...sustainable banking. We all know that the peoples of the whole world are concerned about the environmental degradation, especially the rising of global temperature and thereby melting of glaciers and ice-berg in the polar region and consequently rising of sea level, which will directly affect the low lying countries of the world. The world conscious people are also concerned about the increase of Green House Gases and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and thereby depletion of Ozone layer. As such, every person and especially the professionals must have greater role to check the environmental degradation. Bankers are the important professional group who has interaction with the other groups of people and also with general masses. They can adopt different green activities within their in-house environment and also can initiate the protection of the air pollution, water pollution by their clients. Bankers...
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...Banking – Public Sector and Private Sector Banks – Nationalization of Commercial Banks – Objects – Progress. Central Bank – Evolution – Functions – Credit Control Measures Money market – Indian money market – Components – Characteristics of developed and under developed money market. Banker and Customer – General and Special relationships – Negotiable instruments – Features – Types of accounts – Types of customers – Pass Book – Cheque – Features – Crossing – Endorsements Paying banker – Duties – Holder in due course – Payment in the due course – Protection – Collecting banker – Duties – Protection Text and Reference Books: 1. Basu : Theory and Practice of Development Banking 2. Muranjan S.K. : Modern Banking in India 3. Reddy & Appanniah : Banking Theory and Practice 4. Natarajan & Gordon : Banking Theory and Practice Lesson – 1 EVOLUTION OF BANKING Evolution of Banking Institutions Origin of the word “Bank”. – Opinion is divided in regard to this. According to some authorities, the work “Bank” itself is derived from the words “bancus” or “banqee,” that is, a bench. The early bankers, the Jews in Lombardy, transacted their business on benches in the market place. When a banker failed his “banco” was broken up by the people, hence the word “bankrupt.” This etymology is however, ridiculed by Macleod on the ground Ages”. There are others, who are of the opinion that the word “bank” is originally derived from the German word “back” meaning a joint stock fund, which...
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...the notice board in the branches. However, it may be noted that the Reserve Bank of India and the Banking Ombudsman would continue to exercise the prerogative to examine any dispute which may arise between the bank and any of its customer, vis-à-vis published policies and procedures. While adopting this policy, the bank reiterates its commitments to individual customers outlined in Bankers’ Fair Practice Code of Indian Banks’ Association. The document recognizes the rights of small depositors & benefit of customers. This document is a broad framework. The detailed operational guidelines on different aspects will be issued from time to time. A.1 (i) (ii) GENERAL : The legal relationship between a banker and its customer, so far as bills are concerned is that of an agent and principal respectively. A Bill of Exchange is an instrument in writing, containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker (drawer), directing a certain person (drawee) to pay a certain sum of money only to a certain person (Payee) or to his order or bearer. Further, a cheque is a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than on demand. As per the above description, cheques and hundies will be treated as bills of exchange. A bill of exchange involves three parties, viz. the drawer, drawee and payee. Banks act as collecting...
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...the exceptions to this duty. With reference to the relevant banking legislation in Malaysia and case law, discuss and evaluate the scope of the duty of secrecy and its qualifications. Suggest also legal reforms to strengthen the bankers’ duty of secrecy owed to the customer. Introduction Loyalty and confidentiality are the basis of all agent-principal relationships, although the scope of duty may differ from one field to another. In Parry Jones v Law Society, Lord Diplock LJ emphasised the vitality of the duty of secrecy or confidentiality, Such a duty [of secrecy] exists not only between solicitor and client, but for example, between banker and customer, doctor and patient and accountant and client. Such a duty of confidence is subject to, and overridden by, the duty of any party to that contract to comply with the law of the land. If it is the duty of such a party to a contract… to disclose in defined circumstances confidential information, he must do so, amend any express contract to the contrary would be illegal and void. In banking, this duty of secrecy is particularly important as it maintains the faith and confidence of the client. More importantly, it serves as a protection for the customer’s dealings and affairs and not for the protection of the bank. The public interest of maintaining stability and confidence in the banking and financial system is very important to help develop a successful economy. People need assurance of the privacy and confidentiality of their...
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... I don’t think he planned to be anonymous for a few reasons. First he already reveled his identity to Poitras and Greenwald, which leads me to my second point Laura and Glenn could have exposed him at a moments notice. Then he was more concerned about people being blamed for a crime they did not commit as well. Quickly after, four days later after the guardian revealed his identity he went into hiding and his bio quickly surfaced. Reading his bio in Geneva was the first place he contemplated about reveling government secrets; he was also disillusioned by how the government functioned and the impact it had on the world. According to Snowden, referencing their tactics used by the CIA to obtain information from Swiss banker, CIA agents plied the banker with alcohol and encouraged him to drive home, leading to a drunk driving arrest. After an undercover CIA agent offered assistance, the grateful...
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...NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT,1881 Definition of a Negotiable Instrument. The law relating to negotiable instruments is contained in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. It is an Act to define and amend the law relating to promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques. The Act does not affect the custom or local usage relating to an instrument in oriental language i.e., a Hundi. The term "negotiable instrument" means a document transferable from one person to another. However the Act has not defined the term. It merely says that "A .negotiable instrument" means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payab1e either to order or to bearer. [Section 13(1)] A negotiable instrument may be defined as "an instrument, the. property in which is acquired by anyone who takes it bona fide, and for value, notwithstan~ing any defect of title in the person from whom he took it, from which it follo~s that an instrument cannot be negotiable unless it is such and in such a state that the true owner could transfer the contract or engagement contained therein by simple delivery of instrument" (Willis- The Law of Negotiable Securities, Page 6). According to this definition the following are the conditions of negotiability: (i) The instrument should be freely transferable. An instrument cannot be negotiable unless it is such and in such state that the true owner could transfer by simple delivery or endorsement and delivery. (ii) The person who takes it for value...
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...NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT,1881 Definition of a Negotiable Instrument. The law relating to negotiable instruments is contained in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. It is an Act to define and amend the law relating to promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques. The Act does not affect the custom or local usage relating to an instrument in oriental language i.e., a Hundi. The term "negotiable instrument" means a document transferable from one person to another. However the Act has not defined the term. It merely says that "A .negotiable instrument" means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payab1e either to order or to bearer. [Section 13(1)] A negotiable instrument may be defined as "an instrument, the. property in which is acquired by anyone who takes it bona fide, and for value, notwithstan~ing any defect of title in the person from whom he took it, from which it follo~s that an instrument cannot be negotiable unless it is such and in such a state that the true owner could transfer the contract or engagement contained therein by simple delivery of instrument" (Willis- The Law of Negotiable Securities, Page 6). According to this definition the following are the conditions of negotiability: (i) The instrument should be freely transferable. An instrument cannot be negotiable unless it is such and in such state that the true owner could transfer by simple delivery or endorsement and delivery. (ii) The person who takes it for value...
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...The discursive power enables businesses to exert influence both in the public and in private sectors. Businesses can tailor their discursive powers to achieve diverse objectives relating to policy formulation (Fusch, p26) There are enormous changes in the global intellectual property regime that give the businesses a leeway to actively engage in international economics negotiations. The liberalization of knowledge through relaxed protection of the intellectual property works to the advantage of the businesses (Morin p3). The economic and political changes taking place around the world occasioned changes in the political roles. There is an evident decline in the roles of states in the international policing. The business enterprises are increasing taking over from governments in participating in the international economic policing (Fusch, p5). 2. A classic instance of collaboration among businesses was the formation of Basel II. Several bankers from different countries came together to influence the policies formulated around that time. The bankers came from the states that formed G10 at the time (Young, 2012, p665) The rise of academic communities successfully managed to advocate for the scrapping of the monopoly initially exhibited practitioners possessing the IP expertise. Through instilling scepticism relating to the economic implications among the students, they achieved the intended objective. It gave the business community the advantage of influencing the policies and...
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...moderate degree of safety for timely repayment /fulfilling commitments. This level of rating indicates that the client enjoying loans/ facilities under-performing in some areas. However, these clients are considered to have the capability to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. Cash flows are irregular but the same is sufficient to service the laon/ fulfill commitments. Risk factors are more variable in periods of economic stress than those rated in the higher categories. Speculative/ Non investment Grade Bank Loan/ Facilities rated in this category are adjudged to lack key protection factors, which results in an inadequate safety. This level of rating indicates loans/ facilities enjoyed by a client are below investment grade. However, clients may discharge the obligation irregularly within reasonable time although they are in financial/ cash problem. These loans / facilities need strong monitoring from bankers side. There is possibility of overcoming the business situation with the support from group concerns/ owners. Overall quality may move up or down frequently within this category....
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...listing and trading of the issuer’s securities. SPECAL 1.0 Book Building - About Book Building Book Building is basically a capital issuance process used in Initial Public Offer (IPO) which aids price and demand discovery. It is a process used for marketing a public offer of equity shares of a company. It is a mechanism where, during the period for which the book for the IPO is open, bids are collected from investors at various prices, which are above or equal to the floor price. The process aims at tapping both wholesale and retail investors. The offer/issue price is then determined after the bid closing date based on certain evaluation criteria. 1.1 The Process: • • • • • • • • The Issuer who is planning an IPO nominates a lead merchant banker as a 'book runner'. The Issuer specifies the number of securities to be issued and the price band for orders. The Issuer also appoints syndicate members with whom orders can be placed by the investors. Investors place their order with a syndicate member who inputs the orders into the 'electronic book'. This process is called 'bidding' and is similar to open auction. A Book should remain open for a minimum of 5 days. Bids cannot be entered less than the floor price. Bids can be revised by the bidder before the issue closes. On the close of the book building period the 'book runner evaluates the bids on the basis of the evaluation criteria which may include o o o • • Price Aggression Investor quality Earliness of bids, etc. The book runner...
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...Topic 1 DISCUSS THE RIGHTS OF PARTIES THAT INVOLVE IN THE CONTRACT OF CROSSING CHEQUE. SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER WITH PROVISON OF LAW. Based on Section 73 Bills of Exchange of Act 1949, cheque can be defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker payable on demand. It is also an important negotiable instrument which can be transferred by mere hand delivery. By applying cheque, the process was actually much safer and more convenient for payment. To protect and safeguard the cheque from any harmful, check can be protected with crossing the cheque by the drawer (owner of the cheque), drawee (bank) and payee (the receiver). According to Section 78, crossed cheque is part of material cheque ; it is invalid for someone to evacuate the crossed unless the Act give permission to make any changes on cheque. By, crossing the cheque the person who wants to claim the money, cannot encashed money at the cash counter of a bank because it can be only be credited the money in payee’s account. The bank can easily detect to whose the money received by securing the payment to avoid the money goes wrong. Crossing cheque were divided in to four types of crossed cheque which are general crossing cheque, special crossing cheque, not negotiable cheque and “accounts payee only” crossed cheque. General Crossing Cheque General crossing can be defined from Section 76(1) as the cheque was crossed generally where it bears across its face and addition of – a) the words “ and company” or any abbreviation...
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...d) Ways and Means advance (d) 3) Maximum Bank Rate is: a) 6% b) 20% c) 25% d) None (d) 4) Obligation of a Banker to maintain secrecy is applicable to a) Only in case of existing deposit accounts b) Only in respect existing loan accounts c) Only in case of closed accounts d) All types of deposit/loan accounts (existing/closed) (d) 5) Bank A allows one of its clients to withdraw against clearing of a cheque. The banker is called as: a) Collecting and Paying banker b) Holder in due course c) Holder for value d) Reimbursement banker (c) 6) As per the provisions of NI Act,1881 a banker gets protection for payment of a cheque only if it is a : a) Holder in due course b) Payment in due course c) Holder for value d) All of the above (b) 7) At a Railway station, you withdraw cash from ATM of State Bank of India. SBI is a : a) Paying Banker b) Collecting Banker c) Advising Banker d) Issuing Banker (a) 8) Management of a Bank vests with a) Reserve Bank of India b) Asset Liability Committee (ALCO) c) Board of Directors d) None of the above (c) 9) Hari issues a stop payment instructions to his banker to Stop payment of a cheque for Rs,20,000.00. This is a) A request from Hari b) An intimation...
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...Introduction: In order to protect the interest of investors the Government has established Securities and Exchange Commission on 8th June 1993, the main function of which are to develop and regulate markets and ensure proper issuance of securities. This commission act as a Central Regulatory Agency that guides the entire capital markets. Thus a lot of policies and regulations were framed by the Government through the commission to protect and enhance the securities markets helping channelize savings of different investment opportunities. But now-a-days the dual authority of Bangladesh Bank and Securities and Exchange Commission could jeopardize the development and functions of Merchant Banking policy. There are mainly two players in our country who regulate, make rules, acts, in the security markets. These are the Government and Security and Exchange Commission of Bangladesh (SEC). Beside this the two markets Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) are also enable to make rules, regulations regarding their market affairs. Government Regulation: The government has enacted varieties of laws applicable to the securities markets. These laws were the result of certain abuses that took place during the last decade. The collapse of the stock market of Bangladesh in 1996 provides an impetus for the regulation of securities trading. Securities markets regulating authority of Bangladesh along with the investors recognize that the regulation...
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...Banking Awareness Study Material Shared by Rajesh Kumar and Bhavya Vadudevan www.Gr8AmbitionZ.com your A to Z competitive exam guide Page 1 Banking Awareness Study Material - powered by Gr8AmbitionZ.com Indian Banking Structure a) b) c) d) e) Central Bank (RBI) Specialised Banks Commercial Banks Development Banks Co-operative Banks Specialised Banks: NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. This bank is meant for financing the agriculture as well as rural sector. It actually promotes research in agriculture and rural development. EXIM Bank: Export Import Bank of India. This bank gives loans to exporters and importers and also provides valuable information about the international market. If you want to set up a business for exporting products abroad or importing products from foreign countries for sale in our country, EXIM bank can provide you the required support and assistance. SIDBI: Small Industries Development Bank of India. This bank provides loans to set up the smallscale business unit / industry. SIDBI also finances, promotes and develops small-scale industries whereas IDBI (Industrial Development Bank of India) gives loans to big industries. Gr Commercial Banks: Normal banks are known as commercial banks, their main function is to accept deposits from the customer and on the basis of that they grant loans. (Loans could be short-term, mediumterm and long-term loans.) Commercial banks are further classified into three types...
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...Swiss Private Banking Table of Contents: I. Introduction: 1) Economy of Switzerland; 2) Overview of Swiss Private Banking Sector; II. Strengths and Opportunities of Swiss Private Banking: 1) Privacy; 2) Protection and Safety; 3) Stability and High Quality Standards; III. Weaknesses and Problems that Swiss Private Banking is facing: 1) Dependency on socio- demographic factors; 2) Shifting of wealth concentration; 3) Speed of recovery of markets; 4) Threat to offshore banking; 5) Hard to ensure sustained profitability; IV. Offshore banking in the light of current financial crisis V. Differences in the way different sized banks were effected: 1) Megabanks; 2) Small – medium sized banks; VI. Strategies adopted by private banks after financial crisis: 1) Credit Suisse; 2) UBS; VII. Conclusion Switzerland is one of the most stable, modern and highly developed economies in the world nowadays. Percentage of Swiss Workforce by Sector of Economy is as following: - 1960: Services (39%); Manufacturing (47%) ; Agriculture (15%) ; - 2008: Service (73%); Manufacturing (23%); Agriculture (4%). Economic history of Switzerland is characterized by steady movement to higher productivity industries and services. Traditionally, the Swiss economy used to ran as calmly and soundly as a Swiss clock, well-oiled by the money inflows to Swiss private banks. The country of Switzerland has a small territory compared to surrounding countries and...
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