...Exploring Programming Languages Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do, much like the average teenager. To make the computer do something useful, you must give it instructions in either of the following two ways. When you write a program it tells a computer what to do, step by step, just as you would like when taking directions. When you buy a program that someone else has already written, it tells the computer what to do. Ultimately, to get a computer to do something useful, you (or somebody else) must write a program. A program does nothing more than tell the computer how to accept some type of input, manipulate that input, and spit it back out again in some form that humans find useful. Table 1 lists some common types of programs, the types of input that they accept, and the output that they produce. The five popular programming languages in the 1970’s were Pascal, C, SQL, KRL, and COMAL. Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter C) is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. SQL often referred to as Structured Query Language. KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University...
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...Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s Pascal- created by Nicklaus Wirth Designed in 1968-1969 and published in 1970 Intended to teach students structured programming. Used to introduce as undergraduate courses. The first compiler was designed in Zurich for the CDC 600 mainframe computer. Small Talk- Created by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg Appeared/created in 1972 Was designed to underpin the new world of computing by the human computer symbiosis. For educational use. Influenced by Logo and Sketchpad. Scheme- Created in 1975 Designed Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman Was influenced by Lisp, ALGOL, and MDL. Designed to choose lexical scope and was the first to require implementations to perform tail call optimization which gives stronger support for functioning programming. Once was one of the first to support first class continuations. SQL- Created in 1974 Designed by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce Influenced by Data log. Designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM’s original quasi-relational database management system. ML - Created by Robin Milner & others at university of Edinburgh Created in 1973 Motivated by or inspired by ISWIM ...
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...The language of Programming Computer programming is governed by many different languages, most of which are simple codes used to define the program. These languages can be specified by their practical application or simplicity of use. They all have the same basic function, which is to take high-level speech and convert it into low-level speech or machine code. Machine code is written in a cryptic series of 1s and 0s referred to as binary. Choosing which language to use is solely dependent on what kind of program you want to make. Writing in a programming language is as close as a computer will get to natural or spoken language. Some examples of the different languages are C++, COBOL, Python, COMPASS, Pascal, and Assembly language. While hard to understand at first, with a little practice the code comes naturally. C++ C++ is one of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. Several groups provide both free and proprietary C++ compiler software, including the GNU Project, Microsoft, Intel and Embarcadero Technologies. C++ has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C# and Java. C++ is sometimes called a hybrid language. It is possible to write object oriented or procedural code in the same program in C++. This has caused some concern that...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do, much like the average teenager. To make the computer do something useful, you must give it instructions in either of the following two ways: * Write a program that tells a computer what to do, step by step, much as you write out a recipe. * Buy a program that someone else has already written that tells the computer what to do. Ultimately, to get a computer to do something useful, you (or somebody else) must write a program. A program does nothing more than tell the computer how to accept some type of input, manipulate that input, and spit it back out again in some form that humans find useful. Table 1 lists some common types of programs, the types of input that they accept, and the output that they produce. Essentially, a program tells the computer how to solve a specific problem. Because the world is full of problems, the number and variety of programs that people can write for computers is practically endless. But to tell a computer how to solve one big problem, you usually must tell the computer how to solve a bunch of little problems that make up the bigger problem. If you want to make your own video game, for example, you need to solve some of the following problems: * Determine how far to move a cartoon figure (such as a car, a spaceship, or a man) on-screen as the user moves a joystick. * Detect whether the cartoon figure...
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...Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s Pascal was created by Niklaus With. It was named after a mathematician, physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It was designed as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. 1980’s C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++ is one of the most popular programming languages and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. It was also used for hardware design. The idea of creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. 1990’s Java was created by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. James Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation. JavaScript is not related to Java. It was originally developed in...
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...CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TENTH EDITION This page intentionally left blank CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TENTH EDITION R O B E RT W. S EB ES TA University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Executive Editor: Matt Goldstein Editorial Assistant: Chelsea Kharakozova Vice President Marketing: Patrice Jones Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Vice President and Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Senior Production Project Manager: Marilyn Lloyd Manufacturing Manager: Nick Sklitsis Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Cover Designer: Anthony Gemmellaro Text Designer: Gillian Hall Cover Image: Mountain near Pisac, Peru; Photo by author Media Editor: Dan Sandin Full-Service Vendor: Laserwords Project Management: Gillian Hall Printer/Binder: Courier Westford Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color This book was composed in InDesign. Basal font is Janson Text. Display font is ITC Franklin Gothic. Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States...
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...Chapter 2 Algorithms and Programming Languages 1 Algorithms • the central concept underlying all computation is that of the algorithm – an algorithm is a step-by-step sequence of instructions for carrying out some task • programming can be viewed as the process of designing and implementing algorithms that a computer can carry out – a programmer’s job is to: • create an algorithm for accomplishing a given objective, then • translate the individual steps of the algorithm into a programming language that the computer can understand 2 Algorithms in the Real World • the use of algorithms is not limited to the domain of computing – e.g., recipes for baking cookies – e.g., directions to your house • there are many unfamiliar tasks in life that we could not complete without the aid of instructions – in order for an algorithm to be effective, it must be stated in a manner that its intended executor can understand • a recipe written for a master chef will look different than a recipe written for a college student – as you have already experienced, computers are more demanding with regard to algorithm specifics than any human could be 3 Designing & Analyzing Algorithms • 4 steps to solving problems (George Polya) 1. understand the problem 2. devise a plan 3. carry out your plan 4. examine the solution EXAMPLE: finding the oldest person in a room full of people Understanding the problem initial condition, goal and assumptions – room full of people – identify...
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...encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. 2. C (1972) – Created by Dennis Ritchie to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run-time support. 3. Prolog (1972) – Created by Alain Colmerauer which has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing. 4. ML (1973) – Created by Robin Miner which is known for its use of the Hindley–Milner type inference algorithm, which can automatically infer the types of most expressions without requiring explicit type annotations. 5. SQL (1974) – Created by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond S. Boyce which was designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS). 1980’s 1. C++ (1983) – Created by Bjarne Stroustrup designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. 2. Ada (1980) – Created by Jean Ichbiah designed to improve the safety and maintainability by leveraging the compiler to find compile-time errors in favor of runtime errors. 3. Objective-C (1983) – Created by Brad Cox and Tom Love designed as a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to...
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...Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s: 1. C- created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run-time support 2. SQL- Designed by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in 1974. It was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasi-relational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the 1970s. 3. Scheme- Developed by Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman in 1975. Scheme started as an attempt to understand Carl Hewitt's Actor model, for which purpose Steele and Sussman wrote a "tiny Lisp interpreter" using Maclisp and then "added mechanisms for creating actors and sending messages. 4. Smalltalk- Designed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, and Adelle Goldberg in 1972. The first version, known as Smalltalk-71, was created by Ingalls in a few mornings on a bet that a programming language based on the idea of message passing inspired by Simula could be implemented in "a page of code." 5. Prolog- Designed by Alain Colmerauer in 1972. Its intended field of use was natural language processing. 1980’s: 1. C++- Designed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983. The motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis...
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...programing languages: • 1970: o 1970 - Pascal o 1972 - C o 1972 - Smalltalk o 1972 - Prolog o 1973 - ML • 1980: o 1983 - Ada o 1983 - C++ o 1985 - Eiffel o 1987 - Perl o 1989 - FL (Backus) • 1990: o 1990 - Haskell o 1990 - Python o 1991 - Java o 1993 - Ruby o 1994 - PHP o • 2000: o ATS o Boo o C Sharp o Clojure o Cobra Who created this language? • 1970: o Niklaus Wirth o Dennis Ritchie o Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg o Alain Colmerauer o Robin Milner • 1980: o Jean Ichbiah o Bjarne Stroustrup o Bertrand Meyer o Larry Wall o John Backus, John Williams, Edward Wimmers • 1990: o Simon Peyton Jones, Lennart Augustsson, Dave Barton, Brian Boutel, Warren Burton, Joseph Fasel, Kevin Hammond, Ralf Hinze, Paul Hudak, John Hughes, Thomas Johnsson, Mark Jones, John Launchbury, Erik Meijer, John Peterson, Alastair Reid, Colin Runciman, Philip Wadler o Guido van Rossum o James Gosling and Sun Microsystems o Yukihiro Matsumoto o Rasmus Lerdorf • 2000: o Hongwei Xi o Rodrigo B. De Oliveira o Microsoft o Rich Hickey o Charles Esterbrook When was each of these languages created? Was there a specific motivation behind the creation of these languages? If so, what was it? • 1970: o 1970 – Yes, intended to teach students structured programming o 1972 – Yes, designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs...
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...Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz on May 1, 1964. Basic stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code . The aims of the BASIC system were: to develop a system and language that was friendly, easy to learn and use, to introduce computing as an adjunct to other courses, to operate an open access policy (i-programmer.info, 2010). Pascal- was created by Niklaus Wirth in 1972. He wanted a language suitable for teaching but for teaching computer science. It is best described as a simplified version of Algol. It was simplified both to make it easier to learn and to make it easier to compile (i-programmer.info, 2010). C- Was created by Ken Thompson iin the form of B and tweaked by Dennis Ritchie and renamed C in the 1970’s. It was the original code Unix was written in. Its function was for ease of use (i-programmer.info, 2010). Forth- was created by Charles H Moore in the 1970’s. The motivation behind this language was for both interactive execution of commands and the ability to compile sequences of commands for later execution (i-programmer.info, 2010). PLEX (Programming Language for EXchanges)- was created by Goran Hemdahl at Ericsson in the 1970’s. It is a special-purpose, pseudo-parallel and event-driven real-time programming language dedicated for AXE telephone exchanges, It is a propriatary language (i-programmer.info, 2010). 1980’s Atari ST BASIC – Atari commissioned MetaComCo to write a version of BASIC that would take advantage of the GEM environment on...
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...Exploring Programming Languages 1970s * Pascal * Developed 1970 * originally developed by Niklaus Wirth, a member of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) * principle objectives, allow for the development of well structured and well organized programs, and to serve as a vehicle for the teaching of the important concepts of computer programming * named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal * C * Developed 1972 * C was created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs initially as a systems programming language for implementing UNIX * C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s adding object orientation to C * Influenced ANSI C, Java * C/C++ has become the world’s most widely used systems programming language * ML * Developed1973 * Created by Robin Milner at University of Edinburgh * Initial focus: meta-language for program verification * One of the most widely used functional programming languages * Influenced Standard ML, Miranda, Haskell * SQL * Completed 1978 * First defined in 1970 by Dr. E.F. Codd, researcher for IBM, in a his Paper titled “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks “ * SQL would allow computer users to retrieve data from a variety of sources * Smalltalk * Released 1972 * first commercially-successful object-oriented language * Written and developed...
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...What are the benefits of using loops in programming? Using the lecture and internet, research examples of loops in python and describe their functions. What is an example of a loop you might see in the real world? In programming, the use of loops allows a programmer to simplify repetitious tasks with a process that will repeat itself over a series of passed values whether it is form a user passed parameter or a store set of data (for example, pulling a set of data form a database and “looping” through it to perform a series of checks). The loop function in Python is called using the “for” statement where it will repeat a series of event in a sequence. The syntax in Python will be: for {element_to_repeat} in {sequence}: Do something here An example of this could be to output a user’s name on screen in a line break format such as: userName = ‘Paul’ for letter in UserName: print ‘Letter – ‘, letter print ‘That spells ‘, userName The use of loops in a real world example could be to validate if a series of values falls into a specific range. This may include something such as determining if a set of salaries was higher or lower than a national average. In a previous example, we wrote code that would determine how many years remained in a set of employees until they retired. In my work, I often use loops to run through a set of product serial numbers and determine if each one is in a manufacturer’s warranty or not prior to us shipping...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 Exploring Programming Languages Chris Wade Introduction to Programming Dr. Bass Programming Languages have become very much improved in the last few decades. When computers were first created, languages were very focused on getting the most effective response from the computers while being limited by the hardware designs. As hardware has gotten better and faster, programming languages have developed right alongside of them. In 1972 a programming language called C was developed by Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs. The reason for developing this was to improve upon other languages such as B and Pascal. C uses a lot of the same forms and functions as Pascal and was developed to be faster and more powerful. The only issue was that it was hard to read. C was also developed to work well with Unix. (Ferguson, 2000). In 1983 Bjarne Stroustroup developed C++ which was also known as “C with classes”. This improved C and moved toward object oriented programming. C++ has been considered the most popular programming language ever and is currently used in programs such as Adobe PDF Reader, Mozilla Firefox (web browser), and MS Office. (Anthony, 2001). The 1990’s saw the development of several languages such as Python, PHP, and Java. Developer Guido Van Rossum developed Python (named for Monty Python) to fix problems in the ABC language and it is used by YouTube, Google Search, and NASA (Anthony, 2001). PHP (which stands for Personal Home Page) was...
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...The first programming languages predate the modern computer. During a nine-month period in 1842-1843, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. With the article she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Analytical Engine, recognized by some historians as the world's first computer program.[1] Herman Hollerith realized that he could encode information on punch cards when he observed that train conductors encode the appearance of the ticket holders on the train tickets using the position of punched holes on the tickets. Hollerith then encoded the 1890 census data on punch cards. The first computer codes were specialized for their applications. In the first decades of the 20th century, numerical calculations were based on decimal numbers. Eventually it was realized that logic could be represented with numbers, not only with words. For example, Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulaic way. The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape-marking machine, for example, in use at the telephone companies. Turing machines set the basis for storage of programs as data in the von Neumann architecture of computers by representing a machine through a finite number. However, unlike the lambda calculus, Turing's code does not serve well as a basis for higher-level...
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