...Chapter 2-3-Module 2 Sigmund Freud and the Development of Psychoanalysis The Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychology Ashley Zajac Metropolitan Community College Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who was very well known for his study of the body and the mind. Freud became known as the founding father of Psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud worked to develop techniques such as the use of free association, the process in which a patient recites their thoughts without reservation spontaneously. He also discovered transference, the process to which patients speak of feelings to their analysts derived from their childhood attachments. Freud’s work with Psychoanalysis helped him further develop other theories or explanations for the way humans are the way they are including his redefinition of sexuality which formulated the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of the psychoanalytical theory. Freud focused his work mostly on the mind and received many critiques and criticism of his accomplishments. Psychoanalysis emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior and the main idea that eventually evolved from the development of psychoanalysis is that neurotic symptoms are the result of conflicts within the patient. Neurotic symptoms for example could be phobias, obsessions or compulsions. In Freud’s study of psychoanalysis, he also determined that the mind was composed of three...
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...Psychoanalysis is a systematic construction of theories regarding the relation of conscious and unconscious psychological processes. It is a method of learning the mind, and treating emotional & mental disorders erected from investigating and revealing the role of the unconscious mind. This type of therapy was started by Sigmund Freud. This in which dream analysis, free association, and examination of opposition and transference are used to research blocked or unconscious urges, anxieties, and internal struggles. This is also called psychoanalytic therapy to others. In 1896, aged forty, Freud published Heredity and the Etiology of the Neuroses, in which the term “psychoanalysis” initially came about. After Freud’s father’s death in 1896, Freud began to pay certain attention to the abundant making of dreams and anxieties which came upon his mourning. In 1897 he devoted himself to an intense and rigorous self-analysis. When he was forty four years of age he described the mental apparatus, on the basis of a certain number of processes or systems, and the relationships between them. His publication of “The Interpretation of Dreams” increasingly conveyed him on to fame. Freud was then joined by equals in this field whom he trained in psychoanalysis. These followers of his explored, and tested in the farthest grasps of the human psyche. All of this allowed Freud to speed up the expansion & development of his psychoanalysis theories. Freud believed that the human mind was composed...
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...Foundations and Components of Psychoanalysis Cohran, Robin Dec, 1, 14 PSY/301 Foundations and Components of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis remains the single most influential theory for the practice of psychotherapy. Freud (1964) began the movement and his theory can be broken down into five parts. The first part of Freud’s theory is Dynamics. This level deals with instinctual forces (Rapaport and Gill, 1959). Freud traces all instincts, in a certain sense, therefore all actions, back to two instincts; they are Eros (“sexual instinct” or “libido”) and the “destructive” (aggressive) instinct”. They work together and against each other and have a hand in everything we do. The primary example of this is, sex itself, where of course libido is present, and varying degrees of aggressiveness (or lack of) can lead someone to either be bashful and impotent or a sex murderer and anything in between. Economic Freud’s theory of the instincts is further realized in the “economic” level of his theory. This attempt, in some fashion, to abstractly quantify the power of instincts through the concept of “psychic energy”. This is described through a system in which this energy is invested towards instinctual goals through catharsis, toward maximizing the pleasure for the individual. This, however, is balanced by the concept of anti-catharsises, in which the energy is invested as a force against the instinct, via defense in the ego. Developmental Oral phase begins at birth. Sadistic-Anal...
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...Chapter: 2 Freud: Psychoanalysis Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory Freud’s understanding of human personality was based on his experiences with patients his analysis of his own dreams, and his readings in the various sciences and humanities. Biography of Sigmund Freud * Sigismund (Sigmund) Schlomo Freud * March 6 or May 6,1856 * Freiberg, Moravia * September 23,1939 (aged 83) * He was the firstborn Child. Jacob Freud (1875-1896) * Amile Nathansohn Freud (1835-1930) * (Julius, Anna, Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, Paula and Alexander) * In 1885 he received a traveling great from the UV an decided to study in Paris. * Hysteria * Catharsis * During the late 1890’s, Freud suffered both professional isolation and personal crises. * In 1902, Freud invited a small group of somewhat younger Viennese physicians. * In 1908, this organization adopted a more formal name. * In 1910, Freud and his followers founded the International Psychoanalytic Association. Levels of Mental Life Freud’s greatest contribution to personality theory is his exploration of the unconscious and his insistence that people are motivated primarily by drives of which they have or no awareness. Unconscious * The unconscious contain all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions. Although we may be conscious of our overt behaviors we often are not aware...
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...Psychoanalysis of characters When people think of psychoanalysis, usually one name comes to mind. This would be Sigmund Freud. Freud, along with Carl G. Jung and Alfred Adler, has impacted the history of psychoanalysis. Further, he has influenced the lives of the men and women during the early 1900s. In critical theory today: a user friendly guide, Tyson explains the critical theories of psychoanalysis and Marxism. It’s all about the studies of human behaviors for example, human mind, especially inner experiences, thoughts, feelings, emotions, fantasies, and dreams. I have chosen one book and a movie. In a book, it talks about James, who is a main character of the story. He was really confused about his identity because he was a black and his mother was a white. In a movies, they showed the racism and differences create between students in their childhood. Both of these based on true stories. I would compare these character with Marxism and Freud’s theory. A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother is the autobiography of James McBride. It is also a tribute to his mother. It starts of the narrator James’s mother Ruth, who describes her early life with her family. She was born in Polish Orthodox Jewish family that was immigrant to United States. She had a repressed childhood in Virginia. She was sexually abused as a child from her father. In critical theory today: a user friendly guide, Tyson defines Fear of abandonment—“the unshakable belief that our friends and loved ones...
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...Psychoanalysis and Perspective Psychoanalysis and perspective can be used when analysing and deconstructing artworks. It can provide insight into the unconscious desires and defences of the artist. This is particularly the case when looking at expressionist and surrealist artworks, as these artists focus on representing and expressing their inner world, their unconscious thoughts, emotions and dreams. By looking at these artist’s lives and their artworks we can see connections between and gain insight into their psychological state and the psychology of the artworks. Psychoanalysis is a branch of science developed by Sigmund Freud. It is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behaviour and it can be used as a method for investigating he mind; increasing knowledge about human behaviour and as a way of treating psychological or emotional illness. Freud’s method of treating patients involved the person being analysed verbalising thoughts, associations, fantasies and dreams. The analyst interprets the unconscious conflicts that may be causing the patients symptoms or behavioural and character problems. This leads to an insight of the problem and how it might be resolved – often by confronting the patient’s defences, wishes and guilt. How a person reacts in certain situations is often symbolic of a deeper unconscious conflict and psychoanalysis delves right into the unconscious and subconscious. Psychoanalysis first developed in Vienna in the 1890s by...
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...father or he may be more focused on his physical feelings of anxiety such as a rapid heartbeat or trembling. These automatic thoughts are often described as the most bothersome symptom of driving phobia and they can be the actual triggers for panic attacks while driving. Desired Status Controlling John’s thoughts is critical to success in eliminating his driving phobia once and for all. The challenge is to eliminate John’s driving phobia within a 8 week time frame and for him to pass the military driving test. Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic Theory was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) in the late 1800’s. Freud believed that people could be cured by making their unconscious thoughts and motivations conscious. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences. It is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. According to Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of personality, personality is composed of three...
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...Shawn Gray MW 2:30 The theories of Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis are nearly complete opposites. Behaviorists believe that almost every human emotion is “conditioned by habit and can be learned or unlearned” ("behaviorism," 2012). Whereas Psychoanalysts believe that everything humans do is completely controlled by the unconscious mind at some level. “When a human being acts--does something with arms, legs or vocal cords--there must be an invariable group of antecedents serving as a "cause" of the act” (Watson 5). This is the basis of Behaviorism as stated by one of the originators of the theory. They believe that everything humans and animals do was learned at some point in time, starting at the embryotic level, and has either been unlearned or modified in some way, and that all of these behaviors can be studied by “verifiable observation” just like any of the other sciences (Watson 2). The very basis of Behaviorism makes it very easy to study and quantify its results. Psychoanalysts, on the other hand, believe that everything we do is in one way or another controlled by our subconscious mind. Freud divided the psychoanalytic theory into 3 parts: id, ego, and superego. The id is the deepest level of the unconscious, and is dominated by the pleasure principal. The object being immediate gratification of instinctual drives. The superego, starts with childhood, and acts like a sensor to what the id wants to do, based on responses from parents and social acceptance. The Ego...
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...Sophie and Martha and took to her father. Anna was continuously reading the works of Sigmund and became instantly interested in psychoanalysis. As Anna grew, she began to work with Sigmund exploring the idea of psychoanalysis and together they turned it into one of the most widely used methods of psychology. The mutual interest in psychoanalysis brought father and daughter together and formed a close bond between them. Sigmund stated in his book “The Interpretation of Dreams” that, “Annerl had a masculine appetite and aggression, and is beautiful with naughtiness” (Hernandaz, 2008). When Anna was around seventeen years old, she took a two year vacation in which she stayed in Vienna with her grandmother. At the time, Anna was suffering from an illness that was then called, “it”, but can be safely labeled as depression (Hernandaz, 2008). While on vacation, Sigmund wrote to his daughter often and offered advice on how to overcome the “it” she was suffering from. Half way through the vacation however, Anna received a letter from Sigmund stating she was not invited to her sister Sophie’s wedding and subsequently, Anna was once again overtaken with depression. After her two year stay in Vienna, Anna, "...worked as an elementary school teacher and began translating some of her father's works into German, increasing her interest in child psychology and psychoanalysis.” (Hernandaz, 2008). While she was teaching at the Cottage Lyceum, one of the students wrote, “This young lady had far more...
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...Psychoanalysis: A second treatment of schizophrenia is psychoanalysis, which was developed based on the psychodynamic theory of the mental illness. It is based on the theory that individuals who suffer from schizophrenia are oblivious to past unconscious conflicts as a result they regress to the pre ego stage of development. The aim of psychoanalysis is to bring these repressed thoughts and conflicts to the conscious mind so they can be resolved. This is known as the talking therapy methods such as free word association are use to bring forward conflicts. This is when a patient says the first word that comes to mind as a response to a specific stimulus. Due to the freethinking unconscious though can slip through. As a result the causes of hallucination and delusions can be found and dealt with. Alternative techniques are projective tests such as the inkblot test. Patients are asked to analyse a subjective stimulus. The unconscious conflicts will therefore be projected and therapist can analyse them. For example, seeing violent and harmful images can imply the patient suffered violence as a child that could have been the trigger for schizophrenia. The advantages of psychoanalysis is that no medical overview is requires and there are no biological side effects whereas, ECT and antipsychotic drugs can cause side effects and reinforce the idea that the patient has a mental illness. The labelling theory has supported the effects of this. Furthermore, psychological treatments...
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...Psychoanalysis David Tancredi PSY/310 Monday, May 23, 2016 Cheryl Fracasso Psychoanalysis The Psychoanalytic theory explains behavior in terms of the interaction of various components of personality. It was founded and established by the big man himself - Sigmund Freud (Lahey, 2009; Larsen & Buss, 2012). In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the model of human nature is relied on the notion of psychic energy. The psychic energy is a wellspring of motivation that motivates people to do, or not to do a particular thing. Freud believed that there were strong forces that provided all the energy required in the psychic system, naming them, instincts. He then brought together the self-preservation and sexual instincts into one, and he called it as libido, meaning, life instincts. In the beginning, Freud taught that the human mind consists of three parts the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. According to Freud, the conscious mind is the part that contains all our present thoughts, feelings and perceptions. The preconscious mind exists to store memories and information that we are not presently thinking about, but could be easily retrieved and made conscious. Freud also defined the unconscious mind as the largest part of our mind, where unacceptable thoughts and information are stored (Larsen & Buss, 2012). Freud maintained that nothing would happen by chance or by accident. He stressed that every perception, behaviors and feelings are the expression of the mind conscious...
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...The “father of adolescence,” Granville Stanley Hall is best known for his prodigious scholarship that shaped adolescent themes in psychology, education, and popular culture. Granville Stanley Hall was born in a small farming village in Massachusetts, and his upbringing was modest and conservative. He has produced over 400 books and articles and had become the first president of Clark University, Massachusetts, but his greatest achievement has been his research work on child centered research, education, and adolescence to a society in transition. He was instrumental in the development of educational psychology, and attempted to determine the effect adolescence has on education. “The Contents of Children’s Minds,” an 1883 publication of Hall helped him establish himself as the leader of the “child-study” movement, which aimed to utilize scientific findings on what children know and when they learn it as a way of understanding the history of and the means of progress in human life. Searching for a source of personal and social rebirth, Hall turned to the theory of evolution for a biologically based ideal of human development, the optimum condition of which was health. His pure and vigorous adolescent countered the fragmented, deadening, and reutilized qualities of urban industrial life. Hall theorized adolescence as the beginning of a new life and welded this vision to a scientific claim that this new life could contribute to the evolution of the race, if properly administered...
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...Hamlet: Antic Disposition or Actually Deranged? “I perchance hereafter shall think meet to put an antic disposition on.” In Act I scene v of The Tragedy of Hamlet: Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare, Prince Hamlet proclaims these famous words. But what do they actually mean? For decades, readers and audiences alike have been wondering if Hamlet’s “antic disposition” is actually an act, or complete and total madness. It is very possible that, if Hamlet were alive today, he would have been diagnosed with many mental illnesses including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and bipolar disorder. This is not to say he had these throughout the entirety of his life, but after the death of his father and other traumatic events that added to Hamlet’s misery, his act of madness developed into actual insanity. If he were alive in modern times, he would have been treated for these illnesses with a combination of therapy and medications. Unfortunately, during the time this play is set and was written, a full understanding of psychological disorders has not yet been reached. Because his mental illnesses went untreated, Hamlet was a danger to both himself and others. He is so much of a danger that he kills his uncle, King Claudius, Polonius, Laertes, and his friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Additionally, although it is not by his own hand, both Ophelia, the love of Hamlet’s life, and his mother, Queen Gertrude, take their own lives. Eventually, Hamlet himself dies as a result...
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...Psychoanalytic Paper Donald Jenkins PSY/310 October Saturday, 2014 Professor Sarah James-Felton Psychoanalytic Paper “Thought is action in rehearsal” – Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is the observations of individuals are unaware of factors that determine their behaviors and emotions. This paper will discuss the foundation and components of psychoanalysis. Also this paper will cover the contributions as well as criticism of the psychoanalytic models of explaining human behavior. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious, which during the beginning was a subject ignored by other systems of thought. The foundation of psychoanalysis has many contributors and goes back as far as the eighteenth century. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician that developed the idea called monadology. Leibnitz’s idea was the psychics are elements of reality and not made up of physical matter, which are mental in nature. Leibnitz believed that mental events which are composed if monads had a different degree of consciousness and were called petites perceptions (Schultz, 2011). Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) also a German philosopher had refined Leibnitz’s theory of the unconscious to the concept of the threshold of consciousness. Arguing that ideas in the mind rise to the conscious level of awareness. So in order for these ideas to rise to a conscious level of awareness it must be already relevant in the minds consciousness (Schultz, 2011)...
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...Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is only having a cathartic (i.e. healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured". Psychoanalysis Assumptions · Psychoanalytic psychologists see psychological problems as rooted in the unconscious mind. · Manifest symptoms are caused by latent (hidden) disturbances. · Typical causes include unresolved issues during development or repressed trauma. · Treatment focuses on bringing the repressed conflict to consciousness, where the client can deal with it. How can we understand the unconscious mind? freud's couch Remember, psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a Freudian theory. In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories. Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the psychoanalyst. Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic forces operating in the unconscious, psychoanalysis in its classic form is a lengthy process often involving 2 to 5 sessions...
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