September 11, 2015
Question no. 1 1. Visual/Spatial - Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental images, and the orientation of the body in space. 2. Verbal/Linguistic - Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one's own or foreign languages. 3. Logical/Mathematical - Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems through logic. 4. Bodily/Kinesthetic - Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities. 5. Musical - Involves understanding and expressing oneself through music and rhythmic movements or dance, or composing, playing, or conducting music. 6. Interpersonal - Involves understanding how to communicate with and understand other people and how to work collaboratively. 7. Intrapersonal - Involves understanding one's inner world of emotions and thoughts, and growing in the ability to control them and work with them consciously. 8. Naturalist - Involves understanding the natural world of plants and animals, noticing their characteristics, and categorizing them; it generally involves keen observation and the ability to classify other things as well. http://www.cse.emory.edu/sciencenet/mismeasure/genius/research02.html Question no.2
Self-Assessment: This can be defined as having the ability to recognize one's own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values and drivers and understanding their impact on others.
Without reflection we cannot truly understand who we are, why we make certain decisions, what we are good at, and where we fall short. In order to reach your maximum potential, you must be confident in who you are, understanding the good with the bad. Those that have a strong understanding of who they are and what they want to work on, can improve themselves on a regular basis.
Self-regulation: Also known as discipline. This involves controlling or redirecting our disruptive emotions and adapting to change circumstances in order to keep the team moving in a positive direction.
Leaders can't afford to lose their cool. Being calm is contagious, as is panic. When you take on a leadership role you can no longer afford to panic when things get stressful. When you stay calm and positive you can think and communicate more clearly with your team.
Empathy and Compassion: Empathy is the ability to put yourself in someone else's shoes and understand how they may feel or react to a certain situation. When one has empathy, the capacity to feel compassion is open. The emotion that we feel in response to suffering that motivates a desire to help.
The more we can relate to others, the better we will become at understanding what motivates or upsets them.
Relationship Management: You can't make deep connections with others if you're distracted. Many of us have families, other obligations, and a crazy to-do list, but building and maintaining healthy and productive relationships is essential to one's ability to gain higher emotional intelligence.
You must have the ability to communicate effectively and properly manage relationships in order to move a team of people in a desired direction.
Effective Communication: In the SEAL teams you have to do three things flawlessly to be an effective operator and team member: Move, shoot, and communicate. Communication being of the utmost importance. Studies show that effective communication is 7% the words we say and 93% tone and body language.
Misunderstandings and lack of communication are usually the basis of problems between most people. Failing to communicate effectively in a workplace leads to frustration, bitterness, and confusion among employees. Effective communication can eliminate obstacles and encourage stronger workplace relationships. When employees know their role within a company and understand how they benefit the overall direction and vision, there is a sense of value and accomplishment. Good communication results in alignment and a shared sense of purpose.
Emotional intelligence is a powerful tool critical for exceeding goals, improving critical work relationships, and creating a healthy, productive workplace and organizational culture. http://www.inc.com/brent-gleeson/5-aspects-of-emotional-intelligence-required-for-effective-leadership.html September 18, 2015
Question no. 1
Ernest Kretschmer’s Classification:
German psychologist Kretschmer has attempted to correlate physique and character. From his studies on mental patients, he found that certain body types are associated with particular types of mental disorders. He has classified personalities into four types:
a. Pyknic type:
These are people who are short and having round body. They will have personality traits of extraverts. These people are more prone to suffer from a mental disorder called Manic Depressive Psychosis (MDP).
b. Asthenic type:
These people will have a slender or slim body. They will have the personality traits of introverts. These people are more prone to suffer from a serious mental disorder called Schizophrenia.
c. Athletic type:
These people will have strong body. They are more energetic and aggressive. They will be strong enough, determined, adventurous and balanced. They are comparable with ambiverts. They are more prone to suffer from MDP.
d. Dysplastic type:
These people will have unproportionate body and do not belong to any of the three types mentioned above. This disproportion is due to hormonal imbalancement. Their behaviour and personality are also imbalanced. http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/personality/notes-on-types-and-traits-theories-of-personality/710 William Sheldon’s Classification:
Sheldon has proposed a theory of personality correlating temperament and body type. He has divided people into three types:
a. Endomorph:
These people will have soft, fat and round body, having predominance of abdominal region. They are sociable and relaxed (can be compared to pyknic type).
b. Ectomorph:
These are the people who are tall, thin and flat chested, having the skin, bones and neural structure predominantly. They are shy, reserved and self-conscious (can be compared with asthenic type).
c. Mesomorph:
These people are well built with heavy and strong muscles appear predominantly. They are physically active, noisy, adventurous by nature (can be compared to athletic type). http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/personality/notes-on-types-and-traits-theories-of-personality/710 -------------------------------------------------
Allport's trait theory[edit] * cardinal traits- are traits that dominate an individual’s entire life, often times this individual would become known for these traits. Allport suggested that these traits were rare and mainly developed later on in life. * Central traits- are general characteristics that form the basic foundation for personality. They are traits that many people would use to describe other individuals such as "intelligent, honest, shy." * Secondary Traits- Basic Traits related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under certain events. Some simple examples of this trait would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient when waiting in line https://sites.google.com/site/psychologyofpersonalityperiod6/home/type-and-trait-theories/allport-s-personality-theory ######Galen…
Yellow bile (fire) * Choleric * Aggressive, tense, volatile, impulsive, restless
Black bile (Earth) * Melancholic * Sad, depressed, reflective, asocial, pessimistic
Blood (Air) * Sanguine * Enthusiastic, positive, cheerful, satisfied
Phlegm (water) * Phlegmatic (mucus) * Dull, lazy, apathetic, slow, controlled, careful https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=M0t4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Galen+a+personality+theorist+for+their+classification+and+description&source=bl&ots=mqnYEJUU9-&sig=s2M30FWkBIRc9tR0YWJDRbJPFAE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMI4Jv5j4fLxwIV2AeOCh048Qd8#v=onepage&q=Galen%20a%20personality%20theorist%20for%20their%20classification%20and%20description&f=false II. 1. Anxiety
Symptoms
* Trembling * Churning stomach * Nausea * Diarrhea * Headache * Backache * Heart palpitations * Numbness or "pins and needles" in arms, hands or legs * Sweating/flushing * Restlessness * Easily tired * Trouble concentrating * Irritability * Muscle tension * Frequent urination * Trouble falling or staying asleep * Being easily startled

Causes
Anxiety disorders may be caused by environmental factors, medical factors, genetics, brain chemistry, substance abuse, or a combination of these. It is most commonly triggered by the stress in our lives.
Usually anxiety is a response to outside forces, but it is possible that we make ourselves anxious with "negative self-talk" - a habit of always telling ourselves the worst will happen.

Therapy
Anxiety can be treated medically, with psychological counseling, or independently. Ultimately, the treatment path depends on the cause of the anxiety and the patient's preferences. Often treatments will consist of a combination of psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, and medications.
Sometimes alcoholism, depression, or other coexisting conditions have such a strong effect on the individual that treating the anxiety disorder must wait until the coexisting conditions are brought under control. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/anxiety/ 2. Depression
Symptoms
People with depression may experience a variety of symptoms, but most commonly, "a deep feeling of sadness or a marked loss of interest or pleasure in activities," according to the American Psychiatric Association. Other symptoms of depression may include: * Irritability, agitation or restlessness * Lower sex drive * Inability to focus * Insomnia or excessive sleeping * Change is appetite, eating too much or too little * Chronic fatigue and lethargy * Unexplainable crying spells * Unexplainable physical symptoms such as headaches or body aches * Feeling hopeless and worthless * Withdrawal from social situations and normal activities * Thoughts of death or suicide
Causes
The causes of depression are not fully understood, but scientists believe that an imbalance in the brain's signaling chemicals may be responsible for the condition in many of the patients. However, there are several theories about what this imbalance actually is and which signaling chemicals are involved. Moreover, a variety of distressing life situations are also associated, including early childhood trauma, a job loss, the death of a loved one, financial troubles, or a divorce.
Most likely, depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors, according to the NIMH.
Certain medical conditions may also trigger depression, including an underactive thyroid gland, cancer, prolonged pain and other significant illnesses. Hormonally induced depression can arise after childbirth or at menopause as well.
Additionally, sedatives and high blood pressure medications are linked to depression, according to the NIH.
Treatment
Surveys have shown that up to half of Americans with depression don't get medical help for their condition. Left untreated, major depression can set off a chain of social, emotional and health consequences that add to patients’ overall stress. According to the Mayo Clinic, these include alcohol or drug abuse, anxiety, social isolation and relationship conflicts, work or school difficulties, or suicide.
Depression treatment may involve psychotherapy therapy, medications, or a combination of the two.
Medication: Prescription drugs, called antidepressants, help alter mood by affecting naturally occurring brain chemicals. There are several categories of antidepressant, but doctors often start with a class of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and may try other medication if the patient's condition didn't improve. SSRIs target the brain's serotonin, a signaling chemical (neurotransmitter) that studies have found to be involved in depression. This class of medication includes fluoxetine (commonly known as Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), escitalopram (Lexapro) and citalopram (Celexa). Side effects, which are usually temporariy, include changes in sexual desire, digestive problems, headache, insomnia and nervousness.
Other classes of antidepressants include serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), Tricyclic antidepressants, and Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
Psychotherapy: Also known as talk therapy or counseling, this treatment has been shown to help some patients with depression. A number of studies have suggested that combining psychotherapy and medication together works best for treating people with severe depression. Different types of psychotherapy include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness techniques, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Less common treatments: For patients with severe depression who have not responded to any medication or psychotherapy, doctors may consider transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), according to the Mayo Clinic. TMS involves receiving brief magnetic pulses on the scalp to stimulate neurons that are thought to be involved in mood regulation and depression. http://www.livescience.com/34718-depression-treatment-psychotherapy-anti-depressants.html 3.Obsessive compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves two components: 1. Exposure and response prevention involves repeated exposure to the source of your obsession. Then you are asked to refrain from the compulsive behavior you’d usually perform to reduce your anxiety. For example, if you are a compulsive hand washer, you might be asked to touch the door handle in a public restroom and then be prevented from washing. As you sit with the anxiety, the urge to wash your hands will gradually begin to go away on its own. In this way, you learn that you don’t need the ritual to get rid of your anxiety—that you have some control over your obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. 2. Cognitive therapy focuses on the catastrophic thoughts and exaggerated sense of responsibility you feel. A big part of cognitive therapy for OCD is teaching you healthy and effective ways of responding to obsessive thoughts, without resorting to compulsive behavior.

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Signs and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Most people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have both obsessions and compulsions, but some people experience just one or the other.
Obsessive thoughts
Common obsessive thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) include: * Fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt or contaminating others * Fear of causing harm to yourself or others * Intrusive sexually explicit or violent thoughts and images * Excessive focus on religious or moral ideas * Fear of losing or not having things you might need * Order and symmetry: the idea that everything must line up “just right” * Superstitions; excessive attention to something considered lucky or unlucky
Compulsive behaviors
Common compulsive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) include: * Excessive double-checking of things, such as locks, appliances, and switches * Repeatedly checking in on loved ones to make sure they’re safe * Counting, tapping, repeating certain words, or doing other senseless things to reduce anxiety * Spending a lot of time washing or cleaning * Ordering or arranging things “just so” * Praying excessively or engaging in rituals triggered by religious fear * Accumulating “junk” such as old newspapers or empty food containers causes Researchers have yet to pinpoint the exact cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but brain abnormalities, genetic (family) influences, and environmental factors are being studied. Brain scans of people with OCD have shown that they have different patterns of brain activity than people without OCD and that abnormal functioning of circuitry within a certain part of the brain (striatum) may cause the disorder. Abnormalities in other parts of the brain and an imbalance of brain chemicals, especially serotonin, may also contribute to OCD.
Some experts believe that aproblem related to streptococcal infections, such as strep throat and scarlet fever, can suddenly bring on the disorder or make its symptoms worse in some children.

http://www.helpguide.org/articles/anxiety/obssessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd.htm#signs

Phobia

Causes of Phobias
Social and specific phobias sometimes run in families, providing evidence of a genetic connection. Some people are born with a predisposition towards anxiety, which makes them particularly susceptible to developing phobias.
Phobias may develop as a response to pressure or following traumatic events.In other cases, unreasonable fears may develop with no apparent trigger. Adults generally recognize that their fears are irrational or excessive, and this can act as an isolating factor. The affected person might not talk to friends and family about a fear that they believe is silly.
Phobias are also a natural part of development. Most children go through stages where they are scared of the dark, of monsters, or of strangers. Many teens develop anxieties associated with self-image and others' perception of them. While these fears are normal and often get left behind over time, they can sometimes persist or become incapacitating.

Phobia Signs and Symptoms
Panic attack is common in people with agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobia. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include the following: * Abdominal distress (diarrhea, nausea, constipation) * Chest pain or discomfort * Chills or hot flashes * Fear of dying * Fear of losing control or going crazy * Feeling faint, dizzy, lightheaded, unsteady * Feeling of choking * Feeling of unreality or of being detached from oneself * Numbness or tingling sensations * Palpitations, pounding heart, racing heartbeat * Shortness of breath, feeling smothered * Sweating * Trembling or shaking
- See more at: http://www.healthcommunities.com/phobias/causes.shtml#sthash.zDkufGqe.dpuf
Treatment
Treatment usually includes some combination of psychotherapy and medication: * Specific phobia. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help, especially a procedure called either desensitization therapy or exposure therapy. This technique involves gradually increasing your exposure to the thing you fear, at your own pace, under controlled circumstances. As you are exposed to the object, you are taught to master your fear through relaxation, breathing control or other anxiety-reducing strategies. For short-term treatment of phobias, your doctor may prescribe an antianxiety medication. If the phobia is confronted only occasionally, as in a fear of flying, the use of medication can be limited. * Social phobia. If your social phobia centers on one particular performance (for example, giving a lecture or playing in a concert), your doctor may prescribe a medication called a beta-blocker such as propranolol(Inderal). This medicine can be taken just prior to the performance. It dampens the physical effects of anxiety (pounding heart or trembling fingers), but usually does not affect the mental sharpness needed for speaking or the physical dexterity needed for playing an instrument. For more generalized or long-term forms of social phobia, your doctor may prescribe an antidepressant, usually an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) such as sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil) or fluoxetine (Prozac). If an SSRI is not effective, your doctor may prescribe an alternative antidepressant or antianxiety medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy also works well for many people with social phobia, in both individual and group settings. * Agoraphobia. The treatment for this disorder is similar to the treatment for panic disorder. Drug treatment includes SSRI antidepressants or older antidepressants, such as clomipramine (Anafranil) andimipramine (Tofranil) and benzodiazepine antianxiety medications, such as clonazepam (Klonopin),diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam (Ativan). Psychotherapy is also helpful, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy. http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/phobia.html http://chealth.canoe.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?disease_id=279&channel_id=11&relation_id=54591 http://www.healthcommunities.com/phobias/causes.shtml Mania
Common signs and symptoms of mania include: * Feeling unusually “high” and optimistic ORextremely irritable * Unrealistic, grandiose beliefs about one’s abilities or powers * Sleeping very little, but feeling extremely energetic * Talking so rapidly that others can’t keep up * Racing thoughts; jumping quickly from one idea to the next * Highly distractible, unable to concentrate * Impaired judgment and impulsiveness * Acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences * Delusions and hallucinations (in severe cases)

Treatment
If you spot the symptoms of bipolar depression in yourself or someone else, don’t wait to get help. Ignoring the problem won’t make it go away; in fact, it will almost certainly get worse. Living with untreated bipolar disorder can lead to problems in everything from your career to your relationships to your health. Diagnosing the problem as early as possible and getting into treatment can help prevent these complications.
If you’re reluctant to seek treatment because you like the way you feel when you’re manic, remember that the energy and euphoria come with a price. Mania and hypomania often turn destructive, hurting you and the people around you.