...Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, by David Entwistle, is a comprehensive book that details the conceptual behavior influenced by the developmental processes of the physical mind and its influence on spiritual development. The basis of the book is to explore the claims and the strains, “given the historical animosity of some psychologists toward religion and some Christians toward psychology” (p.217), that arise from the intertwining of psychological and Christian theological views, in order to help us understand and appreciate humanity better than viewing from either perspective individually. “The closer one gets to considering psychotherapeutic and pastoral concerns, the greater the common ground and the greater possibility for conflict” (p. 36). The book’s focus is on integrative approaches in a well comprehended Christian worldview by which “we can evaluate our beliefs and behavior in light of the biblical message (p. 63), and “form a body of theories from which all prejudice, bias, and unjustifiable conjecture have been eliminated” (p. 199). The historical opposition and advocacy of the integration of the two views, along with the current integration research and application, is presented with the help of multiple psychological researchers. Entwistle’s view is that integration is possible if the proper cautions are taken; that “human nature can be mapped from two directions” (p. 198), if the disciplines participate in a productive interchange of...
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...History of Psychology Danielle Shank PSY/310 February 18, 2013 Kelle Daniels History of Psychology To understand psychology today, one must understand the past of psychology. Rene’ Descartes believes a person’s mind to have an ability to reason and the body to be a machine. However, John Locke believed a person’s mind to be a clean slate and it is filled from experiences. These are two amazing theories about the mind and body. However, if all of the theories were to be discussed this would not be an essay; this would be a book series. Psychology dates back to the 1900’s but the true history goes back to the Greek philosophers or even farther to the 17th century B.C. with Psamtik 1 (King of Egypt). He believed the Egyptians were the oldest race and was curious about how. The foundation of psychology starts with philosophy and medicine than later becomes its own category of psychology. Psychology gets broken down into smaller parts. This paper will go over different philosophers of the past that brought the start of psychology and then a man who was in the 19th century of psychology. Philosophers That Began Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus states in his textbook called “Psychology An Elementary textbook”, “Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is very short” (Ebbinghaus, 1908, p. 3). When this statement is broken...
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...Nissa Lewis William Carey University Contemporary Psychology 2 Abstract The definition of psychology has changed as the focus of psychology has changed. At various Times in history, psychology has been defined as the study of the psyche or the mind, of the Spirit, of consciousness, and more recently as the study of, or the science of, behavior. Perhaps, Then, we can arrive at and acceptable definition of modern psychology by observing the activities Of contemporary psychologist. These are just a few of the activities that engage contemporary psychologists. Clearly, no single definition of psychology can take into consideration the wide variety of activities engaged in by the more than 148,000 members and affiliates of the American Psychological Association, not to mention the many other psychologists around the world. Contemporary Psychology 3 Introduction to Contemporary Psychology The definition of psychology has changed as the focus of psychology has changed. At various times in history, psychology has been defined as the study of the psyche or the mind, of the spirit, of consciousness, and more recently as the study of, or the science of, behavior. Perhaps, then, we can arrive at and acceptable definition of modern psychology by observing the activities of contemporary psychologist. These are...
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...Chapter 1 What is social psychology? LEARNING OUTCOMES When you have finished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Outline the main differences between experimental and critical approaches to social psychology. 2 Describe the three main ‘metaphysical battles’ between them. 3 Trace the origins of social psychology through the work of William McDougall and William James, and the contributions made by Völkerpsychologie and crowd psychology. 4 Describe the two contrasting images of ‘the person’ in social psychology. 5 Identify the roots of and describe the historical development of both experimental and critical social psychology. 6 Describe the main elements of Modernism and Postmodernism, and how these relate to contemporary social psychology. 7 Explain how these two approaches are different, and why they cannot be integrated. Introduction On a March night in 1964, Kitty Genovese was attacked by a maniac as she came home from work at 3 A.M. Thirty-eight of her Kew Gardens neighbors came to their windows when she cried out in terror – but no one came to her assistance. Even though the attack, which resulted in her death, lasted more than half an hour, no one even so much as called the police. . . . The thirty-eight witnesses to Kitty 3 4 FOUNDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES Genovese’s murder did not merely look at the scene once and then ignore it. Instead they continued to stare out, fascinated, distressed, unwilling to act but unable...
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...EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: A DEFINITION AND KEY CONCEPTS It seems too simple to say that educational psychology is the psychology of learning and teaching, and yet a majority of educational psychologists spend their time studying ways to describe and improve learning and teaching. After reviewing the historical literature in educational psychology, Glover and Ronning (1987, p. 14) suggested that educational psychology includes topics that span human development, individual differences, measurement, learning, and motivation and is both a data-driven and a theory-driven discipline. Thus, our definition of educational psychology is the application of psychology and psychological methods to the study of development, learning, motivation, instruction, assessment, and related issues that influence the interaction of teaching and learning. This definition is broad because the potential applications of educational psychology to the learning process are immense! Today educational psychology is a vital discipline that is contributing to the education of teachers and learners. For example, Jerome Bruner, an enduring figure in educational psychology, recently noted the need to rethink our ideas of development, teaching, and learning and the interactions among them. Specifically, Bruner (1996) urged educators and psychologists to see children as thinkers, and stated: No less than the adult, the child is thought of as holding more or less coherent "theories" not only about the world but about...
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...Bioloical and psychology essay psy 340 wk 1 individual assignment Biopsychological Essay Biological psychology is combining psychology with biology and studying what kind of impact biology plays in our behavior. In other words, how does the physical brain affect our psychological behavior? It is a biological approach to the study of psychology. This has also been referred to as psychobiology, behavioral biology, or behavioral neuroscience Biopsychology did not develop into a discipline o f its own until the 20th century. While the exact date s not clear, in 1949 the publication of “The Organization of Behavior” by D.O. Hebb. This publication was significant in its emergence in bringing biopsychology to the forefront of study. In this book Hebb's theory was about the complex psychology such as perceptions, emotions, thoughts, and memories might have a strong influence from actual brain activity. Hebb based his theories on experiments of humans and laboratory animals, clinical case studies, logical arguments, and his own observations of daily life. To go back even further, we can look at Aristotle, or Plato. While it may not have been considered as a study of it’s own, we should not forget their early contributions. It is the very beginning of taking a look at the brain as the key to all thoughts, behaviors, and philosophical thoughts. Aristotle looked at the brain in ways that were not yet considered. Opening a new world of psychology or at least planting...
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...friend who thinks psychology is all that stuff they see from people like Dr. Phil and others in the media. Based on what you have read in chapter one, how would you convince your friend that psychology is a science? First of all, I will tell you about science. Basically, science refers to a system of getting something (esp. knowledge) based what they call a scientific methods. With scientific method, we can prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observation. Based what I’m studying until now, science allows for precise and careful measurement. Isaac Newton in his book “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” , says that scientific method refers to the body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. So, we can also say that a scientific method consist of the data that we get from the observation and experimentation. The data that we get from the scientific method also must be tested whether it is appropriate with hypotheses or not. Therefore, if we get a conclusion through the steps from scientific method, we said it is science. Now, move on to the Psychology. You said that psychology is all that stuff you see from people like Dr. Phil and others in the media. Let me tell you how Dr. Phil deals with psychology. Before that, I will tell you the definition of psychology regarding Saundra...
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...Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Liberty University Summary David Entwistle’s (2010) book, Integrative approaches to psychology and Christianity: An introduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations, and models of integration, opens the reader’s eyes to unexpected possibilities, beginning with the often combative regimes of faith and reason using Tertullian’s symbolism of Athens as the seat of reason and Jerusalem as the seat of faith; which is the basic ongoing battle between science and religion (Entwistle, 2010). What Entwistle addresses is his belief that integration of the disciple of psychology and Christianity is possible, each contributing to the whole allowing effective therapy, where the therapist becomes a type of shepherd that invites the client into the goodness of God and introduces Christ as his savior. Psychology attempts to understand, describe, and diagnose human behavior but Christian theology seeks to understand “what it means to be human” (Entwistle, 2010, p. 3). In the end Entwistle (2010) reoccurring theme throughout the book is that this integration is possible because “all truth is God’s truth” (p. 13). All the reasoning, precise measurements, and descriptives of psychology are possible because of God’s work in creation. Entwistle expands on the concept of worldviews and how each individual interprets everything around them. Each person will search for the truth but it will be biased according to the individual’s worldview...
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...History of Modern Psychology The roots of early Philosophy are the initial study of understanding; it is therefore the core of Psychology, which is used to motivate an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and actions to understand behavior. Philosophy relates to how an individuals experiences through understanding with no emotions. Therefore, one understands of how both philosophy and psychology can correlate with each other, even though they are both very different, the foundation was laid for further development of modern psychology today (Kowalski & Westen, 2005). Psychology has a long past, short history (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). Hermann Ebbinghaus was noted for his slogan, and the first person to study memory through experimenting. Which brings us to psychology in its infancy, and the development of this science can be contributed to many philosophers as far back as the 18th century, and forward into the 19th century. Featuring, German experialmentalist Gustav, and Fechner 1801-1807, and Hermann von Helmholtz 1821-1894 all were apart of the growing developments of what Philosophy would become (Garth Kemerling, 2002). The American Psychological Association was founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1892. The Principles of Psychology, one of the most important texts in Psychology was written by William James, who would later determine functionalism. Rene Descartes and John Locke are two of the greatest philosophers known for teaching many about psychology today (Wade Pickerin...
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...A 4-MAT Review System: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Summary The book that will be reviewed in this paper is Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, which was written by David N. Entwistle. This book was meant for secular, spiritual, and Christian counselors. Entwistle wrote this book to teach these counselors how they can successfully integrate psychology and Christianity together. It is important to do this because there is a history of conflict that exists between science and religion as well as supernaturalism and naturalism. Science, being naturalistic, believes in things that can be observed and measured which conflicts with religion, which is super-naturalistic, since most things relating to it cannot be observed or measured. Thus began the conflict of science and religion. Entwistle (2010b) spoke of the conflict Galileo had because he believed in the science experiments he had conducted. These experiments taught that the universe does not revolve around Earth, the heliocentric model, however this conflicted with the church and its religious beliefs since they believed in the Aristotelian model (Entwistle, 2010b). After pushing for his beliefs in his books, he received punishment after the second book was released. Entwistle (2010a p. 8) also brought to our attention the question asked by Tertullian, “What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem?” This is asking us if there is harmony that exists between the church and teaching...
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...Cognitive Psychology Psych 560 May 20, 2013 Prof. Pitt Cognitive Psychology The brain is one of the major faculties that provide sense to human life. The numerous and various abilities of the human brain are truly amazing. However, although it is a common thought that man may think extraordinarily, human emotions have great influence to how human beings think, and use his brains. It is the reason why any activity facilitated or performed by the brain is called a mental processes or cognition. Cognition refers to the process that involves mental or cognitive ability such as in learning, comprehension, judging, thinking, problem-solving, remembering and recalling (Kendra, 2011). Neisser (2009) defined cognition as the “act of knowing, and cognitive psychology is the study of all human activities related to knowledge”. (Page 1) Cognitive psychology is a part of the larger field of cognitive science and is related to various disciplines in psychology such as neuroscience, linguistics, and philosophy. The main thrust of cognitive psychology is how the people acquire, store and process information. Compared with other dominant approaches in psychology for example, the behaviorism approach which is concerned with the observable behaviors, the cognitive approach focuses on internal mental states. Unlike psychoanalysis which is focused on subjective perceptions, the cognitive psychology approach...
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...Pop psychology, refers to psychology, that gets passed around using milieus of self-help books, axioms, talk shows and folklore remedies. While pop psychology may, or may not be scientifically proven, however it still influences our mental process and help shape our personality. It works to steer our self-perception’s, about our capabilities and ourselves. Which can result in self harm, or be of some worth to the user, either way is widely used every day by many. although it does not have a without a scientific base? Every pop psychology influences our decision, nurture states, “it is the environmental dynamics that influences who we are. Childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships and culture” (Cherry. A. (2009) whenever we seek guidance from our family and friends who use post hoc and ergo propter reasoning as the base of their knowledge. These unscientific myths do not consider multidirectional cause for the problem. And the answers may not solve the problem because of the tunnel vision of pop psychology. Many of us experience barriers which hinder our self-growth and generates emotional disequilibrium, while popular psychology allows us to remove them through refection and adjusting our perspectives. However, it can delay seeking needed help, in instances where there is serious mental illness, these disorders need the help of a trained professional, who has studied for several years at an institution of higher learning. Because most instances when...
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...sociology and psychology toward mental illness? Table of Contents I. Introduction P.1 II. What is Philosophy? P.2-14 i. An Introduction to Philosophyby George S. Fullerton ii. Principles of Philosophyby Rene Descartes iii. The Gift of Fire by Richard Mitchell iv. I and Thou by Martin Buber v. Philosophy: Who needs it? by Ayn Rand III. Sociology P.15-19 i. The philosophy of sociology ii. Sociology towards mental illness IV. Psychology P.20-23 i. The philosophy of psychology ...
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...Running Head: PSYCHOLOGY and CHRISTIANITY 1 Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity PSYCHOLOGY and CHRISTIANITY 2 Abstract This entire book explains how the two books of God can be consolidated to provide the needs of the whole man. The author stated that all truth is God’s and everything that he made was good. Psychology is the study of human behavior and theology is the study of religion; both perspectives are disciplines that are learned. Integration will allow a better understanding of human behavior which neither perspective can do along. Since the Christian faith could not support man along, the mentally challenged suffered. Critics stated that the Christian faith did not keep Bible law concerning love and acceptance of homosexuality; the faith didn’t have the science or intellect to cure sickness, distorted perceptions and mental defects. Sin brought the fall of man and brokenness; yet, science through testings, assumptions, methods, experiments and discoveries were needed to fully care for humans; a holistic approach was needed to cure man. The Church was challenged to provide supreme knowledge to care for souls which lead to many new worldviews which were made up of disciplines that governed people’s lives. These worldviews have Enemies and Allies which were obstacles to integration....
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...Summary In reviewing the book “Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity” by David N. Entwistle (2010) the author poses many questions about integrating Christianity and psychology. The book begins with questioning the influence of religion on humanity in the example of the worshipers in the threating situation of sitting in a church filled with carbon-monoxide. The events of that occurrence lead the author to take a deeper look into integration. Entwistle goes on to explore the many challenges of the faith-based communities’ views and criticisms on the sciences and psychology. Entwistle poses one of the basic objections “Some people see Christianity only as a religious belief and psychology as a profession, with very little overlap between them.” (Entwistle, 2010, p.10). The author then goes on to state arguments against this belief as he further defines Christianity, philosophy, theology and psychology, allowing the reader to examine the differences and the likenesses between them. To further analyze, Entwistle states “The term integration suggests that it takes effort to find connection between psychology and theology because they have been dis-integrated, or torn asunder” (Entwistle, 2010, p. 16). Appealing to the reader to see the word ‘integration’ as both a noun and a verb. Initial opposition to integration is reflected in the story of Galileo’s verdict by the Roman Catholic Church. Entwistle provides further evidence of the relationship between faith...
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