...consist of the cons of stimulants and caffeine. There will also be some background information about the different substances. Starting with cocaine, Freud used and distributed cocaine but never got to the point where he was dependent on it. As time went on amphetamines started getting popular. Contributing with homemade remedies and over the counter proscriptions that help with narcolepsy. Now into caffeine, which will start out with coffee. Coffee is made from either caffea Arabica or caffea robusta. Arabica bean have a milder flavor as for robusta bean have a stronger and more bitter flavor and higher caffeine content. Tea contains theophylline which is present in very small amounts in the tea. Theobromine is found in chocolate and its physiological actions are close to caffeine, but less potent to the central nervous system. Ending with a study about caffeine consumption and incidence with hip fractures among the elderly found that people who drink 2.5 to 3 cups of caffeinated coffee per day have a 69% greater risk of osteoporosis. Cons of Stimulants/Caffeine “If you are...
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...which will be presented and discussed in this paper. While addressing this ethical issue, we need to define the term ethics. Ethics can be defined as the socially accepted norms and values. These norms and values are varied from society to society and are based on culture and tradition. Ethics also could be defined as the unsaid, un-written and understood laws that prevail in a society. Ethics also cover what is right and what is wrong in society and teaches individuals to act in the right manner and remain committed towards it. Taking performance enhancing drugs has a long history in sport. In 1904, a marathon runner nearly died from a mixture of brandy and strychnine, a poisonous substance that in small quantities acts as a stimulant. Amphetamines replaced strychnine as the stimulant of choice among athletes in the 1930s. In the 1950s,...
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...Wellington Alornyo Unit 5 Assignment 1 RN1320 Why Should Drugs Be Legal? Should drugs be legalized? Drugs are resources that are capable of affecting the American economy in many ways--both positively and negatively. Drugs often have a bad name even though they help us every day in medical cases. And the drugs with the worst reputations are not the most abused drugs one may benefit from the legalization of drugs in many ways, while others would suffer greatly. Almost every person in the United States has their own opinion on drug legalization. There are many different pros and cons to the legalization of drugs. Drug legalization is also an ethical and a moral issue. Should drugs be legalized or not? While I think drugs should be legalized, many others disagree. The first major benefit that will come from the legalization of drugs will be the increase in jobs. Creation of new jobs will take place in the manufacturing industry, sales industry, and marketing industry, due to the increased demand for drugs. The manufacturing industry will experience a boost because some drugs will need to be mixed with other substances to become other drugs, such as crack cocaine. The sale industry will expand from the legalization of drugs because the drugs will not sale themselves. A new form of entrepreneurship will be available for many individuals to take part in. Marketing jobs will increase simply because every new drug product...
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...Problem Most employers require passing some kind of drug test to get hired on. They might require a drug test for an accident investigation, or a random drug test. Either way everyone knows they might get drug tested at their place of employment. What is the drug test process? How accurate is that drug test? What drugs will they be looking for? What kinds of drug tests are there? What is the better drug testing method to use? This is what The Better Business Bureau wants to know. Background The Better Business Bureau has requested information on accurate drug testing, and the types of drugs that are tested in the workplace. BBB wants information regarding if the drug tests are just as accurate with all drugs tested for. The Better Business Bureau uses the information provided to grade a business. They determine if the drug testing companies meet Better Business Bureau accreditation standards. The Better Business Bureau is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 1912. It exists to gather and review information on businesses based on the information, and consumer reports that the BBB has received, and give the business a grade. The Better Business Bureau grades businesses with letter grades from A+ (highest) to F (lowest). The BBB will usually explain the major reasons that raised or lowered a business’ grade. The consumers then utilize this information to decide if they want to do business with a certain business. Consumers are also the ones who generally...
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...“Should Marijuana be legalized?” PRO The legalization of marijuana has been a real hot button issue amongst Americans today. Data shows that over 55% of Americans believe marijuana should continue to be illegal and the remaining 45% believe that marijuana legal status should be altered. Many people believe that marijuana is harmful to the body and causes diseases, but research into the harmfulness of marijuana are inconclusive and contradictory. Most doctors would agree that it's not very harmful if used in moderation. It's only when you abuse the drug that problems start to occur. Most doctors believe that marijuana is no more addictive that alcohol or tobacco. If marijuana was legalized, Police would be freed up for more serious crimes. Many people throughout the US consider the War on Drugs to be a failure. Resources for DEA, FBI, and border security are being wasted. The cost of police officers, judges, public defenders, prosecutors, juries, court reporters, prison guards, and so on. Legalization of marijuana would free up those people to concentrate on more important things like terrorism, harder drugs, rape, murder, and so on. In addition, an already overloaded civil court docket would be improved; thus, the wait time for other legitimate court cases would be reduced. Also the United States could be savings up to two billion to ten billion of tax payer money on law enforcement like the FBI, police, courts and prisons. Marijuana could be taxed. A lot of money is raised...
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...waiting to happen. Each year drug uses is the cause of a large number of accidents at home, office and on the roads. Everybody pays the price of drug abuse more cops and prisons more hospitals and treatment centers and many lives lost. Australia has approximately one drug overdose death each year. Broadly speaking, the prevalence of illicit drugs has been falling since the late 1990’s though some drugs have increased over that period. The authoritative reports below will summaries the trends as follows. In 2010, approximately 15% of the national population 14 years and above had used one or more illicit drugs in the past 12 months, with Cannabis the most commonly used illicit drug (10.3%), followed by MDMA (ecstasy),(3.0%) and amphetamines and cocaine (each used by 21%). Non – medical pharmaceutical use (0.2% to 0.4%). Just by using drugs they become part of the drug world. They are already committing a crime. But the relationship between drug use and crime often means that drug uses go on to...
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...A class of drugs that is known to activate the sensorimotor system is known to us today as psychomotor stimulants. Psychomotor stimulants are comprised of cocaine, amphetamines, as well as other drugs with similar chemical compositions. What we know today about psychomotor stimulants is that they tend to bring about increased feelings of alertness, arousal, and behavioral elation. It is apparent that this class of drugs brings about both physiological and behavioral effects. In particular, cocaine has been the topic of much research because of its unique mechanism of action that brings about high-risk effects however research may be suggestive of some beneficial effects as well. Cocaine comes from the coca shrub that is found in South America. It is...
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...both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills (AAIDD, 2013). It affects 1-3% of the population, and there are many causes of intellectual disability, but doctors find a specific reason in only 25% of cases (May 2013). Some of the causes linked to intellectual disabilities are, infections that can be present at birth or occurring after birth. Chromosomal abnormalities such as Downs Syndrome, it could be environmental, and it can be due to trauma (May, 2013). Other factors related to intellectual disabilities are metabolic, such as hyperbilirubinemia, very high bilirubin levels in babies. Nutritional issues such as malnutrition, toxic (intrauterine expose to alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, and other drugs), unexplained reasons is the largest category for unexplained occurrences of intellectual disability (May, 2013). Now we will look at Autism. Autism is a group of disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. (February,2015). Exact cause of autism is not known, but research has pointed to several possible factors, including genetics (hereditary), metabolic or neurological factors, certain types of infection, and problems occurring at birth. Both genetics and environment likely play a role in ASD (December 2015). Then we have multiple disabilities. People with multiple disabilities require ongoing, extensive support in more than one major life activity in order to participate...
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...subject because of the medications that doctors prescribe; parents have difficult decisions to make. My son, T.J., has had ADHD since he was five years old, and has had many trials and tribulations with the medication that his doctor placed him on to help with the issues that come from ADHD. The medication has made him very violent with his little brother, and he has had emotional episodes to the point of hospitalization and has also excelled in school because of the choice that I made to place him on the medication. For parents, there are many things that need careful consideration when deciding whether medication is the right avenue to take for their child’s course of treatment. Things to consider are diagnosis and treatment, what the pros and cons of taking the medication be, and whether or not the medication is the right decision for their child because of all the controversy behind this disorder. When a parent first starts to question if their child has a diagnosis of ADHD there are a couple things that need addressing in order to find out for sure. In order to receive a diagnosis for ADHD; the child needs to be showing certain symptoms that go along with the disorder. Symptoms to look for in a child that could have ADHD are things like having trouble focusing, impulsivity, and feeling like a motor drives the child. There are other disorders that can attribute to ADHD; things like ODD; Oppositional Defiant Disorder, GAD; Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and any possible sensory...
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...pass a law that required farmers to grow the plant. It was not until the prejudice against the Mexican immigrants who had introduced the drug to America, was the drug suddenly seen as dangerous. Their association with the drug and the supposed terrible crimes that they committed were attributed to marijuana and the Mexicans who used it. Public and governmental concern about the newfound problem of marijuana use instigated a flurry of research which further linked the use of marijuana with violence, crime and other socially deviant behaviors. Coincidentally these crimes were primarily committed by "racially inferior" or underclass communities. Today, the public is still being exposed to new and more advanced studies that report on the pros and cons of marijuana use. According to an article published in American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse entitled ???? researchers are finding that marijuana is not the culprit for criminal behavior and contrary to popular belief it is not a gateway drug. On the surface, the gateway theory seems reasonable enough. After all, there are almost no heroin users...
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...ADHD and the Effect of Drugs and Diet There are so many people with Attention Deficit Hyper Disorder ranging from age 3 to adult. Many believe in medicating for this disorder, and then many believe in special diet and exercise to helps treat this disorder. Depending on how severe, I believe is how the disorder should be treated. Inchildren I think they should be automatically treated with diet and exercise. ADHD is more known as the abehavioral condition. Experts believe it's a chemical imbalance in the brain that transmits nerve impulses, this may be a factor in the development of ADHD symptoms. Some ADHD symptoms in a child are, they easily get distracted, have a hard time following directions or unable to finish a task, have a hard time paying attention like they are not listening, forgetful on what daily tasks are supposed to be done, and usually have a hard time sitting still. Symptoms in an adult are chronic lateness, anxiety, low self-esteem, employment problems, anger issues, addiction, poor organization skills, procrastination, mood swings, depression, and relationship problems. It is possible that ADHD is hereditary and passed on from other family members who have had this disorder. It seems that some parents and teachers see some symptoms of ADHD through behavioral problems and are quick to judge that a child must have this disorder. Some may even be quick to give medication. I believe there are some severe cases that indeed may need to be...
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...The Time What is the most horrible of institutions that ever entered human lives? Anyone, by the perceived notion of institutions might start listing education, family, marriage, state, religion etc. But, if we think once, all these institutions have something in common. They are all time - framed, time – bound, and submit us to conformity, which is again fitting itself into the framework of larger time that is life time. So, I would say, it is time that is the major institution that changed the face of our lives. Not only ours, but of course of the whole human society, be it in any part of the world. If you are someone like Plato, you would say, there is no such thing like time that is making life hard for us. Instead, it is the idea of time that is responsible for all the commotion. Well, I do agree with such people and say, “The Clock is the culprit”, and enquire how this dire consequence happened to us. Unfortunately, to track how this at all happened, we should still rely on time, gazing back at the past, so that our arguments would make some sense. By this, we could say that, time is eternal to our lives. It neither has a beginning nor ending. The entire creation moves on according to a time pattern. Time is one of those many necessary evils that happened to us. Tracing back to history, we don’t have any evidence to suggest when the word ‘time’ derived or established semantically, but the word ‘clock’ is derived from the Latin word ‘clocca’ which means ‘bell’ or French...
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...Congestive Heart Failure Armi Gonzales Western Governors University Congestive Heart Failure A. Investigated Disease Process Congestive Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood for the body to function. If the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases, blood and fluids may start to pool into the lungs and accumulate in the legs, ankles, and feet causing an edema, shortness of breath, and fatigue. (Heart Failure, 2015, para. 2) The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology defines heart failure as “a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricles to fill with or eject blood” (King, Kingery, & Casey, 2012, p. 1). Heart failure can be seen as a widespread disease, affecting around five million Americans. (Titler et al. n.d.) It is a chronic condition that is disabling and costly and common to our aging population. With the advancement in therapy and early diagnosis, survival increases from previously fatal acute cardiac events to patients feeling better and living longer. Millions of Americans living with heart failure are 65 years of age or older. (Roger et al, 2004) A1. Pathophysiology The Circulatory system focuses on the heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood through a complex network of blood vessels throughout the body. Blood that is pumped from the heart carries oxygen and nutrients that fuel...
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...Running head: DOPING IN CYCLING 25 June 2014 Utrecht School of Economics The Economics of Doping: policy advices to create a level-playing field in professional cycling. Authors: Danilo Fattorini (3790215) Orkhan Hajizada (3773663) Supervisors: Drs. Erwin van Sas (USE) Dr. Tineke Lambooy (RGL) Group Supervisor: Drs. Erwin van Sas Table of Contents Abstract3 Introduction4 1. Institutional Framework7 1.1. Embeddedness7 1.2. Institutional Environment9 1.2.1. Formal Institutions9 1.2.2. Informal institution – the doping market112 1.3. Governance14 1.4. Resource Allocation and Employment16 2. Decision-making process16 2.1. Prize money and Doping17 2.2. Health and Doping22 2.3. Size of Punishment and Probability of Detection 23 2.3.1. Doping game: introduction26 2.3.2. Theoretical example using real numbers 30 2.4. Number of participants and Doping 34 2.5. Conclusion 37 3. Policy advices38 3.1. Efficiency Comparison 38 3.2. Application of Criminal Law 41 Conclusion42 Bibliography44 Appendix A: Interview with Filippo Simeoni49 Appendix B: Interview with Axel Dekker55 Abstract Sports victories are often strived to at the cost of sportsmen’s integrity, reputation, health, security, or even life. The tendency to use performance-enhancing drugs is shaped by factors characterizing the institutional framework. In particular, the prize money, health costs, severity and frequency of punishment, and number of participants are...
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...Anthropology Lecture 1 introduction Common Misconceptions with Drugs . The effect of a drug is caused solely by its pharmacological properties and effects. . Some drugs are instantly addictive . The gateway/ stepping stone theory - the use of 1 drug leads to the use of other more dangerous drugs What are drugs ? Krivanek's definition : Drugs are substances that are introduced into the body knowingly but not as food. Therefore illicit drugs, legal recreational drugs and legal but regulated pharmaceutical drugs that aren't recreational at all. - Whether if a drug is considered bad and is prohibited depends on the culture of the society in a particular period. What is culture ? The definition of culture = Through Roger keesing and Andrew Strathern's definition it is a system of shared ideas, rules and meanings that underlie and are expressed in the ways that human live. - This includes : law, beliefs, political economy, media and popular culture - this perceives ideas about what is normal and abnormal to society. " Culture is always changing and contested, not unified" Enthography as a method for studying drug use It is a process of observing, recoding and describing other peoples way of life through intimate participation the community being studied". - Participation observation, involving yourself in the life of the community , taking up the life of the other person, observing their actions, asking questions and learning what questions...
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