Advice for SUNRISE Abstracts
Assignment: Draft abstracts due week of July 24 Final abstracts due week of July 31
I A Definition from SCCUR
Abstracts must include sufficient information about the nature and significance of the topic, the adequacy of the investigative strategy, the nature of the results, and the conclusions. The abstract should summarize the substantive results of the work and not merely list topics to be discussed.

Abstract Content • An abstract is an outline/brief summary of your paper and your whole project. • It should have an intro, body and conclusion. • It highlights major points of the content and answers why this work is important, what was your purpose, how you went about your project, what you learned, and what you concluded. • It is a well-developed paragraph and should be exact in wording. • It must be understandable to a wide audience. • Do not include any charts, tables, figures, or spreadsheets in the abstract body.

Abstract Heading Layout 1. Title of paper 2. First name, middle initial, and last name of author. 3. Name(s) of faculty mentor(s)

Abstract Body Format

Abstracts should follow these guidelines: • In Microsoft Word format • In Times New Roman font, size 12 • No more than 250 words in length • Single-spaced and a single paragraph
II Information from the web, some where.
What information should an abstract contain?
An abstract should: • State the objectives and scope of the investigation or activity. • Describe the methods used, approaches taken etc, range of operation. • Summarise the results or findings. • State the principal conclusions.
The title of the paper is usually read as part of the abstract and should not be repeated in the abstract.
Relationship between an abstract submission and preparation of a symposium paper
If you consider what an abstract should contain, you will note that the content mirrors closely the elements that comprise the traditional research paper, namely: • Introduction - catching the reader's interest: emphasis, short, clarity, background, objectives of present work. The introduction links to the conclusion. • Materials and methods - not just for scientific investigations but what inputs were required (staff, resources), what approaches did you take? • Results or findings - present relevant observations and data gathered in the course of the work or activity; describe the results in a logical and chronological order. • Discussion - discuss the results, assess meaning, implications, highlight significance. Be certain to get the message over but do not restate the results. • Conclusions - summarise what has been done so the reader is left in no doubt as to what you did.
Structure and style
Structure - the physicality of an abstract
What do we look for in an abstract? How does it look? • Choose a specific and detailed title - this 'sets the scene' • An abstract should be short, not more than five per cent of the length of the final paper, or 250 words whichever is the smaller. • Usually a single, well-developed paragraph, comprising probably three to four sentences at most. • Consider the use of keywords embedded within the abstract to assist in electronic information retrieval, i.e. help it be googled? • Do not include references, figures, tables or citations.
Style - writing an abstract
'Nothing is more abjectly feeble than to write some such sentence as 'The relevance of these findings to the etiology of Bright's disease is discussed'. If it has been discussed, the discussion should be summarised. If not, say nothing' (Medawar 1979).
Good writing style involves: • Writing concisely in normal rather than abbreviated English. • Avoiding unnecessary contractions. • Making specific rather than general statements.
Some style examples
Avoid waffle
Whilst waffles are very nice to eat, writers should avoid waffle like the plague. Some examples of waffle: • (cf Medawar): 'includes a discussion on ...', 'we had a great time ...', 'I will energise the audience in my presentation'
Poor writing style; good writing style
Some examples of poor and good writing styles illustrate the difference: • Poor: two levels of P; Good: 40 and 80 kg P • Poor: nitrogen fertilizer increased the N-content of the grain; Good: nitrogen fertilizer increased the N-content from 1.3 to 1.5 per cent
Sample abstract
The Black-Capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) is a species of North American songbird inhabiting the United States and Canada. Unlike many other songbirds whose songs vary geographically, previous studies done on chickadee populations from Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, Ontario, Missouri, Wisconsin, Alberta, Utah, British Columbia, Washington, and California have shown that males sing a typical two tone song, "fee-bee-ee," with little variation between populations. Researchers have also shown that an isolated population from Martha's Vineyard, an island offshore of Massachusetts, demonstrates singing patterns different from the usual two note songs. I am studying a second isolated population of chickadees in Alaska, which has not been systematically investigated previously. There is one anecdotal report that suggested the males from the Alaskan population have unusual singing patterns. For example, the males sing songs with multiple notes accompanied with frequency shifts. The goal of my research...
III Abstract advice for Sacramento UC Day projects
|HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT: |[pic] |
|Links and Tips | |
| | |
|An abstract is a short summary of your completed research. If | |
|done well, it makes the reader want to learn more about your | |
|research. | |
|These are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline: | |
|1) Motivation/problem statement: Why do we care about the | |
|problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical or artistic gap | |
|is your research filling? | |
|2) Methods/procedure/approach: What did you actually do to get | |
|your results? (e.g. analyzed 3 novels, completed a series of 5 | |
|oil paintings, interviewed 17 students) | |
|3) Results/findings/product: As a result of completing the above | |
|procedure, what did you learn/invent/create? | |
|4) Conclusion/implications: What are the larger implications of | |
|your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in step | |
|1? | |
|However, it's important to note that the weight accorded to the | |
|different components can vary by discipline. For models, try to | |
|find abstracts of research that is similar to your research. | |

[pic]
Below are links and a sample abstract that you may find helpful.
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This link has a very thorough description of each of the components named above. It is aimed especially at engineers but is relevant for all disciplines. http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.html This link is especially relevant for natural scientists: http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/Abstract.html SAMPLE ABSTRACT:
"Quantifying the Mechanics of a Laryngoscopy"
Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that provides a secure airway by passing a breathing tube through the mouth and into the lungs of a patient. The ability to successfully perform laryngoscopy is highly dependent on operator skill; experienced physicians have failure rates of 0.1% or less, while less experienced paramedics may have failure rates of 10-33%, which can lead to death or brain injury. Accordingly, there is a need for improved training methods, and virtual reality technology holds promise for this application. The immediate objective of this research project is to measure the mechanics of laryngoscopy, so that an advanced training mannequin can be developed. This summer an instrumented laryngoscope has been developed which uses a 6-axis force/torque sensor and a magnetic position/orientation sensor to quantify the interactions between the laryngoscope and the patient. Experienced physicians as well as residents in training have used this device on an existing mannequin, and the force and motion trajectories have been visualized in 3D. One objective is to use comparisons between expert and novice users to identify the critical skill components necessary for patients, to identify the mechanical properties of the human anatomy that effect laryngoscopy, and thus enable the development of a realistic training simulator. In the future an advanced training mannequin will be developed whose physical properties will be based on our sensor measurements, and where virtual reality tools will be used to provide training feedback for novice users.