Q. What distinguishes system thinking from analytical thinking? Is systems thinking something new or is it just another perspective? Explain.
Analytical thinking says about the parts or elements of the situation, but in system thinking is about the how those parts and elements are work together, and it is a combination of both the analytical thinking and the synthetical thinking, in analytical thinking we always prefer to eliminate the unsatisfactory elements and we pick the best option after removing the elements, that means we try to reduce the risk factor by eliminating the unnecessary elements, but in systems thinking we consider all the elements and make them into groups and those groups are subjected to the central or main theme of the concept. We need both the system thinking and innovation or analytical thinking to solve the complex problems
System thinking is opposite of analytical thinking because in the system thinking the whole or system is primary and the parts or individuals are secondary, but in analytical writing parts are primary and system or whole is secondary. System thinking is the closed loop thinking it is quite difficult to understand In systematic thinking mainly there are three steps included, list out the systematic elements, group them into sub themes, and finally find the central or main theme of the project.
System thinking: “System thinking is a universal approach to understanding that focuses on the way that a system’s constituent parts interrelate and how systems work over time and within the conditions of larger systems” system thinking is nothing but the way of approach to solve the problem, by viewing problems as part of an overall system rather than reacting to specific part of outcomes or events it is necessary to understand system first, in order to understand system thinking. For example if we take a car it is made up of engine wheels battery and so on.., and these parts are put together to organize in a specific way, so it makes a function is a vehicle transport.
Analytical thinking: Analytical thinking is a critical component of the visual thinking that which shows the ability of the fast and effective thinking

Q. Describe the following concepts and explain how they fit into systems thinking: objectives, elements, subsystems, attributes, environment, boundary, structure, inputs, outputs, process and constraints.
A system is defined as coordination of set of parts to achieve the common objective or goal. It should mainly defined first and foremost by its objectives and then by environment, attributes and elements and subsystems etc..
Objectives and goals: in order to finish any project we have to set some objectives and goals, because they are very helpful to guide the correct way, we have chance to focus on important things and we will take good decisions to finish the task very efficiently. So setting of goals and objectives are very important in every system or project, similarly those are very helpful in system thinking process. so for every man made systems it is necessary to set the goals and objectives.
Elements and Subsystems: The smallest part in the system is called an element and subsystem is nothing but it is an integrating part of the main system and acts as a component of the large or main system and subsystem can also defined as arranging of elements into smaller groups to create an environment to cooperate with each other and assign the work to them for getting good result “A subsystem is a system that functions as a component of a large system” for example in online marketing the retailer have a distribution system but within that some subsystems may be exist like delivery, order fulfillment etc.. so for any system the elements play a key role in the success of the system, if a system having a good and strong elements then the subsystem and as well as system becomes very strong, so elements are like roots for subsystem and subsystems are act as roots for system thinking.
Attributes: Attribute is nothing but the property or characteristics of the objects. For example the color of leaf, here color is characteristic of the leaf. similarly components, elements, system, have their unique characteristics. And it describes the quantitative and qualitative terms of the elements, system and the subsystems.
Environment and boundary: Environment is nothing but the surroundings, it may effects the system, and the boundary separates the system from the environment and protects. The system is somewhat obscure and it is difficult to separate system from the environment
Inputs, process, Outputs:
In any successful system, the output of the any task should be based on the input raw material and the process of the system, for example in making of tea milk, sugar, and tea powder are the elements or raw materials and the vessel is a source to process, pour them into vessel then if we subject them to heat then we get the output, here the output or the product quality depends on the process and the raw materials, so the coordination of these elements are very important in the system.
Q. Describe the features and properties that distinguish human organizations from other systems.
Organizations is a special class of open system that which having their own properties, and it shares the common features with all other systems. Open systems also contributes the characteristics of the negative entropy, feedback, homeostasis, differentiation and coordination. System is defined as group of elements interact with each other and to fulfill their common purpose or goal. Systems can be commonly classified into two types according to the interaction with the environment, open system and closed system. In open system the elements, subsystems and system interact with each other and with other system and with the environment. As we know that most of the human organizations are open systems, in these organizations people, information, capital, and material is used as input, goods waste products are outputs. many organizations consume the raw material for production and emit the finished goods along with the pollution and some waste. For open system there is no particular boundaries so these organizations are interacts with the environment. But where as in closed system, system have relatively less interaction with the environment.
Q. What is the environmental fallacy?
Environmental fallacy is error of ignoring or fail to understand the effects of the environment of system. According to the Charles west churchman every problem is totally linked to the environment and attempts to solve one problem will cause others. Mainly the ecological fallacies are confusion between the ecological correlation and individual correlation, higher average and higher likelihood, total and group average.

Q. What is modularization? What are its benefits in system design and operation.
Modularization is nothing but the breaking or splitting the main large program into multiple modules. Modularization of system design and operation can be approach in two ways 1. Theoretical approach of modularization 2. Practical approach of modularization
Modularization will be beneficial to a company or organization or a system, including market demand, focus of component, time to market, module decoupling according to interface and mixing and matching. Benefits of modularization are: * Provides abstraction * Ignoring non essential details and focuses on important properties. * Multiple programs are allowed to work simultaneously * It helpful to understand the structure easily, and makes structure easier. * Allows code reuse
The subsystem or loop is replaced by the simplified elements, and make the complicated structure into simple structure.

Case study 2-1:
Q. What is the system? What are its key elements and subsystems? What are boundaries and how are they determined? What is the environment?
Purification of the water in Gulf is the main system and the key elements are waste from the garbage, raw sewage during the heavy rainfall, subsystems are purification of waste before dumping into the Gulf. The main goal of the system is to recover the gulf from current situation, that which is effected by waste, so I think every surroundings that which may helpful to get back the normal stage of Gulf from the waste by proper maintaining the purification system.
Q. Who are the decision makers?
GCSD and the people are plays key role in the system, people thoughts regarding the population growth, and waste minimization will definitely influence and decides the future of the Gulf water pollution.
Q. What is the problem? carefully formulate it.
The main problem is in flood conditions it would be a little bit difficult to the proper filteration before the dump into Gulf. And one more thing is population growth and industry growth. Due to increasing those things, a lot of problems that faced.
Q. Define the overall objective of the water waste management program, because the program is wide ranging in scope you should break this down into several sub objectives.
The main objective of the water management program is to reduce the effect of waste which is subjected to the environment because gulf facing a lot of problem with the population growth and as well as the industry growth.
Q. What are the resources and constraints. There are so many resources like restaurants, resorts, hotels, beaches, fishing nearby beach etc.. The main resource for the water treatment or waste management is filtration plants that which are filter the waste before release into the environment.

Q. Elaborate on the kinds of alternatives and range of solutions to solving the problem.
The main aim of the system is to reduce the waste and process the waste, so it should be fulfill with the creating awareness about the problems that which are raised due to the population growth, and make a strict rule for industries, it is necessary to process the waste before relive into the surroundings.
Q. Discus some techniques that could be used to help evaluate which alternatives are better.
The main thing that we have to do is creating awareness about the problems due to the population growth, and give clear instructions to the industries, and make a rule to the industries, purifying the waste before release into outside.
Case study 2-2
Q. In this case history, what is system and what are the elements, what is environment and what are elements of the environment.
In this case study the main theme is explanation about the two entities of the british aerospace project, the main system is the process of the aircraft manufacturing and designing features , the elements are funding, design, cost and delivery dates etc..
Q. Describe the interaction between the system and its environment.
System has interaction with the environment in open system but where as in closed system the interaction between the system and environment should be very less almost negligible, the main reason for this situation is formation of barrier between the system and the environment.
Q. Do you feel that important decision made in this project system thinking? Explain.
System thinking is one of the main phenomenon while handling a project. It concentrates on systems not in subsystems the contractor or head of project will follow the system thinking. System think will handle the systems and employees below them will handle sub systems.
Q. Comment on the concept of integration in the project. How were aspects of the project integrated or not integrated?
Integration means checking all the elements of project are properly working or not. Integration gives an idea about project how it is going daily.
Not integration process generally takes place in building normal house.
Q. What are the main factors that contributed to cancelation of the project? Which of these factors would you characterize as project management?
There may be a lot of reasons to cancel the project like failure to fulfill the legal issues, cost of the project, material quality, lack of proper scheduling, fail to meet the conditions in the contract document. Every factor influence the project management.