...INT1 Task 3 Amber Leverett Student ID# 000310556 000310556000310556 How does volume affect boiling time in water? By Amber N Leverett Project Design Plan With boiling water being a part of most everyday life, the time it takes to boil a certain volume is information that just about everyone wants to know. Most people believe that if you double the volume of water, you will also double the time it takes it to come to a rolling boil. Let’s see just how true that is. How does the volume of water affect how long it takes to come to a rolling boil? Literature Review According to whatscookingmerica.net, there are many things that could affect the boiling point of water. A few of them include; salt, hard water, and different sized pans. By adding salt to your water, you will minimize the amount of time it will take to boil that pot of water (Stradley, 2004). If you have hard water, the pot of water will come to a boil at a higher temperature (Stradley, 2004). Using different sized pots to boil water will cause the water to come to a boil at different temperatures. A tall, narrow pot will boil at a higher temperature than a short, wide pot due to the water in the tall pot being under greater pressure (Stradley, 2004). In the science fair project, the experimenter was researching what affects the boiling point of water (2014). He/she used four different types of variables to test the hypothesis. The variables were different amounts of water, different types of heating devices...
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...INT1 Task 3 The Popcorn Experiment Skye McDonald-George Project Plan and Problem Statement In this project I will be testing whether or not popcorn yields a higher percentage of popped kernels when frozen. This is relevant because most people would like to get the best value out of items they purchased and this may demonstrate one way to do that. I will be freezing multiple bags of popcorn and then popping both frozen and unfrozen bags in the microwave. Finally I will count the popped and unpopped kernels to determine the percentages for both variables and if there is a difference. Literature Review Through my research I did not find any other experiments like my own. I did, however, find two other popcorn experiments that helped me decide on my experimental plan. In both articles, the experimenters were trying to decide which brand of popcorn produced the lowest yield of unpopped popcorn. The Popcorn and College Students describes any broken kernel as popped and any intact kernels as unpopped (Saum, DeLap, Skinner, & Galli, 2003). Tammie Mason’s experiment however gives much more concise direction and describes the mathematics she used to obtain the data (Mason, 2011). Both experiments use the method of counting the kernels to determine a percentage (Mason, 2011) (Saum, DeLap, Skinner, & Galli, 2003). This is the method I will use for my experiment. Experimental Design Steps 1. Place 3 bags of popcorn in freezer. 2. Leave bags of popcorn in freezer...
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...INT1 Task 3 Task 3 Topic: How do different levels of salt water affect magnet strength? Candyce Eckert Western Governors University WGU Student ID: 000431193 PROJECT DESIGN PLAN There will be a total of five 500 ml water samples that are at 75°F and that will have different amounts of salt ranging from 0 ml, 25 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml, 400 ml that will be mixed in a glass container with a one inch high marking noted on the side. Fifteen magnetic paper clips will be laid on the bottom of the container after the solution is mixed. A magnet will then be submersed into the salt solution to the one inch high marking dictated on the side for thirty seconds allowing for the magnet to attract the paper clips. The magnet and subsequent paper clips that it draws will be taken out of the solution, counted, and then recorded. These steps will be repeated until all five salt water solutions are tested. Each of the five solutions will be tested three times in order to deduce the average and ensure reliability of said testing. The greater the number of paper clips picked up deducts greater magnetism. LITERATURE REVIEW In an article written by Richards, Johnson, and Nyeggen (2015), a group of students grappled with the question, “Will Magnets Work Underwater?” some thinking that the water would block the magnetic attraction. They were disproved when magnets still had attraction underneath the water. The students further questioned the attraction...
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...INT1 Task 3 Does the salinity of water effect the amount of time it takes to boil? Project Design Plan The normal boiling point of water is 100°C (Bodner research Web, n.d.). Salt is considered to be a non-volatile soluble substance and in turn is supposed to increase the temperature at which the water boils Southwest Research institute, 2014). Chefs have thought for ages that adding salt to water would increase the boiling time. A higher boiling temperature should increase boiling times although displacing water with salt reduces the volume of water to boil. Literature Review The boiling point of a liquid is the point at which the liquid transition to a gas. Once the boiling point is reached the temperature remains constant until all of the liquid has changed state to a gas (Bodner Research Web, n.d). Salt water has a higher boiling point than plain water. It takes less energy to increase the temperature of salt water by 1°C than it does for regular water. The heat capacity of dissolved salt is almost zero so displacing regular water with salt water lowers the amount of time to heat the same capacities of water because of the displaced water volume by the salt (Southwest Research Institute, 2014). There have been many experiments on the subject of salt water and boiling times. Typically these experiments have been incorrectly done as simply adding salt to identical volumes of water has almost zero effect on the boiling times or temperature. The correct way to...
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...INT1 Task 3 Example Does More Sugar Make Lemon Sauce Runny? By N. Shane Cutler Project Design Plan Cornstarch is a common thickening agent in cooking. Plant starch is made of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. When heated in a water-based solution, the starch molecules can unwind and then form new hydrogen bonds with other starch molecules, making a network of long molecular filaments that can hold water molecules in a gel (Holmes, 2012). The Argo Cornstarch website warns that too much sugar can interfere with thickening (Argo, 2012). Literature Review There are many different ways to thicken liquids and thickening liquids has many applications. Many experiments have been done to test different thickening methods. GVSoapCo tested 4 different substances to thicken homemade liquid hand soap: Xanthan Gum, Borax, Salt or Crothix. This experiment used the same soap recipe, substituting the different thickening agents. The experimenter then tested the thickness or runniness of the finished soap by spooning it up and drizzling it. This showed that the Crothix thickener made the thickest, smoothest soap, whereas the salt made the thinnest, runniest soap. While the spooning method was effective at showing the qualitative difference the thickening agent made, it didn’t produce quantitative measurements of the relative thickness (GVSoapCo, 2013). Foy compared low sugar pectin with traditional pectin in making grape jelly. She reported that the traditional pectin made firmer jelly than...
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...INT1 Task 3 Do more expensive paper towels absorb more water than less expensive products? By: Gregory M. Herrin Project design Plan When consumers are in the store to purchase paper towels, there are numerous options and brands to choose from; all claiming to be the best product with the most absorbency. How does a consumer choose the best option for the best price? The goal of this experiment will be to determine if higher priced paper towels are more absorbent than the less expensive paper towels on the market. Four relatively common brands will be tested for their water absorbency: Viva ($0.049/square foot), Bounty ($0.046/square foot), Brawny ($0.044/square foot) and Sparkle ($0.024/square foot). Ultimately, the experiment should show which of the commonly used household paper towels is more water absorbent and if price equals value for these products. Literature Review A number of experiments have been completed to demonstrate and/or test the absorbency of paper towels. Len Penzo dot Com, a personal finance blog, completed an experiment on which brand of paper towel was the best value. They tested six different brands of paper towels for absorbency and scrub strength: Sparkle, Bounty, Bounty Basic, Scott, Shoppers Value, Viva and Kirkland Signature. To measure the absorbency, the paper towels were dipped into glasses of water until saturated and then the water squeezed from the towels was measured. To measure the scrub strength, the towels were wrapped...
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...INT1 Task 3 Does Hot Water Freeze Faster Than Water at Room Temperature By Anon Project Design Plan Water has a fixed freezing point. While at the same altitude water will freeze at the same degrees Fahrenheit. According to the Mpemba effect, “As the liquid warms up, the hydrogen bonds stretch as the water gets less dense and the molecules move further apart.“ Condliffe, J. (2013, October 31). “Theories for the Mpemba effect have included: faster evaporation of hot water, therefore reducing the volume left to freeze; formation of a frost layer on cold water, insulating it; and different concentrations of solutes such as carbon dioxide, which is driven off when the water is heated.” Hot water freezes faster than cold - and now we know why. (2013, November 3) Literature Review Observing freezing times based on the liquid with various starting temperatures have been made throughout history. Aristotle, Rene Descartes, and recently Xi Xhang and his team from Mayang Technological University in Singapore have all performed experiments testing this theory. The Mphemba effect was named after a Tanzanian student who observed ice cream mixed faster when it was hot than when it was cold. To test this theory, Nikola Bregovic placed 30 ml of room temperature water with an immersed thermistor into an empty freezer. This experiment used deionized water, the same beakers, and the same thermistor. The experimenter then tested the freezing points of various starting water temperatures...
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...INT1 Task 3 Exemplar Does More Sugar Make Lemon Sauce Runny? Project Design Plan Cornstarch is a common thickening agent in cooking. Plant starch is made of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. When heated in a water-based solution, the starch molecules can unwind and then form new hydrogen bonds with other starch molecules, making a network of long molecular filaments that can hold water molecules in a gel (Holmes, 2012). The Argo Cornstarch website warns that too much sugar can interfere with thickening (Argo, 2012). Literature Review There are many different ways to thicken liquids and thickening liquids has many applications. Many experiments have been done to test different thickening methods. GVSoapCo tested 4 different substances to thicken homemade liquid hand soap: Xanthan Gum, Borax, Salt or Crothix. This experiment used the same soap recipe, substituting the different thickening agents. The experimenter then tested the thickness or runniness of the finished soap by spooning it up and drizzling it. This showed that the Crothix thickener made the thickest, smoothest soap, whereas the salt made the thinnest, runniest soap. While the spooning method was effective at showing the qualitative difference the thickening agent made, it didn’t produce quantitative measurements of the relative thickness (GVSoapCo, 2013). Foy compared low sugar pectin with traditional pectin in making grape jelly. She reported that the traditional pectin made firmer...
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...University INT1 Task 3 Paper Towel Absorbency A. Project Plan I am conducting an experiment to determine which, paper towel brands: Bounty, Viva, Great Value, or Sparkle is the most absorbent for everyday spills. I will be testing how much water each paper towel absorbs from 60 milliliters of water. · Problem Statement I will measure the amount of water, in milliliters, that each paper towel absorbs from a beaker. The independent variable is the different types of similar sized paper towels. The dependent variable will be the millimeters of water in the beakers. Which paper towel brand soaks up, meaning leaves behind the least amount of water, the highest amount of the 60 milliliters of water? I will test the absorbance of each brand of paper towel by placing each paper towel into the same amount of water for 15 seconds and then remove each paper towel allowing it to drip for 15 seconds. After measuring the water left behind in the pan I will compare the average of 3 trials for each brand to determine which paper towel brand absorbs the most water. · Relevance of my testable question This experiment is important to the real world because that every household has spills to clean up and there are many options at different price ranges to choose from. Knowing which paper towel brand absorbs the most liquid will help every day families make the decision of the best paper towel to buy for their home. · Literature Review: I found 2 projects similar to this...
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...Stephen Rueden INT1 Task 3 Sub domain 114.1.1 Scientific Concepts, Theories & Inquiry 4/17/2011 Literature Review: Elasticity and Hooke’s Law: In physics, elasticity is the physical property of a material that returns to its original shape after the stress that made it deform is removed (Elasticity, para. 1). Elasticity was first studied in the late seventeenth century by the English scientist Robert Hooke (16351703). He made observations about elasticity using metal springs and eventually developed what is known as Hooke’s Law: The restoring force exerted by an elastic object is proportional to how far it has been distorted from its equilibrium state. Everything we associate with springs, has some place in the behavior of balls (Bloomfield, p.69). When a ball or a spring returns to its equilibrium state, it releases stored energy. Isaac Newton and the Law of Universal Gravitation: Isaac Newton (16431727) studied gravity and its effects on falling objects. He is most famous for the three laws of motion. Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. The earth’s gravity exerts a downward force on the ball, called the ball’s weight. Its weight causes the ball to accelerate downward (Bloomfield p. 10). Reasoning: What does elastic mean? When a rubber band gets stretched it returns to its original shape. What is something that is not elastic? When a piece of...
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...transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. International Standard Book Number: 0-672-31481-9 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-89272 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: March 1999 01 00 99 4 3 2 1 EXECUTIVE EDITOR Jeff Koch ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Gretchen Ganser DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Hugh Vandivier TECHNICAL EDITOR Aron Hsiao MANAGING EDITOR Brice Gosnell PROJECT EDITOR Gretchen Uphoff COPY EDITORS Michael Dietsch Kelly Talbot Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. INDEXER Bruce Clingaman PROOFREADER Andrew Beaster Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis....
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...*3963103* [3963] – 103 T.E. (Petroleum) (Semester – I) Examination, 2011 DRILLING & PRODUCTION OPERATIONS (2003 Course) Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 100 Instructions : 1) Question Nos. 1 and 5 are compulsory. Out of the remaining attempt 2 questions from Section I and 2 questions from Section II. 2) Answers to the two Sections should be written in separate books. 3) Neat diagrams must be drawn wherever necessary. 4) Black figures to the right indicate full marks. 5) Use of Logarithmic Tables, Slide Rule, Mollier Charts, Electronic Pocket Calculator and Steam Tables is allowed. 6) Assume suitable data, if necessary. SECTION – I 1. What are different systems on a drilling rig ? Explain any one in detail with suitable diagramme. 18 2. a) Calculate Bottom hole pressure if well depth is 2500 m and mud weight is 1.2 gm/cc. b) Calculate mud weight if mud gradient is 0.87 psi/ft. ′ c) Calculate volume bbl/meter for drill pipe O.D. = 5′ inch and I.D. = 4.276 inch. 2 2 2 10 8 8 16 d) Draw circulation system on a drilling rig. 3. a) Discuss IADC classification of a bit in details. b) Discuss different factors affecting rate of penetration in details. 4. Write short note on : i) Coring ii) Fishing tools iii) BOP iv) Directional well P.T.O. [3963] – 103 -2- *3963103* SECTION – II 5. a) Discuss different types of casings and function of the casings in brief. b) Discuss different types of well completion techniques. 6. a) Discuss primary cementation process with...
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...Table of Contents Beginning Red Hat Linux 9 ...............................................................................................................................1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................4 Who Is This Book For?...........................................................................................................................4 What You Need to Use This Book.........................................................................................................4 What Is Linux? ........................................................................................................................................5 Linus Torvalds and the Birth of Linux.............................................................................................5 Why Choose Linux?.........................................................................................................................6 What Is Red Hat Linux 9?................................................................................................................7 What Is Covered in This Book?..............................................................................................................8 Conventions in This Book......................................................................................................................9 Customer Support...............
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...A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming SECOND EDITION ® Mark G. Sobell Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States, please contact: International Sales international@pearson.com Visit us on the Web: informit.com/ph Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication...
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