...Processors and Their Characteristics Three of the latest and fastest processors available are the 1 Intel Core i7-980x. This is the leader in speed. For under $1,000 the “3.33GHz Core i7-980x (with overclocking to 3.6 GHz) is Intel’s flagship.” (Murphy, 2010) It's the first desktop-grade CPU with six physical cores, but hyper threading yields 12 virtualized ones. The six cores share 12MB of integrated L3 cache. The end result is a measurable performance boost for optimized applications--and a score of 147 on our World Bench 6 tests.” (Murphy, 2010) Core i7-870 processor Intel’s 2.93GHz (with automatic overclocking to 3.6GHz) Core i7-870. The differences between this $564 processor and the Core i7-980X, though important, result in only a 14 percent decrease in performance from that of the Core i7-980X. The i7-870 drops its internal L3 cache to 8MB. In addition, it carries a 45-nanometer designation (the size of the space between transistors). The smaller this number, the smaller and more numerous the transistors that can be packed onto a processor. Also, this midrange CPU limits you to four memory slots on your motherboard instead of six. BENCHMARK SCORE: 127 AMD has a brand-new, six,-core, 3.2GHz Phenom II X6 1090T processor. Codenamed "Thuban," this $299, 45-nanometer CPU can hit speeds of up to 3.6GHz as a result of Turbo Core, the AMD equivalent of Intel's automatic overclocking technology (which is called Turbo Boost)...
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...Intel 4004 2,300 1971 Motorola 6800 4,100 1974 Intel 8080 4,500 1974 RCA 1802 5,000 1974 Intel 8085 6,500 1976 Zilog Z80 8,500 1976 Motorola 6809 9,000 1978 ARM 1 25,000 1985 ARM 2 25,000 1986 Intel 8086 29,000 1978 Intel 8088 29,000 1979 ARM 6 30,000 1991 Intel 80186 55,000 1982 Intel 80286 134,000 1982 Intel 80386 275,000 1985 ARM 7 578977 1994 Intel 80486 1,180,235 1989 R4000 1,350,000 1991 Pentium 3 100,000 1993 AMD K5 4,300,000 1996 Pentium Pro 5 500,000 1995 Pentium II 7,500,000 1997 AMD K68 800,000 1997 Pentium III 9,500,000 1999 AMD K6-III 21,300,000 1999 AMD K7 22,000,000 1999 ARM Cortex-A9 26,000,000 2007 Pentium 4 42,000,000 2000 Atom 47,000,000 2008 Barton 54,300,000 2003 AMD K8 105,900,000 2003 Itanium 2 McKinley 220,000,000 2002 Celll 241,000,000 2006 Core 2 Duo 291,000,000 2006 Itanium 2 Madison 6M 410,000,000 2003 AMD K10 quad-core 463,000,005 2007 Itanium 2 with 9MB 592,000,000 2004 Core i7 (Quad) 731,000,000 2008 AMD K10 quad-cor 758,000,000 2008 POWER 6 789,000,000 2007 Six-Core Opteron 2400 904,000,000 2009 16-Core SPARC T3 1,000,000,000 2010 Quad-Core + GPU Core i7 1,160,000,000 2011 Six-Core Core i7 (Gulftown) 1,170,000,000 2010 8-Core AMD Bulldozer 1,200,000,000[8] 2012 8-core POWER7...
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...MICROPROCESSORS A microprocessor is like the decision maker of computers. Without processors the computer would be useless. It is also known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU. The processor does all the calculations in a computer. If there is an input it calculates and produces and output. “The microprocessor chip is an electronic device that is a computer's central processing unit (CPU) aka the brains of your computer. A microprocessor is a single integrated circuit that is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register based electronic device that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output”, (Bellis, Pg. 1). Just like other computer parts Microprocessors are a recent invention. It’s amazing to know how fast our computers are today and how fast they are getting day by day as new technologies are being invented. The future of microprocessors is bright. To know how microprocessors started lets go back to the first microprocessor invented, the 4004 by Intel. 4004 was the first integrated microprocessor. As like all the inventions it has improved by a lot since its invention. “Intel 4004 introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful -- all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components (transistors wired...
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...years Intel innovations have continuously created new possibilities in the lives of people around the world. 1975 The Altair 8800 microcomputer, based on the Intel® 8080 microprocessor, was the first successful home or personal computer. 1972 The Intel® 4004 processor, Intel’s first microprocessor, powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for the personal computer. 1994 Intel chips powered almost 75 percent of all desktop computers. 1976 An operator in an early bunnysuit shows how a 4-inch wafer is prepared for a positive acid spin. 1982 Within 6 years of its release, an estimated 15 million 286-based personal computers were installed around the world. 2001 The Itanium® processor is the first in a family of 64-bit products from Intel and is designed for high-end, enterprise-class servers and workstations. 2005 Dual-core technology was introduced. The Revolution Continues 2006 Intel launched four processors for servers under the Xeon 5300 brand, and another processor under the Core 2 Extreme series for high performance computing. These "quad-core" processors show improved performance over others with just one or two processing cores. 1995 Released in the fall of 1995, the Intel® Pentium® Pro processor was designed to fuel 32-bit server and workstation applications, enabling fast computer-aided design, mechanical engineering and scientific computation. Intel continues to deliver on the promise of Moore’s Law with the introduction of powerful multi-core technologies...
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...Fusion Family of Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), introduced to market in January 2011, is a new generation of processors that combines the computing processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) capabilities in a single chip (die). APU-based platforms can deliver a prodigious amount of computational horsepower, and can present enormous opportunities in developing an application ecosystem beyond today’s mainstream computer systems. While APUs seek to deliver a superior, immersive PC experience, they also can provide tangible environmental benefits. By eliminating a chip to chip link and by introducing new holistic power management techniques, the APUs are designed to be more power efficient than current generation platforms that have both computational and graphical capabilities. This paper compares the environmental impact of one of AMD’s first APU products against an equivalent computer platform powered by the current generation of AMD processors (CPUs and GPUs). By conducting a business to consumer (B2C) lifecycle assessment, this study compares the total lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (also known as a “carbon footprint”) of an APU system (based on the 18W dual-core processor codenamed “Zacate” and the M1 chipset codenamed “Hudson”) with the latest AMD system codenamed “Nile” (which is based on an AMD Athlon™ Neo II Dual Core processor, SB820 Southbridge, RS880M Northbridge with an ATI Mobility Radeon™ HD 5430 discrete graphics card). This study concludes...
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...Harrison Intro to Computer Hardware SHJC Assignment # 8 1) State how many Generation of Processor there are. There are six generations of Processor. 2) Explain each of the Generation of Processor. P1 (086) Processor - Intel introduced the 8086 back in June 1978. The 8086 was one of the first 16-bit processor chips on the market; at the time, virtually all other processors were 8-bit designs. The 8086 had 16-bit internal registers and could run a new class of software using 16- bit instructions. [pic][pic] P2 (286) Processor - In 1982, Intel introduced the Intel 80286 processor, normally abbreviated as 286. The first CPU behind the original IBM PC AT (Advanced Technology), it did not suffer from the compatibility problems that damned the 80186 and 80188. [pic][pic] P3 (386) Processor - The third generation represents perhaps the most significant change in processors since the first PC. The big deal was the migration from processors that handled 16- bit operations to true 32-bit chips. [pic] [pic] P4 (486) Processor - Although fourth-generation processors were more about refinement than redesign, the Intel 80486 was another major leap forward in the race for speed. The additional power available in the 486 fueled tremendous growths in the software industry. [pic][pic] P5 (586) Processor - After the fourth-generation chips such as the 486, Intel and other chip manufacturers went...
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...thing you need to know about a processor is the speed in which it processes information and there are several ways to measure the speed and they can be misleading. The speeds differ from inside the processor and outside of the processor. You can measure the processor speed in GHz, the system bus in MHz which is the limiting factor of the speed for your new computer. The ratio between the processor speed and the system bus speed is known as the multiplier. In some older system you may have to configure the multiplier in the CMOS setting but however the newer models will do this automatically for you. CPU manufactures have come up with different ways to making the CPU do more work faster. True multiprocessing requires multiple processors and your system has to be designed to hold more than one CPU on a single motherboard. Another option is the dual core processors, which means incorporating multiple processors with multiple ALUs inside a single CPU. The ALUs process information independently but share a single controller. Cache memory uses SRAM where the rest of the system uses DRAM. SRAM is more expensive than DRAM.SRAM can hold its memory as long as there is power to it. There are three types of cache L1 cache, L2 cache and L3 cache. L1 cache is housed on the processor chip itself. L2 cache is inside the processor housing but is not on the processor chip itself. L3 cache is inside the processor housing but is located further away from the processor chip than L2 cache. There are...
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...Processor Model Year Transistor Count Intel 4004 1971 2,300 Intel 8008 1972 2,500 Intel 8080 1974 4,500 Intel 8085 1976 8,500 Intel 8086 1978 29,000 Intel 8088 1979 29,000 Intel 80186 1982 55,000 Intel 286 1982 134,000 Intel 386 1985 275,000 Intel 486 1989 1,200,000 Intel Pentium I 1993 3,100,000 Intel Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 Intel Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 Intel Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 Intel Itanium 2001 25,000,000 Intel Itanium 2 2003 220,000,000 Intel Itanium 2 (9MB Cache) 2004 592,000,000 Core 2 Duo 2006 291,000,000 Core i7 (quad) 2008 731,000,000 Quad-core Itanium 2010 2,000,000,000 Six-Core i7/8 2011 2,270,000,000 8-Core Itanium 2012 3,100,000,000 62-Core Xeon Phi 2010 5,000,000,000 The processor chip to hold 2 billion transistors is the Intel Itanium 9300 Processor announced February 8, 2010. The growth is reasonable, computing power has grown every few years and will continue to rise in the future just as it has done since its first Intel Processor in 1971. My opinion on the growth moving fast or slow I would say it’s moving very fast every two years a new processor is out and technology is evolving with it every day. Reaching 100 billion even a trillion transistors will probably be around 2022 since looking at history every chip doubles every two years. References:...
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...The first company to produce a processor chip with 2 billion transistors on it was? Yeah- you guessed it, Intel. In 2010, Intel released their quad-core Itanium Tukwila. 1- Is the growth reasonable? I believe it is. Why? Computer technology has improved in leaps and bounds over the years and there is no slowing it down. So long as we find new and exciting ways to use its application then it’ll grow more and more! 2- Is the growth surprisingly fast? No. Considering that every two years the transistors double on a chip I’d have to say it’s moving along at a great pace. Refer to Moore’s law : Moore's law" is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. The observation is named after Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of the Intel Corporation, whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit. In 1975, he revised the forecast doubling time to two years. His prediction has proven to be accurate, in part because the law now is used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development. The capabilities of many digital electronic devices are strongly linked to Moore's law: quality-adjusted microprocessor prices, memory capacity, sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras. All of these are improving at roughly exponential rates as well. This exponential...
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...“The Pentium Microprocessor Flaw” Jamaal Bonner April 25, 2014 NT1110/Computer Structure and Logic Professor Marcus Price The Pentium Microprocessor Flaw The Pentium microprocessor is the CPU (central processing unit) developed by Intel. Pentium chips include a floating-point unit (FPU) that has integrated instructions that tell the chip how to compute integer arithmetic, making them much faster [for heavy numerical calculations], more complex, and more expensive. The problem for Intel is that all Pentiums manufactured until sometime in fall of 1994 had errors in the on-chip FPU instructions for division. This caused the Pentium's FPU to incorrectly divide certain floating-point numbers. Many software packages don't actually use a computer's FPU. These packages don't show the error and only certain numbers divide incorrectly. Thomas Nicely, a math professor at Lynchburg College, discovered the flaw in the Pentium’s FPU in summer/fall 1994. He computed the sum of the reciprocals of a large collection of prime numbers on his Pentium-based computer and found the result differed largely from theoretical values. Nicely posted a general notice of the flaw on the Internet and asked others to confirm his findings after receiving no response from Intel, which ultimately led to magazine and television interviews. Intel publicly announced that the subtle error would only occur to an average spreadsheet user once in every 27,000 years of use. Critics noted that the Pentium’s...
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...2004 592,000,000 Core 2 Duo Dual-Core Itanium 2 2006 291,000,000 1,700,000,000 Atom Core i7 (Quad) Six-Core Xeon 7400 2008 47,000,000 731,000,000 1,900,000,000 Six-Core Core i7 (Gulftown) Quad-Core Itanium Tukwila* 8-Core Xeon Nehalem-EX 2010* 1,170,000,000 2,000,000,000 2,300,000,000 Quad-Core + GPU Core i7 Six-Core Core i7/8-Core Xeon E5 (Sandy Bridge-E/EP) 10-Core Xeon Westmere-EX 2011 1,160,000,000 2,270,000,000 2,600,000,000 Quad-Core + GPU Core i7 8-Core Itanium Poulson 62-Core Xeon Phi 2012 1,400,000,000 3,100,000,000 5,000,000,000 *The Quad-Core Itanium Tukwila processor released in 2010 was the first single processor to hold two billion transistors. Processor transistors have roughly double in counts every 18 to 24 months. Each new chip contained roughly two times as much size as its predecessor. Moore’s Law described the growth trend of processor transistor that has continued to this day, and it has become the basis for many industry performance forecasts. In terms of size, cost, density, and speed, the growth in the number of transistors used in integrated circuits is reasonable. Compared to the increase in growth over the last decades to now, the growth of the number of transistors used in integrated circuits doesn’t look surprisingly fast or slow at all. Accordingly to Moore’s Law, one can predict that somewhere between 2018 and 2020 100...
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...Intel Processor Transistor Count Processor Model Year Transistor Count 4004 1971 2300 8080 1974 6000 8086 1978 29000 80286 1982 134000 386 DX Processor 1985 275000 386 SL Processor 1990 855000 Pentium Pro Processor 1995 5.5 million Pentium 3 Xeon Processor 2000 28 million Celeron M Processor 383-333 2004 140 Million Core i7 940 2008 731 Million Quad core itanium Tukwila 2010 2 billion Core I7-3930K 2011 2.27 billion The first processor that contained two billion transistors is the Intel Quad core Itanium Tukwila processing chip. The chip was first announced in 2008 but was delayed. In February 2010 the processor was released to the public. Looking at the growth of transistors and using Dr Gordan Moore’s law, which states that “every 18 to 24 months the growth the processing power will double” has over all remained true with some exceptions. From my sources the transistor count roughly stayed the same from 1974 to 1976 as well as from 1985 to 1988. Looking at the rate of transistor growth, for me, besides some periods of slow development namely from 1993 to 1998, as a whole it seems surprisingly fast as the years have passed. To use some examples in 1997 Intel released the 8088 chip which contained 29000 transistors, 1 year later they released the 80286 chip that has 134000 transistors, that’s quadruple the amount of transistors in 1 year. Another example is from April 2007 to march 2008 the count went from 167million...
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...Explain the following; I. VLIW architecture II. Superscalar processor TABLE OF CONTENTS MOI UNIVERSITY................................................................1. QUESTION.............................................................................1. TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................2. INTRODUCTION....................................................................3. VERY LONG INSTRUCTION WORD...................................3. WHY VLIW?............................................................................4. IMPLEMENTATION ADVANTAGES OF VLIW.................5. SUPERSCALAR ......................................................................6. EXAMPLES OF SUPERSCALAR ORGANIZATION............7. HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE IDEA.........................................7. BASIC SUPERSCALAR CONCEPTS......................................8. CONCLUSION...........................................................................8. REFERENCES............................................................................9. INTRODUCTION In the mid 1990s, IC fabrication technology was advanced enough to allow unprecedented implementations of computer architectures on a single chip. Also, the current rate of process advancement allows implementations to be improved at a rate that is satisfying for most of the markets these implementations serve. In particular, the vendors of general-purpose microprocessors are competing...
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...Term Paper on Power in a high performance microprocessor Submitted to: Submitted By: Mr. Abhijit Bhattacharyya Shubham Gupta Roll No. 20 SECTION: K1111 Acknowledgement I have taken efforts in this Term Paper. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many classmates and my teacher. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Mr. Abhijit Bhattacharyya for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project. My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. Abstract Power consumption has become one of the biggest challenges in high-performance microprocessor design. The rapid increase in the complexity and speed of each new CPU generation is outstripping the benefits...
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...Topic: - Study of various RISC and CISC processors ABSTRACT:- This term paper presents two instructions set architectures, particularly the CISC and the RISC, which have been developed as computer architects aimed for a fast, cost-effective design. Included in this paper are the arguments made for each architecture, and of some performance comparisons on RISC and CISC processors. These data are collected from various papers published concerning the RISC versus CISC discussion. INTRODUCTION: - RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions, rather than a more specialized set of instructions often found in other types of architectures. Though it may seem less effective for a computational task to be executed with many simple instructions rather than a few complex instructions, the simple instructions take fairly the same amount of time to be performed, making them ideal for pipelining. CISC is an acronym for Complex Instruction Set Computer and are chips that are easy to program and which make efficient use of memory. Since the earliest machines were programmed in assembly language and memory was slow and expensive, the CISC philosophy made sense, and was commonly implemented in such large computers as the PDP-11 and the DEC system 10 and 20 machines HISTORY:- The first RISC projects came from IBM, Stanford, and UC-Berkeley in the late...
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