...Learning and Cognition Michelle Snare-Otto PSY/390 April 30, 2012 Robert Hicks Learning and Cognition Learning is considered taking in something that we did not already know. Behavior changes are related to learning. When we learn our behavior tends to change so that we may take in the materials that we are learning. Not all learning is done through conditioning. Learning can be observational, listening to instructions, or imitating a behavior. Cognitive learning is considered an influential method that provides us with the information that we need to have to learn new data. This essay will take a look at all the aspects related to cognition and learning and how behavior is affected. Definition of Learning According to Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009, learning is a significant topic within this present day by psychologists. Learning is an exceptionally difficult idea to define. Learning can be defined as gaining the knowledge, mastery, or the comprehension of experience or information. Some psychologist do not particularly care for this definition and see learning as referring to changes in observable behaviors (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). A popular definition of learning was suggested by Gregory A. Kimble as learning being a permanent change in behavior that would occur as a result of reinforced practice (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Learning allows for individuals to do something that they could not do before learning took place. Role Behavior Plays Learning ...
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...Classical Conditioning PSY/390 Classical Conditioning Of the several types of learning the first to be studied and discovered within the behaviorist tradition was classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was the major theorist in developing classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. The techniques of classical conditioning have been found useful in the treatment of phobias or anxiety problems. Some teachers have found that applying classical conditioning in the class setting helps to creating a positive classroom environment this in turn helps students overcome anxiety or fear (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Theory “Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dogs and became intrigued with his observation that dogs deprived of food began to salivate when one of his assistants walked into the room. He began to investigate this phenomenon and established the laws of classical conditioning. Skinner renamed this type of learning respondent conditioning since in this type of learning, one is responding to an environmental antecedent” (Huitt & Hummel, 1997, p. 1). “The ingredients necessary to bring about Pavlovian or classical conditioning include (1) an unconditioned stimulus (US), which elicits a natural and automatic...
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...Defining Abnormality Paper This paper will be about the challenges in defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior. There are several challenges that arisen when defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior. The challenges that will be elaborated will be situational context, culture, and mind and body. Efforts to understand, clarify and control challenging behaviors can be found back to more than a few years. Influences can range from age and gender to culture and situational contexts. When bearing in mind the age of an individual, experts have their work cut out for them, anyone from any age group can experience from abnormal behaviors, this makes it challenging to make a diagnosis Certain cultures have what some would think of being odd or “abnormal” customs. Even with each of these concerns taken into account, mind, body, culture, and situational context, trying to determine if a person is displaying normal or abnormal behaviors can still be challenging. Many human behaviors can follow what is known as the normal curve. Looking at this bell-shaped curve, the majority of individuals are clustered around the highest point of the curve, which is known as the average. People who fall very far at either end of the normal curve might be considered "abnormal” (Sherry, K., N.d.). Situational Context Situational context is a social situation, behavioral setting, or general circumstances in which an action takes place. If the situational context is not considered...
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...Evaluation Anna Parks PSY/390 8-18-14 Rita Pavone Evaluation In psychology, habituation refers to learned behavior in ignoring neutral stimuli. Habituation theory holds that when an animal is repeatedly exposed to stimuli that neither hurts nor helps, it stops responding. This lack of response to something that isn't posing a problem means that the animal isn't wasting energy; it's still alert in case danger does occur. Although it's easy to confuse habituation learning with sensory adaptation, the two aren't the same. Behavior is the key in habituation, as the animal may respond to the stimuli in other ways, but one part of the response is stopped. Habituation means that when something doesn't pose a threat to our safety, we get used to it. We learn to just put up with harmless stimuli rather than waste our energy reacting to it. For instance, if a person moves into a home near a railroad track and the vibration can be felt through the floor every time a train goes by, at first he or she may feel like something bad will happen, such as the vibration will cause people in the home to fall or an object to fall and break. Sensation is the process by which our senses gather information and send it to the brain. A large amount of information is being sensed at any one time such as room temperature, brightness of the lights, someone talking, a distant train, or the smell of perfume. With all this information coming into our senses, the majority of our world never gets recognized...
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...Learning and Cognition Mellissa Trevino PSY/390 February 12, 2013 Laura Mueller, Psy.D. Learning and Cognition People acquire knowledge, skills and behaviors through learning and process information acquired via the methodology of cognition; mental functions and processes. Cognition helps process information acquired using different parts of the brain (Snowling & Humle, 2009). This makes it easy for the learner to understand what he has learned and demonstrate it by displaying various behaviors. For example, students learn how to perform scientific experiments through observation (Snowling & Humle, 2009). Cognitive views of learning tend to see the learner as socially interactive, and influenced by mediating influences such as perceptions, expectations, motives, and feelings. The learner is intrinsically motivated to make sense of their environment and views the world qualitatively and quantitatively differently at each stage of cognitive development. For example, a teenager may learn how to balance a checkbook by watching her parents but will not practice that behavior until she gets her own checking account. Learning is a term associated with behaviorism whereas cognition emphasis on the nature of the mental representation and the mental encoding and retrieval processes involved. Humans have the capacity to learn whereas learning is the process for cognition. Most human behavior is learned; therefore, understanding the main reasons as to how we learn may give...
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...Classical Conditioning PSY/390 November 2, 2011 Elizabeth Alexander-Bernard Classical Conditioning * Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Russia. He was studying to become a priest, but then change his mind and study physiology for most of his life. His model was a behaviorist and the things involved with this model are response and stimuli. Ivan Pavlov is considered the father and founder of classical conditioning. He won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for physiology of the digestion. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through studying the digestive tracts of a dog on accident. During the conditioning the dogs would salivate at the click of a metronome. This established the basis for condition reflexes and classical conditioning. This paper will describe the theory of classical conditioning. Pavlov study focus on observing the organism not by the mental thought process. I will explain a scenario in which you would apply classical conditioning theory. Describe my selected scenario and prepare a chart in which you illustrate how I would apply classical conditioning theory to the scenario. * The theory of classical conditioning as you can see in the picture below. Before conditioning if the dog is given food the response is that the dog starts to salivate this is considered an unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response this just happen naturally. With a neutral stimulus if the dog hears a bell the response is he does not salivate this...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper PSY 390 September 19, 2011 Chelsea Hansen Classical Conditioning Paper The primary premise of psychology is the study of one’s behavior through mental research as well as physical experiments. Classical Conditioning is the study of one’s behavior through research and experiments and trying to identify the conditions one put themselves in or are put in to study their behavior. “Classical Conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training.” (http://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/classcond.htm) A Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov is believed to be the igniter to classical conditioning though his intense research and experiments with dogs and his saliva theoretical presentations and experiments. Pavlov also believed that “classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.” (http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm) Theory of Classical Conditioning and Scenario The theory of classical conditioning that was most famous by Ivan Pavlov was the digestive system where he then accidently had his attention drawn to “psychic reflexes.” (http://www.learning-theories.com/classical-conditioning-pavlov.html) The scenario that will be used in this paper will be how prisoners are classically conditioned with “chow time” (time to eat) in the prison system. In the prison systems inmates and their natural reflex of...
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...Cognitive Theorist Paper Sherry McLaren PSY\390 May 20, 2015 Thomas Zahler Cognitive Theorist Paper The study of cognitive theory is the process and interpretation of any given information. There are two sections of cognitive theory. One is behavioral cognitive and the other is social cognitive. Behavioral cognitive can be affected by the environment and is more or less predictable. Similar to behavior cognitive, social cognitive has another key component which is genetics along with the environment and behavior. Jean Piaget was a child psychologist. Jean Piaget’s contribution to learning and cognition were the four stages of cognitive development. Which are still used today. These four stages help to understand how a child’s cognitive process is different from an adult cognitive process. The four stages include, “Sensorimotor (birth to two years of age), Preoperational (from age two to age seven), Concrete (Seven to Eleven years of age) and Formal Operation or Abstract Thinking (from eleven years of age and so on)” (http://www.sciography.com/jean-piaget.htm). In the sensorimotor stage a child’s focus is to master solid objects. Preoperational stage, is where a child masters figuration. Concrete stage is where a child begins to understand reason and formal operation stage, a child should be able to master thought. Not all children are able to conquer this. Jean Piaget studied children more so his own three children rather than others but also studied his kids’ friends...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Jan George PSY/390 University of Phoenix Learning and Cognition Paper Learning is a basic function for all the living. Humans were born with certain behaviors such as innate (general influence at birth) as a result specific unlearned and some particular types conduct; while some obtain from learning. Learning, in the area of psychology is the most suitable in a human beings conduct likely the reaction from skills and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs For that purpose, of getting a complete comprehension of the process of learning, in the view of the psychology field, it is really powerful for a person to first comprehend the specific role that takes part in by the behavior, of a person and also when understanding, the unusual parts of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). Definition of learning and the role behavior play in learning Learning is influential form of conduct and alters information that come to light and many procedure are developed, but can be used for motor expertness, to cognitive skills, such as education, and to viewpoints and benefits, such as preconception. As result verification is mentally disturbed indication and structures of cognitive disorders are also acquire conduct Behavior plays a major role in consideration to learning and people comprehend more concerning it, but to be able to understand...
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...Piaget Chart Psy 390 July 25, 2011 Jennifer Doran Piaget Chart Stage | Age | Description | Sensorimotor Stage | Birth to Two Years | This is the first stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. In this stage an infant’s understanding about the world happens trough their five senses. The sensory term in the Sensorimotor Stage indicates how important senses are to this stage. Through sight, smell, and touch, etc., the baby is able to learn and discover the world. The term motor in the Sensorimotor Stage points out that the infant learns mostly through muscle movements. In this stage the infant lacks ability to grasp object performance. This can be observed when one hides a toy with which they play. He or she immediately loses interest. Therefore, what is out of sight is also out of a baby’s mind. In addition, the baby has no capacity for any symbolic representations (Martinez, 2010). The task a baby can perform in this stage is crawling to an object and trying to manipulate it. Most likely, objects that are very bright and shiny are of most interest. | Preoperational Stage | Two to Seven Years | This is the second stage, where children begin to format concepts. An increased independence is indicative in this stage. Object performance is mastered in this stage, which helps him or her to know that even if a toy disappears, it still does exist. However, the most important development...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper Jennifer Barzona PSY/390 April 23, 2012 Ricky Fenwick Classical Conditioning Paper When a response is formulated from one stimulus to another unlearned stimulus this process of learning is known as classical conditioning. The most noted theorist of classical condition is Ivan Pavlov for his work with dogs. By using classical conditioning an animal such a puppy can be taught to not chew on the couch when sprayed in the face with a water bottle. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who discovered this type of learning while researching digestion, accidentally discovered classical conditioning. In classical conditioning learning is accomplished through experience by using a traditionally neutral stimulus to create a physical response. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) While researching dogs Pavlov observed when food was present the dogs salivate in response. During his research Pavlov introduced a bell when food was presented and finally removed the food when the bell rang. Pavlov noted the dogs salivated when food was not present and the bell rang. Pavlov stated classical conditioning has four components: conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned reflex, and unconditioned reflex. A conditioned stimulus is learned through prior conditioning. An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus causing a reaction without prior conditioning or learning. An unconditional response is an unlearned response...
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...Cognitive Theorist PSY/390 Elizabeth Schnobrich September 15, 2014 The cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought process. In humans, it is assumed that thoughts are the primary determinants of emotions and behavior. The cognitive theory mainly rejects behaviorism because it reduces complex human behavior to simple cause and effect. However, there has been a trend going around the past decade or so that leans towards merging the two into what is known as cognitive behavioral theory. This allows therapists to use more techniques to help achieve goals. One cognitive theorist who is well known throughout psychology is Edward C Tolman. Edward C Tolman was a very influential theorist who introduced many new concepts and vocabulary into the field of psychology. Before psychology, Edward C Tolman studied engineering. He spent a majority of his career at Berkeley and eventually earned his Ph.D. at Harvard. He enjoyed working with his research students and confesses that he received many of his ideas from the students themselves. Behaviorist said that psychology should study observable behavior and that nothing happens between stimulus and response. Basically, there are no cognitive processes that take place. Edward Tolman challenged these behaviorist by proposing that people and animals are active information processes and not passive learners as suggested. “Tolman believed individuals do more than merely...
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