...
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...Contents Part A Concept Questions ................................................................................................. A-1 Part B Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Appendix 4A: Chapter 5: Appendix 5A: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Chapter 10: Chapter 11: Chapter 12: Chapter 13: Chapter 14: Chapter 15: Chapter 16: Appendix 16B: Chapter 17: Chapter 18: Chapter 19: Chapter 20: Chapter 21: Chapter 22: Chapter 23: Chapter 24: Chapter 25: Chapter 26: Chapter 27: Chapter 28: Chapter 29: Chapter 30: Chapter 31: Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems Accounting Statements and Cash Flow ................................................................... Financial Planning and Growth ............................................................................... Net Present Value .................................................................................................... Net Present Value: First Principles of Finance ........................................................ How to Value Bonds and Stocks ............................................................................. The Term Structure of Interest Rates, Spot Rates, and Yields to Maturity ............. Some Alternative Investment Rules......................................................................... Net Present Value and Capital Budgeting ............................................................... Risk Analysis, Real Options, and Capital...
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...tly A sk ed Fr equen in s Question orporate C FinanCe io, a llocch ur izio D uiry, M a lv i Pa sc a l Q tonio Sa Le Fur , A n Ya nn From the team behind Pierre Vernimmen’s % = Corporate FinanCe + 3 Frequently Asked Questions in Corporate Finance Frequently Asked Questions in Corporate Finance Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallocchio and Yann LeFur A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published in 2011 Copyright 2011 Pierre Vernimmen Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com The rights of Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallocchio and Yann LeFur to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with...
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...Msc Finance & Investment Core Course I: Corporate Finance & Value Creation Lecture 1 3 Modigliani & Miller (1958) ‘The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment’ 3 Modigliani & Miller 2 6 Modigliani and Miller 3 7 Modigliani & Miller – 1958 4 12 Fama & French (1998) ‘Taxes, Financing Decisions, and Firm Value’ 18 FAMA FRENCH 2 20 Fama & French 3 21 Fama & French – 1998 4 22 Graham (2000) ‘How Big Are the Tax Benefits of Debt?’ 25 GRAHAM (2000) 2 28 Graham 3 29 How big are the tax benefits of debt? John Graham – 2002 4 29 Lecture 2 32 Myers (1984) ‘The Capital Structure Puzzle’ 32 MYERS (1984) The Capital Structure Puzzle 2 36 Myers 3 39 The capital structure puzzle Myers – 1984 4 40 Andrade & Kaplan (1998) ‘How Costly is Financial (Not Economic) Distress? Evidence from Highly Leveraged Transactions that Became Distress’ 44 Kaplan 2 46 Andrade & Kaplan (1998) 3 51 Andrade & Kaplan – 1998 4 52 Lecture 3 56 Myers & Maljuf (1984) ‘Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions when Firms have Information that Investors Do Not Have’ 56 Myers and Majluf 2 61 Myers & Mailuf (1984) 3 66 Myers & Majluf – 1984 4 68 Frank & Goyal (2007) ‘Trade-off and Pecking Order Theories of Debt 74 Frank, Murray and Goyal, Vidhan 2 75 Frank & Goyal (2007) 3 83 Trade-off and pecking order theories of debt Frank & Goyal – 2007 4 85 Lecture 4 92 Ross (1977) ‘The Determination of Financial Structure: the Incentive-Signaling Approach’ 92 ROSS (1977)...
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...SECOND EDITION I/1ANAGEMEIVT AND POLICY James C.Van Horne \ STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRENTICE-HALL INC., ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, NEW JERSEY F I NANCI AL M A N A G E M E N T A N D POLICY, 2nd EDITION James C. Van Horne © 1971, 1968 by PRENTICE-HALL, INC., ENGLEW O O D CLIFFS, N.J. All rights reserved. No part of this book m ay be reproduced in any form or by any m eans without permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress C atalo g C ard No.: 71-140760 Printed in the United States of America Current Printing (last digit): 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 13-315309-6 PRENTICE-HALL, INTERNATIONAL, LONDON PRENTICE-HALL OF AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD., SYD NEY PRENTICE-HALL O F CAN AD A, LTD., TO RONTO PRENTICE-HALL OF INDIA PRIVATE LTD., NEW DELHI PRENTICE-HALL OF JAPAN, INC., TO KYO 1 To Mimi, D rew , Stuart, and Stephen Preface Though significant portions of Financial Management and Policy have been changed in this revision, its purpose remains: first, to develop an understanding of financial theory in an organized manner so that the reader may evaluate the firm’s investment, financing, and dividend deci sions in keeping with an objective of maximizing shareholder wealth; second, to become familiar with the application of analytical techniques to a number o f areas o f financial decision-making; and third, to expose the reader to the institutional material necessary to give him a feel for the environment in which financial...
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...US… Aswath Damodaran! 6! Assessing the existing financing choices: Disney, Aracruz and Tata Chemicals Aswath Damodaran! 7! Financing Choices across the life cycle Revenues $ Revenues/ Earnings Earnings Time External funding needs High, but constrained by infrastructure High, relative to firm value. Moderate, relative to firm value. Declining, as a percent of firm value Low, as projects dry up. Internal financing Negative or low Owner’s Equity Bank Debt Stage 1 Start-up Negative or low Low, relative to funding needs Common stock Warrants Convertibles Stage 3 High Growth High, relative to funding needs Debt More than funding needs External Financing Growth stage Venture Capital Common Stock Stage 2 Rapid Expansion Retire debt Repurchase stock Stage 5 Decline Stage 4 Mature Growth Aswath Damodaran! Financing...
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...VALUATION: SECOND EDITION Chapter 1: Introduction to Valuation Chapter 2: Approaches to Valuation Chapter 3: Understanding Financial Statements Chapter 4: The Basics of Risk Chapter 5: Option Pricing Theory and Models Chapter 6: Market Efficiency: Theory and Models Chapter 7: Riskless Rates and Risk Premiums Chapter 8: Estimating Risk Parameters and Costs of Financing Chapter 9: Measuring Earnings Chapter 10: From Earnings to Cash Flows Chapter 11: Estimating Growth Chapter 12: Closure in Valuation: Estimating Terminal Value Chapter 13: Dividend Discount Models Chapter 14: Free Cashflow to Equity Models Chapter 15: Firm Valuation: Cost of Capital and APV Approaches Chapter 16: Estimating Equity Value Per Share Chapter 17: Fundamental Principles of Relative Valuation Chapter 18: Earnings Multiples Chapter 19: Book Value Multiples Chapter 20: Revenue and Sector-Specific Multiples 3 16 37 81 121 152 211 246 311 341 373 425 450 487 533 593 637 659 718 760 Chapter 21: Valuing Financial Service Firms Chapter 22: Valuing Firms with Negative Earnings Chapter 23: Valuing Young and Start-up Firms Chapter 24: Valuing Private Firms Chapter 25: Acquisitions and Takeovers Chapter 26: Valuing Real Estate Chapter 27: Valuing Other Assets Chapter 28: The Option to Delay and Valuation Implications Chapter 29: The Option to Expand and Abandon: Valuation Implications Chapter 30: Valuing Equity in Distressed Firms Chapter 31: Value Enhancement: A Discounted Cashflow Framework Chapter 32: Value Enhancement:...
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...GENERAL GROWTH PROPERTIES: TO THE BRINK AND BACK December 6, 2011 Students: Yu (Cherry) Chen, Kevin Connolly, Bill Davis, Stephen Duncan, James Faello, Michael Hazinski, Noah Johnson Faculty Supervisor: Joseph L. Pagliari, Jr. Copyright © 2011 The Real Estate Group at The University of Chicago Booth School of Business All Rights Reserved This case study has been prepared solely for academic purposes. It should not be construed as a judgment about or an endorsement of any particular business matter. Moreover, the information contained herein has been obtained from sources we believe to be reliable; however, we make no representation or warranty as to its accuracy. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... - 1 GENERAL GROWTH BACKGROUND ............................................................................ - 7 2004: A Historic Year for General Growth........................................................................ - 9 2005-2006: Secured Mortgages and Increasing Debt ..................................................... - 16 Simon vs. GGP - Capital Markets Strategy ..................................................................... - 24 IMPACT OF THE CREDIT CRISIS .................................................................................. - 31 GGP Faces Liquidity Challenge .................................................................................
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