...Outline and evaluate psychological explanations of depression: at least two Psychodynamic theories: * Outline : * Fixation at the oral stage (over or under gratification at the oral stage) results in dependency on caregiver and on other people. The dependant personality makes the constantly seek love and approval of others. * if the needs are not met the anger turns inwards ( later in life events like death, relationship break-up, job loss results in regression to the oral stage) results in depression. * Freud explained how, when a loved one is lost there is first a mourning period and then, after a while, life returns to normal. For some people however, the mourning period never seems to come to an end, they continue to exist in a state of permanent melancholia (depression). * Bibring psychodynamic theory states that depression is due to poor parenting. The child develops low self-esteem in contrast to the ideal self because the parents expect perfection on the child and can be critical. Evaluation: * This theory shows that early childhood experiences can affect vulnerability to depression, in later life the effects of early childhood experiences is supported by bowlby where the child attachment whether secure or insecure can affect later life relationship. * Freud’s theory is a good theory and is linked to the theory of Bowlby, insecure parent attachment. * Freud’s theory lacks falsifiability, because it cannot be operationalized and is based...
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...Psychodynamic Theories Jayme Terrigno PSY/405 October 6, 2014 Patti Tolar Psychodynamic Theories According to "Good Therapy" (2014), “The psychological interpretation of mental and emotional processes—is rooted in traditional psychoanalysis and draws from object relations, ego psychology, and self psychology” (para. 1). Psychodynamic theories draw most of their information from the idea of the unconscious, especially in the development of early childhood. This paper will describe personality, discuss the mail tenets of the theories presented, discuss how each theory applies to personality and behavior, and discusses the strengths and limitations of each theory. The degree to which individual humans vary from one another, both physically and psychologically, is quite astonishing and somewhat unique among species (Feist, Feist, & Roberts 2013). Personality id the physical characteristics of a person and how it reflects toward others. Personality is the thoughts and feelings that each person holds and shows to others. It is collection of a person, but these pieces of each person tend to remain the unchanged through the years. Psychodynamic theory was developed by a Sigmund Freud, a well-known theorist, and in his own words, scientist. Sigmund Freud began to combine philosophical speculations with a primitive scientific method. As a neurologist trained in science, Freud began to listen to his patients to find out what...
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...with a predictable biological pattern in an attempt to restore the body’s internal homeostasis. This initial hormonal reaction is your fight or flight stress response - and its purpose is for handling stress very quickly! The process of the body’s struggle to maintain balance is what Selye termed, the General Adaptation Syndrome. Pressures, tensions, and other stressors can greatly influence your normal metabolism. Selye determined that there is a limited supply of adaptive energy to deal with stress. That amount declines with continuous exposure. Going through a series of steps, your body consistently works to regain stability. With the general adaptation syndrome, a human’s adaptive response to stress has three distinct phases: ALARM STAGE - Your first reaction to stress recognizes there’s a danger and prepares to deal with the threat, a.k.a. the fight or flight response. Activation of the HPA axis, the nervous system (SNS) and the adrenal glands take place. During this phase the main stress hormones cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, is released to provide instant energy. If this energy is repeatedly not used by physical activity, it can become harmful. Too much adrenaline results in a surge of blood pressure that can damage blood vessels of the heart and brain – a risk factor in heart attack and stroke. The excess...
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...Psychodynamic Approach Carl Jung had a unique personality theory. When we compare it to Freud, they each thought that consciousness and unconsciousness had an effect on the mind. Jung created eight types of personalities that were then divided into four categories of functions. The foundation comes from Jung’s introversion and extroversion experiences. Erik Erikson developed his theories from an observational predetermined order. Unlike Freud he did not focus on sexual development but on children’s socialization skills and how they impact the child. Erikson has eight stages and each one has two results. If you were to complete every stage successfully it was seen as a healthy personality. If one did not complete each stage successfully then it is said that you have an unhealthy personality. Sigmund Freud studied the psychosexual model. Freud said that this stage starts in early childhood and goes through adulthood. As we are exposed to the environment a child forms an ego, which is seen as one of the strongest characteristics of a personality Psychodynamic Theories Brochure There have been many different theories throughout the years. Each has their own strengths and weaknesses when it comes to explaining individual behavior. This brochure will summarize psychodynamic theories and how they influence our lives. Theorists include Sullivan, Freud, Adler, Jung, Horney, Klein, Fromm and Erikson. All eight of these theorists mentioned have very unique personalities and life...
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...Psychodynamic & Humanistic/Existential Approaches Psychodynamic & Existential/Humanistic Theories Psychodynamic and existential/humanistic theories vary greatly in their approach, dynamic, and assumptions. The succeeding compares and contrasts the two theoretical approaches paying attention to the assumptions presented by each approach, motives for behavior, and whether the approach is deterministic or not. To gain more perspective into each approach it is essential to learn about the different theories and theorists that developed and contributed to each. The key psychodynamic theorists presented include Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack-Sullivan. On the other side, the theorists that contributed to the existential/humanistic approach include Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. Psychodynamic Theorists and Theories The founder of the psychodynamic approach to personality and psychoanalysis was Sigmund Freud. Freud’s views were focused mainly on sex and aggression as the basis for human motivation (Feist & Feist, 2009). According to Freud there are three distinct parts of human personality; the id, the ego and the super ego. And also three levels of consciousness; unconscious, preconscious and conscious. The two sets of three coincide with the id being part of the unconscious, the ego a part of both pre-consciousness and consciousness and the super ego also a part of the unconscious. A general assumption...
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...Literature and Topic Review for Environmental Influences on Personality Name Institution Literature and Topic Review for Environmental Influences on Personality 1.0 Introduction What makes an individual unique is their personality. A person’s personality refers to his mental features that differentiate this person from other people. Personality comprises of all patterns of emotions and thought that cause human beings to say things and to do them in particular ways. Personality signifies the most critical parts for a person’s psychological life. To this end, personality is, therefore, organized and dynamic set of characteristics that a person possesses (Lewis, 2001). These unique features influence a person’s motivations, behaviors and his or her cognitions in various situations. Personality is psychological, though biological processes also influence our behaviors. Our thoughts, social interactions, behavior, close relationships and feeling all influence our personality. The environment influences our personality (Myers, 2004). Anything that affects a person except his or her genes is the environment. Many external factors help in shaping our personality. These external factors include the people around us and the places that we live. Our friends, family, daily experiences, and all the people whom we interact with influence our personality. However, every person has a personality that is unique to them (Simanowitz...
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...Psychodynamic Personality Theories “An individual's self-concept is the core of his personality. It affects every aspect of human behavior: the ability to learn, the capacity to grow and change. A strong, positive self-image is the best possible preparation for success in life” (Brothers, 2011, p. 1). Several psychologists have studied personality over the years, and with this research theories are applied. Theories have strengths and weaknesses and assist those who pursue further research regarding personality. Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theories provide for a better understanding of the human personality and human nature. Sigmund Freud began the revolution of research and developed the first modern theory of personality. Freud’s research became a test if the future and led many others to develop their own theories some of which were empirical and some philosophical speculation. * Freud is well known for the twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis, which are sex and aggression. Freud revised his concept of personality several times because he believed that a theory should be followed up with observation. Freud based his theory on his own dreams as well as encounters with patients. The psychoanalytic theory and dynamics of personality supported the idea that “motivation is derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from their basic drives” (Feist, J., & Feist, G., 2009, p. 2). Freud used the concept of motivation to explain the driving forces that...
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...*Picture from Psychotherapy (2004)Personality: Psychodynamic Theories BrochureMaria Lydda GabrielPSY 405April 6, 2015Angela Snelling | | | What is Personality?“Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior” (Feist & Roberts, 2013, p. 4). | | | | | | | | Psychodynamic TheoriesFreud’s Theory * There are three provinces of the mind: A. The id * The id’s sole function is to seek pleasure without regard for what is proper and just, hence, serving the pleasure. Has no contact with reality, yet it strives to constantly reduce tension by satisfying basic desires (Feist & Roberts, 2013). B. The ego * Is governed by the reality principle. It is the only province of the mind in contact with reality. * When the ego becomes anxious, it uses repression and other defense mechanisms to defend itself against this anxiety (Feist & Roberts, 2013). C. The superego * Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles. * Acts to control sexual and aggressive impulses through the process of repression. * It strives blindly and unrealistically toward perfection. | | | | | * Freud’s theory helped us understand the harmony and disharmony that happens in our mind. It also helped to explain...
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...Jung was a follower of Freud and his theory held some similar traits. This theory includes the conscious, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Carl Jung believed we are motivated by images passed down by our ancestors as well as our repressed experiences. The things we inherited from our ancestors he named the collective unconscious. His theory is full of past events and future expectations. Images we inherit from our ancestors are called archetypes. Personal unconscious holds repressed thoughts of one individual. Consciousness is a very small piece of personality. Jung believed personality comes from mostly unconscious. Just like Freud, Jung’s theory is hard to prove or disprove. Jung was a follower of Freud and his theory held some similar traits. This theory includes the conscious, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Carl Jung believed we are motivated by images passed down by our ancestors as well as our repressed experiences. The things we inherited from our ancestors he named the collective unconscious. His theory is full of past events and future expectations. Images we inherit from our ancestors are called archetypes. Personal unconscious holds repressed thoughts of one individual. Consciousness is a very small piece of personality. Jung believed personality comes from mostly unconscious. Just like Freud, Jung’s theory is hard to prove or disprove. Carl Jung- Analytical Psychology Carl Jung- Analytical Psychology Adler-Individual...
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...something people can share and relate to with one another. According to Allport, “Personality is about what is unique to the individual, but it is also about what is shared across people” (Allport, 1962). Although there are several approaches to the personality analysis, this paper will specifically focus on the psychodynamic, humanistic and existential approaches. This paper will compare and contrast these theories, explore the characteristics that accompany these theories, and explain the interpersonal relational aspects associated with these particular theories. Psychodynamic Theory The theory of psychodynamics is the basic study of all psychological abilities that place an influence on human behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). This may especially include the compelling relationships among the motivation of the conscious and unconscious, which were the ideas of Sigmund Freud. Although Freud established the ideas of “psychodynamics” to explain the mind flow of the libido, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Melanie Klein should also be accredited for laying the foundation for the psychodynamic theory (Wikipedia Foundation, Inc., 2011). The ideas behind psychodynamics are often divided into two sections. The first is the interaction of emotional forces, which is the correlation between the emotional and motivational impulses...
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...conscious. The ego is concerned of the thinking process, feeling, remembering, and perceiving. It sees that the function of everyday life is carried out. It is responsible as well for our identity and sense of continuity in time. Not to compare the two of the ego and the psyche the psyche is both conscious and the substantial unconscious aspect of personality, more in as a complex personally disturbing a constellation of ideas. A complex has a very disproportionate influence on behavior. It occurs over and over again in our life. Such in a mother complex will spend time related to the idea of mother whereas the same in a father as in sex, power, money or any other complex. Jung didn't believe that the stages of development where important such as Freud. Jung defined the stages in terms of the focus of libidinal energy. Jung disagreed with Freud about the nature of the libido. Freud believed that the libido was mainly sexual in nature and how it was invested within the five years of life was determined by a large extent on what a individual adult personality would be like. He also believed that libidinal energy was directed simply toward whatever was important to the individual at the time and what was important changed as a function of a person's maturation. Jung believed that the libido as general biological life energy that is concentrated on different problems as they arise. Libido is the driving force behind the psyche which is focused on the various needs either biological...
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...Scott Johnson 1/28/2013 Psychodynamic theory is defined as the study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior. It is primarily the dynamic relations between our conscious and unconscious motivation. Sigmund Freud is noted as the Father of psychodynamic theories. Our unconscious processes shape who we are and what our personality is. Freud’s structure of personality is your Id, Ego and Super ego. Id is our basic want to need, an “I want it now” idea. It’s our unconscious instincts. Ego keeps us in reality, it is more of a research idea. It is the mediator between the ego and super ego. It manages our personality and our decision making. Super ego is what’s right vs. what’s wrong. It is our individual moral values. The psychodynamic theory is the interactions and battle of id, ego and super ego. A focus of psychodynamics is the forces that are in conflict in our subconscious that form our personality and behavior. Our conscious layer is thoughts and feelings we are fully aware of. Preconscious is info that is just beneath our awareness. Unconscious layer includes feelings we are not aware of but greatly influence our behavior. Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious reactions that protect us from painful emotions such as anxiety or guilt. I think this is the more interesting part of the psychodynamic theory. Defense Mechanisms include repression, denial, rationalization, displacement, projection, regression and reaction formation. For example, one of my friends...
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...----------------------- References: Addis, M. (2006). Wittgenstein: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Continuum Press Ltd. Andersen, M.L. and Taylor, H.F. (2008). Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. London: Wadsworth. Borch-Jacobsen, M. (1989). The Freudian Subject. London: Macmillan Press. Boeree, C.G. (2006). Carl Jung. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/jung.html [Accessed on 05/10/2012]. Businessballs.com (2006). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm [Accessed on 12/10/12]. Gilbert, D. The surprising science of happiness. [online]. Available at: http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_gilbert_asks_why_are_we_happy.html. [Accessed on 19/10/2012]. Schermerhorn, J.R. (2011). Management. London: John Wiley & Sons. Storr, A. (2001). Freud: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tonnesmann, M. (2005). Towards the structural model of the mind. In. R.J. Perelberg. (Eds). Freud: A Modern Reader. London: Whurr Publishers. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Carl Jung (1875 – 1961) Synthetic happiness is an unconscious process that can help individuals to cope with not getting their every wish fulfilled (Gilbert 2009). This has links to Freud’s ego and superego as they help to manage the id which demands that its every wish is catered for. In self-management it could be useful as it would help individuals...
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...also something people can share and relate to with one another. According to Allport, “Personality is about what is unique to the individual, but it is also about what is shared across people” (Allport, 1962). Although there are several approaches to the personality analysis, this paper will specifically focus on the psychodynamic, humanistic and existential approaches. This paper will compare and contrast these theories, explore the characteristics that accompany these theories, and explain the interpersonal relational aspects associated with these particular theories. Psychodynamic Theory The theory of psychodynamics is the basic study of all psychological abilities that place an influence on human behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). This may especially include the compelling relationships among the motivation of the conscious and unconscious, which were the ideas of Sigmund Freud. Although Freud established the ideas of “psychodynamics” to explain the mind flow of the libido, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Melanie Klein should also be accredited for laying the foundation for the psychodynamic theory (Wikipedia Foundation, Inc., 2011). The ideas behind psychodynamics are often divided into two sections. The first is the interaction of emotional forces, which is the correlation between the emotional and motivational impulses that have an effect on one’s mental stability, and behavior, particularly on a subconscious...
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...Contributions to Society For each of the 5 approaches from AS you must know 2 ways in which it has contributed (been useful) to society. For Child, Criminology and Clinical you must know one contribution from each. For many of the approaches this can be therapies that are used for treating different behaviours. Social 1. Understanding Prejudice · Social approach helps us to understand why prejudice occurs. · SIT explains that prejudice occurs by simply belonging to a group– we belong to an in group and those not part of this are considered the out group. We categorise into these groups and identify with in group members by the beliefs we have and what we wear. In order to make our in group look good we display in group favouritism and show a preference for our in group and seeing their behaviours in a positive light. The behaviour of the out group we put down, and this boosts the in group self-esteem. · Realistic conflict theory suggests prejudice between groups occurs when there is competition for resources, and that it is not simply belonging to a group. This can explain why many groups can live alongside each other in harmony, which SIT cannot explain. · An example of SIT in action is football fans as they categorise themselves into teams e.g. either Man U or Chelsea and wear team colours e.g. red or blue. When these teams play they will call the fans of the rival team names to raise their own teams self-esteem. · Prejudice can account for a...
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