...The claim that such disorder existed was not readily adopted in the medical community due to a lack of objective evidence, yet the first ADHD drug was released in 1936, over thirty years before it was recognized in any medical setting {http://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/history#19524}. The idea that certain kids were innately insubordinate became legitimized with ADHD’s recognition in a medical setting, even though medical evidence for ADHD was tenuous and disputed. This essentially gives leeway for parents, educators, and kids themselves later on to espouse a certain set of characteristics, or excuse themselves from certain responsibilities because they received this “designation”. Psychologist Fred Baughman reinforces this idea, by saying that doctors have essentially told parents that “we’ll relieve you of [any] guilt” for being an inadequate parent by applying this label to your child and prescribing them psychotropic medication. By diagnosing a child with ADHD, all parties are exonerating themselves of responsibility, because any side-effect of having said disorder has now become an immutable part of nature, rather than something that can be actively...
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...Overexposure and ADHD: Is there a connection? It is an urban myth that an overexposure to watching television may cause people to develop Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). My purpose is to study this theory to discover if it is accurate. I am also interested in discovering how ADHD plays a role in education. Before I can begin I have to start by researching what ADHD is. ADHD is a disorder among people that is associated with three main symptoms which are poor sustained attention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Along with these three main topics, three subtypes have also been identified in the forms of being predominately inattentive, predominately hyperactive-impulsive, and combined types (Barkley). Where does ADHD occur? Out of the childhood population 4-12% have ADHD (Clayton). Along with that percentage boys can be found outweighing girls in a ratio of 3:1. ADHD can continue on into a person’s adolescence stage in 50-80% of clinically diagnosed case and into adulthood in 30-50% of these same cases (Barkley). How can someone determine if their child or children have ADHD? ADHD is most likely evaluated through diagnostic interviews with the child, their parents, and the child’s tearcher(s). Other evaluations are behavior rating scales completed by the parents and the teacher(s), direct observations of the students’ school behavior, and clinic based testing (Anastopoulos). There are many different methods as to how ADHD is treated. Some...
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...Vyvanse: The Next Generation of ADHD Medication James G. Brown South University December 6, 2012 Historical Background “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder associated with significant impairments in occupational, academic, neuropsychological, and social functioning” (Mattingly, 2010, p. 316). ADHD is typically considered as a childhood disorder, however, “symptoms persist into adulthood in up to 65% of children with ADHD” (Mattingly, 2010, p. 316). Although it is still a relatively rare condition, in the United States, it affects “4.4% [of the population], or 9 million adults” (Mattingly, 2010, p. 316). There appears to be some evidence that the condition is sex linked, as “boys are diagnosed with ADHD 2 – 4 times as frequently as girls” (Berman, Kuczenski, McCracken and London, 2009, p. 4). Adults affected by ADHD are often misdiagnosed and of those who are correctly diagnosed, approximately only 10% receive any treatment (Mattingly, 2010, p. 316). Depending on the severity “untreated ADHD…[can help create] a pervasive pattern of repeated difficulties or impairment. Continuing impairment from ADHD may cause individuals to struggle with academic, career, and personal goals, or may cause significant difficulty within interpersonal relationships” (Mattingly, 2010, p. 316.) In addition, ADHD has a high level of comorbidity with depression, various anxiety disorders, as well as a greater likelihood of engagement...
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...Neuroanatomical Differences in ADHD 1 Neuroanatomical Differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Influence of Stimulant Medication Administration Zach Grice-Patil University of Minnesota Neuroanatomical Differences in ADHD Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common psychological disorder with a pathophysiology that is not well understood. The choice treatment is with strong psychoactive stimulants (methylphenidate), which has helped to establish much of the known pathophysiology of the disorder. Medication administration to young children is becoming exceedingly common and it is suspected here that methylphenidate has effects on neurodevelopmental processes. Much of the imaging data which suggest neuroanatomical differences observed in ADHD are confounded by the inability to control for lifetime-medication use in the sample. Animal data have demonstrated that acute methylphenidate administration can cause significant changes in juveniles. A 2 multi-level analysis of the current literature assessing the structural differences in ADHD with respect to methylphenidate administration is the focus for this review. Methods include: MR structural, MR diffusion, MR spectroscopy, Positron Emission Tomography, and Histology. Based upon this review, the current administration of methylphenidate to young ADHD patients should be reevaluated to account for the uncertainty in medication-induced neurodevelopment. Neuroanatomical Differences in ADHD Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity...
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...What would happen to a person if he or she could not care about his or her accomplishments or successes? Most of us find the very idea of such a state difficult to comprehend. That you will feel good if you get something you consider worthwhile done is very basic to our day to day living. Of course, the "something" differs with different people. One person will exult in conquering a difficult mountain peak, while another might be gladdened by the completion of a 10,000-piece jigsaw puzzle, and a third by something more mundane but nevertheless important, such as a promotion at work. We do things for many reasons, but it cannot be doubted that one of the most persistent motivators, the one that is always involved in task completion, is the satisfaction and pleasure this brings to the doer. As one might suspect, this reaction is founded in specific parts of the chemistry of the brain. It is caused by a chemical named dopamine, which is released in the brain as part of the normal response to accomplishment. When it reaches another part of the brain called the dopamine receptors, it produces a sensation of pleasure, relaxation, and happiness. This is the body's natural mechanism for encouraging itself to further efforts, by making the completion of tasks pleasant. Unfortunately, in a few people, this reaction does not proceed as it should. The dopamine receptors in the brain are classified into five groups, D1 to D5, with a variety of functions. In these people, the dopamine...
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...Major Psychological Disorders Outline * Anxiety Disorders: The occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning. * Phobic Disorder: an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. (See figure 1 pg. 400) 1. Claustrophobia: 2. Acrophobia: 3. Xenophobia: 4. Social phobia: * Panic Disorder: Anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours. Although the physical symptoms differ from person to person, they may include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, unusual amounts of sweating, faintness and dizziness, gastric sensations, and sometimes a sense of imminent death. * Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The experience of long-term, persistent anxiety and worry. People with the disorder feel that something dreadful is about to happen but can’t identify the reason, experiencing “free-floating” anxiety. (Figure 3 p. 402) * Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Characterized by obsessions or compulsions. 1. Obsession: A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring. 2. Compulsion: An irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable. * Causes: Behavioral Perspective: Environmental: learned response to stress. * Cognitive Perspective: suggests that anxiety disorders grow out of inappropriate and inaccurate thoughts and beliefs about circumstances in a person’s world...
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...NEW RESEARCH Does ADHD Predict Substance-Use Disorders? A 10-Year Follow-up Study of Young Adults With ADHD Clancey Bateman, Timothy E. Wilens, B.A., M.D., MaryKate Martelon, M.P.H., Gagan Joshi, M.D., Ronna Fried, Ed.D., Carter Petty, M.A., Joseph Biederman, M.D. Objective: High rates of substance-use disorders (SUD) have been found in samples of adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Predictors of SUD in children with ADHD who are at risk for the development of SUDs remain understudied. The main aims of this study were to identify clinically meaningful characteristics of children that predicted the future development of SUDs and to see whether the role of these characteristics varied by sex. Method: Subjects were children and adolescents with (n 268; mean age standard deviation 10.9 3.2 years) and without (n 229; mean age 11.9 3.3 years) DSM-III-R ADHD followed prospectively and blindly over a 10-year follow-up period onto young adult years. Subjects were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews for psychopathology and SUDs. Results: Over the 10-year follow-up period, ADHD was found to be a significant predictor of any SUD (hazards ratio 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.02; p .01) and cigarette smoking (2.38; 1.61–3.53; p .01). Within ADHD, comorbid conduct disorder (2.74; 1.66 – 4.52; p .01) and oppositional defiant disorder (2.21; 1.40 –3.51; p .01) at baseline were also found to be significant predictors of SUDs...
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...understanding of human behavior and physiology is the study of the physical function of humans. In the following paragraphs I will discuss the psychological and physiological issues of addiction. According to psychologists there are a few different causes for addiction. Some people get into an addiction or harmful behavior because of an abnormality. Another reason people get into an unhealthy addiction because of the environment they are in. The last one is someone’s beliefs or thoughts create feelings that cause addiction because these feelings are not realistic. When you think about addiction there are actually quite a few definitions. This is because there are so many substances that are addictive and each one has its own disorder. Addiction can be many things from illegal drugs, prescriptions, inhalants to gambling, hoarding, sex etc. The cause of an addiction has many factors that encompass it including biological, psychological and environmental. Because humans are wired to seek out reward and avoid discomfort it makes sense that addictions pacify the seeking of pleasure and erase pain. In the brain of an addicted person drugs, alcohol or any other substance target the CNS (central nervous system). The substance causes a hostile takeover in the pain-pleasure area of the brain. According to a 2004 article in Scientific America titled; “The Addicted Brain”, research shows that chronic use “induces changes in the structure and function of the system’s neurons...
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...Dean’s List And More A Research Essay About Why College Students Are Using and Abusing Stimulants To Get By February, 2014 Abstract Prescription stimulant use as academic performance enhancers is increasingly widespread among college students and the prescription stimulant use as "cognitive enhancers" has been described among undergraduate college students. Adderall and Ritalin are the most popular among the students. Some use the drugs to stay awake to study to get by with good grades, even with acknowledgement of the dangers of using. However, the use of prescription stimulants among future graduated students is at risk. Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Chapter 1 ……………………………………………………………………………..….. 4 Purpose of the Study ……………………………………..……………… 4 Statement …………………………………………………..……………. 4 Research Questions …………………………………………..…………. 5 Significance of the Study ……………………………………..………… 5 Delimitation ……………………………………………..……………… 5 Definition of Terms …………………………………………..………… 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review…………………………………………………………….. 7 Chapter 3 Research Methods …………………………………………………………… 18 References ………………………………………………………….…………………… 22 Appendix A ……………………………………………………………………………… 23 Dean’s List and More Nature of Study If you are a full time student with heavy load of courses while working to support your lifestyle, then you will be worrying where you can find the time. Undergraduate college students do stress...
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...and tricyclic antidepressants also have a nightmare-dampening effect.” Anticholinergics like ipratropium (type of bronchodilator used to treat lung obstruction disease) can also have the same effects. Also, Pausinystalia yohimbe, herbal supplement, can decrease Sleep Paralysis symptoms. However, this is a powerful psychoactive substance and has the potential for overdose. It is also used to treat sexual dysfunction and Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder. ADHD medication, has been linked to increased levels of paralysis nightmares. In order to gain a balanced picture, I also did some research online. The information gathered, sums up my research through the book. It states that scientists were able to identify brain chemicals that keep the body in sleep which kick in during REM sleep. During this, the chemicals are active and create intense imagery but on other hand, the voluntary muscles of the body are completely paralyzed. This source of reference also discovers REM Behaviour Disorder in which people don’t become paralysed during REM sleep. This means they can talk, hit and punch in their sleep. Clonazepam (antipsychotic drug) is currently used to treat this disorder. (www.livescience.com) ...
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...Prescription Drug Abuse: The New Drug of Choice Tanya Butler COM/172 Elements of University Composition and Communication II March 29, 2012 Betty Taylor-Thompson Ph.D. Prescription Drug Abuse: The New Drug of Choice “In 2010, approximately 16 million Americans reported using a prescription drug for nonmedical reasons in the past year; seven million in the past month” (National Drug Intelligence Center, 2002, p. 1). “Nonmedical use of a prescribed medicine is use by someone who does not have a prescription for the medication, or use of the prescribed medicine by someone who does not have a prescription in a manner that is not directed or approved by the prescribing physician” (DuPont, 2006, p. 1). The misuse of prescription medication is an expanding health problem in the United States today. An individual taking her own medication exactly as prescribed is not misuse, but giving one pill to a friend or loved one is prescription abuse. In fact, it is against the law. Most people overlook the fine print at the top (or bottom) of the prescription label that clearly states: “Caution: Federal law prohibits transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed.” Then again, some people are very aware of the fine print but choose to ignore it. Many people believe that because the prescription is written by their doctor, it is safe. This is not the case! Prescription narcotics are just as dangerous as illicit drugs, such as cocaine, heroin...
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...mesolimbic reward pathway. Formulations COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Topical Solution CIIRx only [Lannett Company, Inc.] Each mL contains:Cocaine hydrochloride 40 mg or 100 mg As aqueous solution.The topical solution contains the following inactive ingredients: citric acid, D&C Yellow No. 10, FD&C Green No. 3, sodium benzoate, and water. Methamphetamine Methamphetamine (USAN) also known as metamfetamine (INN),meth, ice, crystal glass, tik, N-methylamphetamine, methylamphetamine, and desoxyephedrine, is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs. Methamphetamine occurs in two enantiomers, dextrorotary and levorotary; dextromethamphetamine possesses the well-known psychostimulant effects of the drug, while levomethamphetamine is CNS-inactive. Although rarely prescribed, dextromethamphetamine is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ADHD and obesity under the trade name Desoxyn, while levomethamphetamine is a non-prescription over-the-counter nasal decongestant. Formulations Methamphetamine hydrochloride tablets contain 5 mg of methamphetamine hydrochloride, USP for oral administration. Inactive Ingredients Corn starch, lactose monohydrate, stearic acid and talc. Cannabis Cannabis, also known as marijuana (from the Mexican Spanish marihuana), and by other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a...
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...defined as continuous day and night shift work, excessive caffeine consumption was defined as more than six cups of coffee per day, excessive alcohol consumption was defined as alcohol consumption to impair either social relationships or job performance, and street drugs were specified as illegal psychoactive substances taken during the time of the parasomnia disorder. In addition, psychologically distressing events were noted, especially if the emotional stress increased the frequency of the sleepwalking episodes and/or any associated violence (Moldofsky). There was continuous overnight monitoring of the electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and electromyogram machines connected to the patients....
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...their era. In the 1920’s, alcohol was placed under prohibition and Americans were looking to every which way to circumvent this federal regulation. In the 1930’s, reefer madness swept the country and marijuana was criminalized. The 1960’s marked the era of a rising counter-culture fueled by the psychedelic drug LSD. Even the cocaine boom of the 1970’s and 1980’s define a period of American history marked by high crime rates and an evolving nightlife. Today’s society is no different. In many ways, people, particularly teenagers and young adults, are quite literally fueled by drugs. They will take methamphetamines to study, depressants to fall asleep, and psychoactive stimulants to take a break from the norm and disconnect from reality. The purpose of this paper is to explore three modern drugs in particular and what their psychoactive effects say about the culture and attitudes of today’s...
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...worthlessness around every turn. There is no happily ever after in sight without the proper treatment an individual can feel lost in their own mind and lose touch with the reality that care can be administered and a normal life is a possibility for the future. The mental health system has evolved dramatically over the years and options are endless, there is a way to find health and healing. Throughout history the stigma of the condition has wreaked havoc on all those suffering, but present day options have halted such stigma and aided in the rehabilitation of patients. The history of mental health began near the times of 1880; when it was sometimes blamed on religious punishment or demonic possession. Most of those individuals suffering from disorders of the mind were treated in horrible ways and taken into confinement, in special facilities. By removing those people, the general population could ignore the fact that conditions like this existed. Treatment options were scarce, but confinement, hair pulling, and several other horrible experiments were made to try and turn a crazy mind sane. It wasn’t until the 1930’s that innovative therapies were implemented; the minds of those suffering from fits of madness were finally being understood and mostly because of a man named Sigmund Freud. During this time, physicians began dabbling in radical cures in hopes of eliminating all mental illnesses; they used techniques like, insulin-induced coma, lobotomies, and electrical shock therapies. It...
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