...Protein Article When you think about protein you think about muscle. However, beyond the visible assets of an athlete’s strength, protein is an essential nutrient that the body uses to build new cells, maintain tissues, and help the body perform basic functions. There are two kinds of proteins; complete proteins and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins are also known as high-quality proteins which are found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products. A high-quality protein source is referred to as “Complete” in that it provides all of the essential amino acids that make up a protein. These proteins are also absorbed by the body more efficiently than low-quality proteins. Incomplete proteins, also known as complementary proteins, are not a sufficient source of protein unless combined with other incomplete proteins to supply adequate amounts of essential amino acids. Amino acids are commonly referred to as the building blocks of protein. Essential amino acids are not produced by the body and therefore essential that they are obtained as part of one’s diet. Although amino acids are each composed of hydrogen, an amino group, an acid group, and a side group, each amino acid is unique in structure. The body needs approximately 20 different amino acids to make up the proteins the body needs. These amino acids link up to other nutrients to form different types of compounds through a process called protein synthesis. This process produces lipoproteins, which transport cholesterol...
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...Protein This paper will discuss how proteins contribute to a balanced diet and the discoveries I made when I consciously monitored my caloric intake and specifically the proteins contained within the total intake of calories. Protein is found in every cell in your body and is a necessary part of our diet. Two to three servings of protein each day will help you get the necessary amount of protein, which can help your body's cells and tissues function properly. Protein is an important part of nutrition and different animal and plant sources of protein provide different types of amino acids Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are used to replace old proteins in cells and tissues that have been broken down and need to be replaced. Proteins are biological polymers composed of amino acids. Amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds, form a polypeptide chain. One or more polypeptide chains twisted into a 3-D shape form a protein. Proteins have complex shapes that include various folds, loops, and curves. Folding in proteins happens spontaneously Proteins are made up of amino acids, and they are the “building blocks” of life. Our skin, muscles, tendons, cartilage, even hair and nails, are all because of protein. Protein helps form enzymes, hormones, antibodies and new tissues. It transports important nutrients in and out of those cells. There are nine amino acids known as “essential” amino acids, and therefore must be derived from what we eat. Arginine classified as...
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...Protein and the Body Robert Jacob SCI/241 NUTRITION March- seventh-2014 Dr. Nearor Protein and the Body Protein has six primary bodily functions. Protein is used to repair and maintain body tissue as well as your skin, hair, and eyes. It is also used as a major energy source for the body and is involved in the creation of some hormones. Protein increases the rate of chemical reactions in the body in the form of enzymes, and it aids in transportation of certain molecules like hemoglobin; which is a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body. Protein is also responsible for forming antibodies that help stop infection, illness and disease. The "Centers For Disease Control And Prevention" (n.d.) website lists the the two types of proteins as complete proteins; being the one that provides all of the essential amino acids, and incomplete proteins; sources that are low in one or more of the essential amino acids needed to form a complete protein. Complete proteins or high quality proteins are found in meat, poultry, fish, milk and eggs. Incomplete proteins can be found in rice and dry beans. But when consumed together, the rice and beans contain enough amino acids that the body needs. Amino acid content and the sequence of amino acids of a specific protein is determined by the sequence of the bases in the gene that encodes the specific protein. Within the amino acid sequences of proteins we can find the necessary information that will determine how the protein...
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...or a powdered substance in a big plastic container when I saw the word protein. I now know proteins come in many different forms, and not only from the above mentioned sources. According to “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (2012), “The protein in the foods we eat is digested into amino acids that are later used to replace these proteins in our bodies” (Nutrition for Everyone). Proteins in our diet can be found as either complete or incomplete proteins. A complete protein contains all of the essential amino acids. These are sometimes called high quality proteins. Animal-based proteins such as meat, fish and milk are considered complete proteins. An incomplete protein is one that lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. Two or more incomplete proteins consumed together form a complementary protein when they are low in different acids. Together two incomplete proteins can offer all of the essential amino acids the body needs. According to Grosvenor (2006), amino acids are “conditionally essential” meaning they are only needed in certain situations to make proteins the body cannot produce on its own. The nitrogen in amino acids distinguishes protein from fat or carbohydrates. Amino acids provide the nitrogen needed to make a protein. Our DNA provides the roadmap for breaking down proteins and creating other proteins (Nutrition; Everyday Choices). A person’s recommended intake of protein is 10-35% of your daily calorie intake. This percentage varies based on...
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...Protein Article Research University of Phoenix I use to think of meats or a powdered substance in a big plastic container when I saw the word protein. I now know proteins come in many different forms, and not only from the above mentioned sources. According to “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (2012), “The protein in the foods we eat is digested into amino acids that are later used to replace these proteins in our bodies” (Nutrition for Everyone). Proteins in our diet can be found as either complete or incomplete proteins. A complete protein contains all of the essential amino acids. These are sometimes called high quality proteins. Animal-based proteins such as meat, fish and milk are considered complete proteins. An incomplete protein is one that lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. Two or more incomplete proteins consumed together form a complementary protein when they are low in different acids. Together two incomplete proteins can offer all of the essential amino acids the body needs. According to Grosvenor (2006), amino acids are “conditionally essential” meaning they are only needed in certain situations to make proteins the body cannot produce on its own. The nitrogen in amino acids distinguishes protein from fat or carbohydrates. Amino acids provide the nitrogen needed to make a protein. Our DNA provides the roadmap for breaking down proteins and creating other proteins (Nutrition; Everyday Choices). A person’s recommended intake of...
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...Protein therapeutics was once a seldom-used class of treatment. They have increased dramatically since the first protein therapeutic was introduced, insulin. Protein therapeutics are used across every field of medicine. Even with this much dominance, this class of medical treatment still has to be improved. Protein therapies have many advantages when compared to small molecule drugs. Proteins serve a highly specific and complex set of functions that cannot be reproduced by simple chemical compounds. Protein therapeutics can be broken down into groups based on what they can be used for. Group 1 are therapeutics with enzymatic or regulatory activity, Group II includes proteins therapies with special targeting activity, Group III includes protein vaccines, and Group IV includes protein diagnostics. Protein therapeutics are an integral part of medicine. Currently they have been displaying a decreased stability in storage, decreased efficacy and increased immunogenic side effects in patients. Through an enhanced understanding of proteins we can formulate a therapy that will supersede what is currently in use. A research study was done to evaluate the efficacy of a certain variety of protein therapeutics and the obstacles faced when choosing a delivery route. This study pertained specifically to proteins and their ability to treat central nervous system disorders. This article discussed different methods of delivery and each methods set backs. Parenteral delivery routes were...
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...Protein Research Tracey Morgan SCI 241 April 24, 2014 Dr. Patricia Hubel Protein Research Proteins are all so important in the functions of the body. Throughout the world, some countries have an abundance of protein resources to keep their population healthy. Other countries lack the ability to maintain proper resources of protein to keep them healthy, and safe from diseases. Proteins provide the amino acids needed for many body functions like communications. Proteins are also out first line defense to our structure. Skin, bones, and muscles are just a few that are supplemented by protein (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2012). Proteins design the neurotransmitter that is how our bodies transport communication around it, and to the brain. Many resources are available to Americans for protein sources. Making the right choices in selections to acquire the daily recommended intake takes knowledge on the quality of proteins. As we take a look at protein we must consider the two types available to us. There are complete and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins provide us a significant source for various amino acids. Complete proteins are resourced from animals and their product sources. Incomplete proteins are comprised of plant sources. Plant proteins are not as abundant in amino acids and in order to receive a full benefit they should be accompanied by a grain source. Plant proteins are harder to digest and without proper digestion the amino acids cannot be extracted from them...
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...the body can be grasped. In particular, I have decided to research Protein macromolecules. Proteins are unique in the way of their structures and found contributing to virtually all cells of the body. The following essay explains the distinctive structures of Protein, variant forms and proteins role toward almost all biological processes. Body: Structure of Protein The structure of a Protein Macromolecule consists of more than one hundred amino acids covalently bonded. A covalent bond is the result of shared electrons amongst atoms and in protein macromolecules; these bonds connect Amino acids to another ultimately creating a Polypeptide chain. A polypeptide chain includes three or more Amino acids linked together by this chemical bond. Amino acids ultimately determine the shape and three dimensional configurations of Protein, are organic compounds and have a two carbon bond comprising of one carboxyl group and one amino group. A carboxyl group (COOH) consists of a carbon atom, two oxygen atoms, Hydrogen atom and joins to an Amine group (NH2) Each amino acid possesses a variable R group differentiating each Amino acid. This R group, (or side chain) gives each protein specific characteristics, including size, polarity and pH according to Boundless Biology (Amino Acids), 01 Dec. 2014. Amino acids contain basic structures of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Once polypeptides have formed, protein molecules are then exposed to four...
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...Proteins Proteins are a macronutrient that provides the body with energy, they are the building blocks of the tissues in the body. One of the most important functions of proteins is to build up, repair, and replace the tissues in the body. The muscles, organs, and some hormones are made up of mostly proteins. Proteins are made up of amino acids, and there are 20 different types of amino acids some in which our bodies doesn’t make. The amino acids that the body doesn’t make are called essential amino acids. The human body produces non essential amino acids so they aren’t required in our diet. There are two types of proteins complete and incomplete proteins. Complete proteins have all the essential amino acids and the incomplete proteins are missing at least one or more of the essential amino acids. There are many risks associated for over consuming proteins, for an example, a greater risk of developing osteoporosis, kidney problems, and some cancers. Although more common in undeveloped countries, there are many risks from protein deficiencies. Like, fatigue, swelling in both the hands and feet, wasting and shrinkage of the body’s muscles and tissues, and weakening of the immune system. It is recommended that 10-30 percent of your daily calories intake should be proteins. Females ages between 14 to 18 should consume 46 grams of proteins a day, males ages between 14 to 18 should have 52 grams of proteins a day, women ages 19 to 70 plus should also get at least 46...
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...What is a protein? Proteins are the workhorses in every cell of every living thing. Your body is made up of trillions of cells, of all different kinds: muscle cells, brain cells, blood cells, and more. Inside those cells, proteins are allowing your body to do what it does: break down food to power your muscles, send signals through your brain that control the body, and transport nutrients through your blood. Proteins come in thousands of different varieties, but they all have a lot in common. For instance, they're made of the same stuff: every protein consists of a long chain of joined-together amino acids. What are amino acids? Amino acids are small molecules made up of atoms of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrogen. To make a protein, the amino acids are joined in an unbranched chain, like a line of people holding hands. Just as the line of people has their legs and feet "hanging" off the chain, each amino acid has a small group of atoms (called a sidechain) sticking off the main chain (backbone) that connects them all together. There are 20 different kinds of amino acids, which differ from one another based on what atoms are in their sidechains. These 20 amino acids fall into different groups based on their chemical properties: acidic or alkaline, hydrophilic (water-loving) or hydrophobic (greasy). Unfolded (and unstable) Streptococcal Protein Puzzle (+) Enlarge This Image What shape will a protein fold into? Even though proteins are just a long chain of amino...
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...Protein Function - Proteins are responsible for nearly every task of cellular life including; • Cell shape • Inner organization • Product manufacture • Waste cleanup • Routine maintenance How Diverse Are Proteins? Here are two examples of proteins Ex. Structural Proteins Enzymes - Maintain cell shape (ex. Skeleton) - Catalyze the biochemical reactions that occur in cells. - Compose structural elements in connective tissues like cartilage and bone in vertebrates. - Proteins are sometimes altered after translation and folding are complete. - This is called Transferees Enzymes How Do Proteins Provide Structural Support for cells? - The cytoplasm is highly structured because of proteins. This occurs particularly in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic Cells and Proteins Microtubules Actin filaments Intermediate filaments • Play a major role in organizing the cytoplasm and in the distribution of organelles. • Are involved in various forms of cell movement, including cell locomotion, contraction of muscle cells, and cell division. • Are strong fibers that serve as architectural support inside cells. How Do Proteins Aid the Biochemical Reactions of a Cell? - Cells rely on thousands of different enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions. - Enzymes work by binding one or more substances, bringing them together so that a reaction can take place, and releasing them once the reaction is complete. What Do Proteins Do in the Plasma...
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...Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: A look at the molecular level COMPETENCY 208.5.2: AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDE BONDS, PROTEIN STRUCTURE BY: MELANIE MANGER Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Commonly know as Mad Cow Disease Although the United States has strict standards when it comes to food, BSE is absolutely an international issue A cow will ingest a food (usually a protein) that is contaminated, we as humans then in turn become infected when we eat food products made up from that particular cow Prions are an infectious agent that cause a protein in the body to fold abnormally form. Those proteins then replicate within the body and lead to brain degeneration and ultimately will cause the death of the infected individual BSE: The Molecular Level DNA makes RNA RNA makes amino acids chains of amino acids make proteins Amino acids have an amine group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other, with a Hydrogen and an R group (1 of 20 amino acids) attached to the Carbon. The amine (or amino) end of the peptide chain is known as the N-terminal, and the end with the carboxyl group is the C-terminal. Amino Acids (March 31, 2013). Retrieved July 16, 2014 from http://biochemanics.wordpress.com/2013/03/31/amino-acids/ BSE: The Molecular Level Peptide bonds are what link 2 amino acids together at the carboxyl group of one and the amine group of another Peptide bonds are created through dehydration synthesis and broken down through a process known as hydrolysis...
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...Protein Article Research Brittnie Parkinson SCI 241 June 22, 2014 Stephen Murray Protein Article Research Protein is considered to be an organic compound that is made up of large molecules composed of long chains of amino acids. Protein is an essential part of all living organism especially as structural components of body tissues like muscle, hair, collage, along with enzymes and antibodies. Since Proteins are made up for amino acids, there are 20 that can be combined together to make all different types of proteins. Since our own bodies cannot make some amino acids, they are considered to be essential amino acids. Within the essential amino acids there are complete protein source and incomplete protein source. A complete protein source provides all of the essential amino acids. A complete protein source is also known as a high quality protein. They are animal-based foods such has meat, poultry, fish, milk, eggs and cheese (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oct.). An incomplete protein source, also known as complementary proteins are made up of two or more protein sources that when combined provides enough amounts of all the essential amino acids. Proteins are made up of chains of smaller building blocks called amino acids, which are chemically linked to each other. When our bodies digest the proteins in food, it is broken down into amino acids, which in turn are absorbed by the blood capillaries and transported to the liver. Amino acids are then synthesized...
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...macromolecules that contribute to the formation of many crucial proteins that maintain a balance of function in many living organisms. They primarily function by translating mRNA’s into their corresponding amino acid sequences. A protein’s correct output of amino acid order and consequently its structure are dependent strongly upon the correct formation of the ribosomal subunits in the particular organism’s ribosome. Degradation or incorrect structural formation of the ribosome can all contribute to an aggregation of protein or improper protein folding that can contribute to a multitude of diseases. This invariably varies among eukaryotic ribosomes, prokaryotic ribosomes, and archaea ribosomes. The entities responsible for the correct formation of the different ribosomal subunits rely heavily on various protein factors and other RNA’s, such as small nucleolar RNA’s (snoRNA’s) as well as non-ribosomal proteins that contribute not only to the proper formation of the ribosome, but its...
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...By Introduction: Objectives: 1. Maintain primary lung epithelial cells. 2. Perform dose dependant studies on primary lung epithelial cells by treating with 0-20nM uPA for 28 hr and 48hr. cell apoptosis and cell proliferation assay will be done for all concentration of uPA 3. Determine uPA, uPAR, PAI-1 and p53 expression in Beas2B cells after the treatment with uPA using western blot. Cells will be treated with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20nM concentration of uPA and bleomycin (40ug/ml) and the condition media, lysates and membrane proteins will be analyzed. B-actin will be used as loading control for analysis of gels. PROPOSED METHODS OF STUDY Cell culture and Maintenance The human bronchial epithelial (Beas2B) or primary small airway (SAE) cells will be cultured and maintained in LHC-9 medium supplemented with PSN antibiotics at 370C. The cells will be fed for every 48hrs until it grows as monolayers and reach 80% confluency. Then cells will be subcultured in 100 mm plates and 6 well plates by detaching them using trypsin-EDTA(Trypsin 0.5 g/L; EDTA 0.2g/L), collecting them in 4ml of LHC-9 medium, centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1000 rpm at room temperature and re-suspending the pellet in 4ml of LHC-9 medium. Cells will be cryopreserved for future use using cryoprotectant medium consisting of fresh LHC-9 medium and...
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