...Review of Major DB Concepts • Data and Information – Data: raw facts – Information: processed data • • • • Database Metadata DBMS: Database management system Database system 1 An Example of Data • Sales per employee for each of Xcompany’s two divisions 2 Data and Its Structure • Data is actually stored as bits, but it is difficult to work with data at this level. • It is convenient to view data at different levels of abstraction. • Schema: Description of data at some level. Each level has its own schema. • Three schemas: physical, conceptual, and external. 3 Physical Data Schema • Describes details of how data is stored: tracks, cylinders, indices etc. • Early applications worked at this level - explicitly dealt with details. • Problem: Routines hard-coded to deal with physical representation. – Changes to data structure difficult to make. – Application code becomes complex since it must deal with details. – Rapid implementation of new features impossible. 4 Conceptual Data Level • Hides details. – In the relational model, the conceptual schema presents data as a set of tables. • DBMS maps from conceptual to physical schema automatically. • Physical schema can be changed without changing application: – DBMS must change mapping from conceptual to physical. • Referred to as physical data independence. 5 Conceptual Data Level (con’t) Application Conceptual view of data DBMS Physical view of data 6 External Data Level ...
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...Forensic Science Introduction Within this paper the author will explain what DNA is, describe how it used and discuss the ethical issues surrounding the idea of having a national database. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the hereditary material in all humans and almost all other living organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA however no two people have the same DNA make-up. Most DNA can be found in a cell nucleus. (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna) DNA was first discovered in 1892 but wasn’t used in criminal investigations until a murder inquiry of two young girls between 1983 and 1986 which Professor Alec Jeffreys used DNA profiling to convict suspect Colin Pitchfork in 1988. Only one-tenth of a single percent of DNA differs from one person to the next. Scientists or forensic profilers can use this to generate a DNA profile of an individual using samples from blood, bone (marrow), hair, semen and other body fluids and tissues. Main Body In 1984 a very popular figure of the party Greenpeace Hilda Murrell was murdered in Shrewsbury. She had been stabbed, sexually abused and kidnapped before being left to die in a Shropshire wood of hypothermia along with her other injuries. She was due to give evidence at a public inquiry about a proposed nuclear reactor. Also her nephew played a crucial part in the sinking of the Belgrano during the Falklands war. This prompted a rash of conspiracy theories pointing the finger at British...
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...Animal Testing I. Speech Overview: Slide 1 A. General Purpose: To inform B. Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech, my audience will be able to know the history about animal testing and the pros and cons about it. C. Thesis Statement: I’m going to talk about the history of animal testing, its pros, and its cons. II. Introduction: D. Attention Getting Device: An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. Animals are used to develop medical treatments, determine the toxicity of medications, check the safety of products destined for human use, and other biomedical, commercial, and health care uses. E. Tie to Audience: Many may not really be interested in this type of subject but animal testing is done on an everyday basis, to have our everyday essentials, like shampoo or cosmetics. F. Speaker Credibility: Having a dog at home made me curious on picking this subject for this speech. I personally didn’t really know a lot about animal testing until I started researching. There are many different opinions on why it should continue and why it should end. G. Thesis Statement: I’m going to talk about the history of animal testing, its pros, and its cons. (Transition: Every year there are tens of millions of animals used as testing material for many purposes.) III. Speech Body slide 2 A. Animal testing goes back thousands of years there’s evidence...
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...After reading the section on gun control my view on the subject slightly changed. I went from not knowing much about control, thus not really being concerned if it existed or not. But now that I know a few facts, I can I agree partially with both sides of the issue. I think that people should have the right to carry concealed guns but that there should also be a few more regulations. These rules and regulations should include instituting one-gun-purchase- per-month laws, and also requiring registration of all handguns. Another point in this section that grabbed my attention was President Clinton’s assault-weapons ban. I feel that this law should still be in place, because it allows people to carry guns but of a less lethal nature. This is my opinion creates a happy medium. I disagree with investing money in head start programs. Although they are beneficial in preparing children for elementary school and teaching children to interact with others. I do not believe investing money and engaging children in head start programs will prevent them from committing crimes and displaying deviant behavior later in life. Thus the money invested to supposedly lower crime rates could be invested in other programs such as job corps. I believe programs such as job corps are quite a bit more beneficial to at risk youth. This is because Job Corps is not only a program that youth are involved in when they are a bit older but it also provides job training. In my opinion individuals who are employed...
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...criminal justice system operates at fundamental levels. A wide range of technologies are employed in support of the justice system, including identification software, database management software, computers, automobiles, and weapons. The adoption and implementation of technology also directly shapes the policies and practices of the justice system. For example, the development of modern communications and transportation technologies in the early 1900s increased the response capability of police and changed citizen calls for service. Computers and cellular technologies have increased the capacity of data processing, information sharing, and communications within and across agencies. The increasing societal dependence on the Internet and computer-mediated communications have led law enforcement to develop tools to investigate offenses online. Thus, technology plays a pivotal role in the justice system, though a majority of researchers focus on the implementation and effect of technologies in law enforcement agencies. Over the last several decades’ technology has evolved in ways that most would never have imagined. Technology used to be something only seen in movies or The Jetson’s. Today, technology is used to operate in nearly everything we do throughout the day. The increased use of technology offers many pros and cons, when it comes to the criminal justice system, it can greatly impact and/or seriously hinder all in one scenario. New technology can drastically improve and expand...
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...Biometrics Technology Biometrics Technology Biometrics technology is an authentication method used for measuring a person’s unique physical or behavioral characteristics. When referring to biometrics in information technology, characteristics like fingerprints, DNA, eye retinas and irises, voice pattern, facial patterns, and hand measurements are all used for authentication purposes. Biometric science did not originate at one single place as people all over the world have been using it for identifying individuals from each other. The history of biometrics dates back to as early as the 14th century in the form of fingerprinting by China. This was reported by explorer Joao de Barros who wrote that the Chinese merchants were stamping children’s palm prints and footprints on paper with ink so young children could be identified from one another. This primitive form of biometrics is still being used today. Biometrics was used in the 1800 in for form of photographic memory. It wasn’t until the 1890’s that an anthropologist and police desk clerk in Paris, Alphonse Bertillon, created a field of study to find a way to identify convicted criminals. Bertillon developed the technique of taking multiple body measurements and was used throughout the world until it was discovered that some people have the same measurements making this technique unusable. After this failed the police went to fingerprinting which was created by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland Yard, who just reverted...
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...The non-fiction, rhetorical article, “Update:Cloning,” does not list its author but it is from the Facts on File:Issues and Controversies database; and, it explores the moral controversy of cloning. First the author examines the benefits of cloning by pointing out that it can possibly treat ill or injured patients; and he/she goes on to explain the questionable morals involved in the cloning method by describing the terminating of embryos. The author reaches out to the general concerned public with this article in order to give them knowledge on the subject. Cloning is a highly disputed topic that is still in the research process. In truth cloning is a very interesting subject and could possibly prove beneficial someday. However, I completely disagree with supporters on the morality of the issue. Cloning does peak my interest in such ways as the thought process of the cloned subject. When comparing the clone to the original, do they think similar and act similar? Or are they just connected but have differences and are more like identical twins? The science involved is very intriguing but does the human race really have a right to create and destroy beings as we see fit? Researchers feel that cloning could act almost as the cure that people are hoping for however, I feel that science is starting to over-step their bounds. It is immoral to create and then destroy an embryo just to save someone who is ill or injured. I think that what happened to the ill person happened for...
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...SOC: 101 Introduction to Sociology The Death Penalty: Is It a Crime Deterrent? The death penalty is morally permissible punishment for those who kill. Intentionally taking the life of an innocent victim is so malicious that in short supply extenuating circumstances, the murderer surrenders his or her own right to live and society is justified in sentencing him to die. Every year more people are convicted and sentenced to death row. Many are executed. Once a jury has convicted a criminal of an offense they go to the second part of the trial, the punishment phase. If the jury recommends the death penalty and the judge concurs then the criminal will face a form of execution, lethal injection is the most common form used today. There was a period from 1972 to 1976 that capital punishment was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court (Honeyman & Ogloff, 1996). Their reason for this decision was that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment under the eighth amendment. The decision was reversed when new methods of execution were introduced (Honeyman & Ogloff, 1996). The Gallup pole lists public opinion of the life without parole as compared to the death penalty 48% versus 47% (Stop killing, 2007). Capital punishment is a difficult issue and there are as many different opinions as there are people. There are many murders each year. Does the death penalty create a deterrent for these criminals...
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...undeniable that this is a growing methodology with surefire longevity. This method of biometric security is based on a retinal scan that involves the use of a low-intensity coherent light source projected onto the retina to illuminate the blood vessels, which are photographed and analyzed. Due to the intricacies, a retina scan cannot be replicated, as it is impossible to forge a human retina. Because of this fact, a retinal scan has an error rate of 1 in 10 million; compared to fingerprint identification error rates sometimes as high as 1 in 500 (Biometric Newsportal, n.d.). In all its greatness, as with any technology, it comes with both advantages and disadvantages throughout the various phases of implementation. With the pros vastly outweighing the cons, retinal biometrics has still created its own namespace and presence in the world of technology. With current retinal biometric applications and technologies being implemented in the financial, government, medical, and mobile sectors, it’s safe to bet that there is a great future laying ahead for this area of biometrics. Although there maybe anticipated competition, retinal scanning is currently leading the pack of biometrics methodologies and the trends prove that this will remain the case for many years to come. Retinal Biometric Security Biometrics The word “biometrics” comes from the Greek language and is derived from the words bio (life) and metric (to measure). Biometrics, the measurements of life characteristics...
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...(Feagin, 2013). In order to gather adequate and relevant information on this topic, Feagin explains how both Free and Ruesink conducted an empirical study based on 343 recognized wrongful conviction cases involving Back Americans for a period of 10 years (Feagin, 2013). By analyzing multiple databases, the authors are able to examine the known wrongful convictions that were reviewed due to DNA testing or new evidence. Additionally, this peer-reviewed article identifies the large population states with the most number of cases on wrongful convictions, and they include Texas, Illinois, Ohio, Florida, New York, and California (Feagin, 2013). In addition, the most common offences that these African American criminals are convicted include attempted or actual murder and sexual assault cases. Based on the research finding, it is evident that one of the main causes of wrongful convictions is witness error. Moreover, the murder victims in these wrongfully-convicted cases were mainly whites (Feagin, 2013). From this, it is evident that most of these wrongful convictions result from the American’s biased prejudices against Black Americans. Pros and cons of the Article Advantages One of the main pros of this article is that it is peer-reviewed. This is means that the research conducted is valid and mainly relies on expert knowledge of other researchers who focus on the same discipline. Moreover, researchers have approved and accepted the process undertaken to write per-reviewed journals...
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...stem cells is the cell potency. Cell potency comes from the term potential and basically means a cells’ potential to differentiate and take on different functions. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and thus can form all types of cells (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). Adult stem cells on the other hand are mostly multipotent, meaning the cells can only differentiate to different cell types from the same tissue of origin. For instance, blood stem cells can differentiate into many different type of blood cells but cannot differentiate to become muscle or neuron cells. To put it simply, adult stem cell are more specialized (focused on a particular tissue lineage) whereas, embryonic stem cells are more versatile. (Stem Cell Research- Pros and Cons, Date retrieved: 17th September 2011) Another difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells is the ease of culturing these cells. It is significantly easier to cultivate embryonic stem cells in comparison to adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are hard to isolate in mature tissue and have a hard time surviving past a few generations during the in-vitro culturing. Considering stem cell therapy requires a large amount cells, embryonic stem cells are a more feasible alternative as they can grow rather easily in the lab. (Stem Cell Information, Date retrieved: 20th September 2011) However, until now there hasn’t been any accepted medical treatment using embryonic stem cells. This is because embryonic stem cells pose...
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...Specifically it will detail the technologies behind both fingerprint and iris scanning, doing a comparison of each in turn, and then ultimately leading to a recommendation as to which would suit the company better. Biometric Overview Biometrics, or the singular biometric, is the measurement of living things and in most contexts details the measurement of human beings for security and authentication purposes. This stems from the Greek bios (life) and metron (measure). In a security environment, biometrics are utilised to ensure that the correct people have access to the products and services to which they are entitled. The field of biometrics covers a wide scope of technologies, including but not limited to facial, iris, fingerprint and DNA recognition. Within the field of biometrics, there are generally two sources of identification classifications: physiological and behavioural. Physiological characteristics are those that we are born with and do not usually change (iris and fingerprints), especially once we have reached adulthood. This excludes the nature of physical injury or various other medical or traumatic interventions. Behavioural characteristics are ingrained within us as we grow and develop (gait and signature) and usually only changed when we make a concerted effort to do so. The clear advantage to biometric identification is that everyone carries their ID with him or her wherever they go. Short of physical injury, you cannot lose your “token” and it cannot...
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...Title: STUDENT’S ATTENDANCE SYSTEM USING FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY by FARAHANUM BT MASRUNI (2004219959) FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECNOLOGY AND QUANTITATIVE SCIENCES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons) IN DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING Approved by the examining committee: ……………………………….. ( En. Syamsul Ariffin b Yahaya ) Project Supervisor ……………………………….. ( En. Farok b Azmat ) Project Examiner MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SHAH ALAM MAY 2006 CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that I responsible for the work submitted in this project that the original work is my own except as specified in the reference and acknowledgement and that the original work contain here in have not been taken or done by unspecified sources or persons. ……………………………………….. Farahanum bt Masruni 2004219959 ii COPYRIGHT © UiTM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, praise to Allah s.w.t, the most gracious and merciful for giving me the strength and wisdom in finishing this research. At last after a period of time, I have completed my final year project. For this golden opportunity, first and foremost, I would like to express my hearties gratitude to my supervisor, Encik Syamsul Ariffin b Yahaya, my examiner, Encik Farok b Azmat and my coordinator, Encik Adzhar b Abd Kadir for their understanding, and professional way s in assisting and giving their encouragement, guidance, comment and ideas that are useful towards in the development of my project paper. Very special thanks also...
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...Abolishing the Death Penalty George L Turner III PHI 103 Mr. Russ Tompkins August 31, 2009 Abolishing the Death Penalty The Death Penalty in America today is a highly debated issue and has been for many years. Could you imagine not having a life threatening consequence at all, such as the death penalty when it comes to criminals that commit very severe crimes? There are many people in the United States today with many different opinions on why the Death Penalty should or shouldn’t be abolished in our Country. I’m one who feels that we should not abolish the Death Penalty; however our Capital Punishment system can be much improved. One advantage to keeping the Death Penalty is that it’s suppose to act as a deterrent against those people who might think about committing a serious crime. I believe that it does help as a deterrent for some people, but not to the extent that it should. If we started sentencing more murderers and serious offenders to death, then I believe that more people will fear the consequences in which they may face. Now, if we start convicting the serious criminals to death, then that doesn’t mean continue to let them appeal their sentence and take years before they’re actually put to death. One other thing that I believe that keeps the Death Penalty from being as effective as it should be is T.V. I know it’s only T.V. but that’s what people see and a lot of people believe that is the way it is. Whether or not T.V. is how...
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...Amazon.com’s E-Business Model Contemporary Business – Bus 508 Dr Linda Harris July 21, 2011 Question 1 1. Discuss the pros and cons of Amazon’s growth and diversification of business and specialization, and make recommendations about what Amazon could have done differently. As the economy continues to grow and change so will consumers with how they shop and purchase their everyday needs. Having a successful business online takes time and effort to ensure that consumer needs are being met. This paper will discuss how Amazon has been able to stay so successful with new and upcoming competitors. In addition to discussing the success, the struggles will be evaluated as well as ways to improve the company. When visiting Amazon, one obtains several products at one time;-it is a one-stop shop similar to an online “Seven-Eleven Store. “ Amazon is the largest online book retailer composed of a multi million-customer base. Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon, had great confidence in the World Wide Web even before the dot.com boom. He used the internet as the core of Amazon's business model. Amazon customers are able to search inside the book before buying it, read customer ratings on products of interest, and purchase products at low prices. Amazon’s initial target market of online book consumers, proved to be very lucrative. In addition, the expansion into more diverse product offerings beyond books, such as music, DVD & video, toys, electronics, home improvement and auctions...
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