...Describe the use of observational studies in psychological research discussing the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. To fully be able to do this we must first outline the different types of observational study and their key differences, i.e. the naturalistic, systematic and structured methodologies. For each of these methodologies this essay will not only provide a definition but also present real life studies extracted from peer reviewed sources and for each of these it will outline a brief description of their aims, methods and findings and will be concluded with the relative advantages and disadvantages of each study based on their method. Finally this essay will conclude by expressing the important role each method plays...
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...In this discussion I will give a brief summary on two types of data collection methods and give examples of pros and cons for each method. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Observational study is a method of data collection that involves a process of watching any given type of situation and recording the data that is observed. Depending on how and what data is being observed depends on the type of tool the researcher will want to use in order to collect their information. The researcher conducting this type of study is a passive observer and does not tamper in any way with the variable of interest or any factors that may affect it. When recording observation data, you have to remember that all answers are from your own perception and there is no right or wrong answer. In the observational study that I researched, researchers wanted to know if CCBs associated with LUTS in males. This was conducted on 38 males which ranged from the ages of 46 to 89 years old, with the median age being 67 for about five years. According to the study, calcium channel blockers associated to 100% of the lower urinary tract symptoms within a 38 males. A few disadvantages of the observational data method are that some of the research conducted can be subject to the researcher’s biases. This is mainly due to the perception of the researcher. The researcher may also miss important milestones that may need it to have been observed. Because of the fact there is limited control with this method; people conducting...
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...Literature Review: Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total Laryngectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Name Affiliation Date ABSTRACT Objectives: Enlargement of the tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is a challenging complication after laryngectomy with TEP. We sought to estimate the rate of enlarged puncture, associated pneumonia rates, potential risk factors, and conservative treatments excluding complete surgical TEP closure. Methods: A systematic review was conducted (1978–2008). A summary risk estimate was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: Twenty-seven peer-reviewed manuscripts were included. The rate of enlarged puncture and/or leakage around the prosthesis was reported in 23 articles (range, 1% to 29%; summary risk estimate, 7.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8% to 9.6%). Temporary removal of the prosthesis and TEP- site injections were the most commonly reported conservative treatments. Prosthetic diameter (p =.076) and timing of TEP (p = .297) were analyzed as risk factors; however, radiotherapy variables were inconsistently reported. Conclusions: The overall risk of enlarged puncture seems relatively low, but it remains a rehabilitative challenge. Future research should clearly establish risk factors for enlarged puncture and optimal conservative management. Keywords: tracheoesophageal puncture, total laryngectomy, enlarged tracheoesophageal puncture, complications, leakage Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total...
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...find examples of studies that used two different methods of data collection. Paragraph 1: Describe the data collection method used in one study. (Be sure to cite the article which must be from one of AIU’s full-text databases) Paragraph 2: Using the knowledge you gained from the textbook, discuss the pros and cons of the data collection method. (Cite the textbook) Paragraph 3: Describe a different data collection method used in another study. (Be sure to cite the article which must be from one of AIU’s full-text databases) Paragraph 4: Again, using the knowledge you learned from the textbook, discuss the pros and cons of the data collection method. (Cite the textbook) In this discussion I will give a brief summary on two types of data collection methods and give examples of pros and cons for each method. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Observational study is a method of data collection that involves a process of watching any given type of situation and recording the data that is observed. Depending on how and what data is being observed depends on the type of tool the researcher will want to use in order to collect their information. The researcher conducting this type of study is a passive observer and does not tamper in any way with the variable of interest or any factors that may affect it. When recording observation data, you have to remember that all answers are from your own perception and there is no right or wrong answer. In the observational study that I researched...
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...costs are substantial. 2. Comparison One – Brotzeit VS Malones Irish Restaurant & Bar 2.1 Sales/Revenue Monetary gains are a good measure of success and a highly tangible KPI. Due to high start-up and recurring costs of the chosen outlets, increased revenue and hence profit would increase success and sustainability. Brotzeit takes the forefront for this aspect based not simply on their price points but also the consumption and revenue . Based on our observational research, Malones offers a set lunch at approximately $7 (includes main course, soup of the day and a non-alcoholic beverage) , which is extremely affordable compared to their regular prices where starters are $8 and above. Brotzeit does not run any set promotions. However, Brotzeit had (??%) more customers than Malones during the lunch peak hour from 12-3pm and a (??%) more sales of alcoholic beverages which is a high component of revenue for restaurant bars due to highly taxed alcohol in Singapore. Based on the calculations made from the observational study conducted on a typical day , the revenue of Brotzeit was significantly more than that of Malones. Brotzeit’s success is evident as they had hit their sales target for the lunch period while Malones did not. 2.2 Online Reviews Consumers of society today are highly tech savvy and 90% use the...
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...Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures related to a problem | Answer | Data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures that have already been recorded before the project at hand | Answer | Secondary data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures that are newly collected for the project | Answer | Primary data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures obtained by watching, either mechanically or in person, how people actually behave | Answer | Observational data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question Facts and figures obtained by asking people about their attitudes, awareness, intentions, and behaviors | Answer | Questionnaire data | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question The use of computer networks that can store and process data | Answer | Information technology | | Add Question Here | | Fill in the Blank | 1 points | Modify Remove | | Question The extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases to find statistical links between consumer purchasing patterns and marketing actions |...
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...CASE STUDY I: A real estate company owns 800 acres of undeveloped land on a scenic lake in the heart of the Aravalli mountains. In the past, little or no regulation was applied to new developments around the lake. The lake shores are now dotted with vacation homes and hotels. Because the lack of sewage service, septic tanks are in extensive use, most of which are not properly constructed. Seepage from the tanks has resulted in a severe water pollution problem. To curb the degradation in the quality of water, the municipal authorities have approved stringent ordinances applicable to future developments. The new regulations are: • Only single, double and triple family homes can be constructed, with single family homes accounting for at least 50% of the total. • To limit the number of septic tanks, minimum lot sizes of 2, 3 and 4 acres are required for single, double and triple family homes respectively. • Recreation areas of 1 acre each must be established at the rate of 1 area per 200 families. • To preserve the ecology of the lake, underground water may not be pumped for house or garden use. The company is studying the possibility of developing the 800 acres it owns. The new development will include single, double and triple family homes. It is estimated that 15% of the acreage will be used up as utilities and streets. The company estimates the returns from the different housing units as: Housing unit Single family Double...
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...In this essay I am going to look at the case study which was discussed within my group in class. The one which I have chosen to do and develop I will also go onto explain what I feel the cause of the persons symptoms are and then go onto construct a hypnoanalysis treatment plan for this person. I will also go on to discuss what I feel would be the required outcome of this case. I will also take into account any ethical issues that may arise. The case study I have chosen is Mr X. He is a 32 year old male client. Mr X’s symptoms are sleeping difficulties, low self esteem and problems sustaining a long term relationship. Mr X has never had a very good relationship with his father and he never seemed to receive any sense of approval from him in whatever he did with his life. He qualified as an accountant on leaving school but has now qualified as a nurse which is something he really enjoys doing. Mr X has felt that his father always thought that he could do better, never encouraged him and when he announced he was training to be a nurse, his father said “Why didn’t you train to be a doctor then?”. What ever he does isn’t good enough for him. Mr X believes his childhood feelings of being undervalued have affected him deeply and these feelings have carried on into his adult life. H knows there is a connection between these emotions and his low self esteem and sustaining a long term relationship. We talk through the notification form and discover this relationship that...
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...Challenges within a CMO Purification Process A Case Study of Crossflow Micro- and Ultrafiltration 6th European Downstream Technology Forum September 7, 2010, Sartorius College, Goettingen Agenda I. II. Introduction Overview applications for CFF at RHB III. Case study I & II IV. Strategies to maintain quality Richter-Helm offers services for (co-)development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals Business Units and Services In- & Out-Licensing Marketing & Sales Contract development Contract manufacturing Business Development Team GMP-Production Facility, Bovenau 3 Richter-Helm was one of the first companies to produce recombinant proteins in accordance to GMP-guidelines History of Richter-Helm Timeline 1987 1989 1993 1998 2000 2001 Foundation of Pharma Biotechnologie Hannover and start of GMP production Entering contract GMP manufacturing Broadening service portfolio / establishment of contract development services Building up of development centre in Hamburg Planning and start of construction of the new large scale GMP facility in Bovenau First long-term commercial development and supply agreement for large scale facility signed Initiation of GMP production in Bovenau Acquisition by Gedeon Richter Plc and HELM AG Start of in-house development projects Fully remodelled Hannover facility in operation Capacity enlargement in Bovenau More than 20 years of experience in biopharmaceuticals production 3 development and production locations 2003...
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...Case Study Analysis: Case 10-2 La Jolla Software, Inc. Kenneth Schiff BUS 600: Management Communication with Technology Tools Professor Sherrie Lewis 12/ 12/2011 Case Study Analysis: Case 10-2 La Jolla Software, Inc LaJolla Software recently received a fax from Masahiro Fudaba, a senior Vice President of Ichi Ban Heavy Industries in Japan. For several months LaJolla Software Inc. executives were targeting several Japanese firms for a joint venture that would permit the company to distribute its famous "S-4" supply chain management software in Japan and, perhaps, throughout much of Asia (O'Rourke, 2010, p. 293). The fax explained that the multiple stakeholders of Ichi Ban have an interest in a joint venture with La Jolla Software Inc. However, before proceeding, Ichi Ban will send Kazushi Yakura and a team of eight managers from Ichi Ban to visit LaJolla. While Yakura will leave in a few days, the team of eight managers will remain in the United States until we have reached an agreement. We have limited information regarding our visitors; age, education, prior work experience, and job titles is all we know. We do not know how long the transition team will be in the United States, because we do not know how long it will take to reach an agreement. We do not know how much English, if any, they know, or if they will have a translator. Since we don't have access to this information our ability to maintain cultural sensitivity (O'Rourke...
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...Jesse Dove CCJS 100 Research Paper Case Study 1 – Murder 13December2013 Case Study One, Murder It’s sad to think about but each and every day someone in this country gets murdered. Violence seems to flood our streets and pollute our society. It doesn’t matt why either, it could be over drugs, money, or disputes. This is something I find unacceptable but see no end in sight to. As we will see in the case study I will present on one particular murder I will explain my views of the case and what I believe to be the proper punishment. I chose the murder of a man and a women named Rodney Hill and Lucy Wolf. From what little details I have it seems that the incident occurred due to a jealous husband acting on his anger with the use of deadly force. It documented how a restraining order was already placed on Ms. Lane’s former husband due to previous problems with physical and mental abuse. In my opinion I believe this might have been what triggered James T. Lane, a bartender and her former husband to lash out in rage. Both Ms. Lane and her new intimate relationship partner Mr. Hill were found dead due to multiple stabbings after her neighbor called police when he heard loud commotion and yelling that ended in screaming. Once police arrived on scene they found both Ms. Lane and Mr. Hill dead at her residence, the death appeared to be caused due to multiple stab wounds on both individuals. Mr. Wolf also reported to police a description of a vehicle that matched Mr. Lanes automobile...
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...Cranston Supply Budget Mike A. Howard INF 336 Project Procurement Management Dr. Arman Kanooni June 1, 2014 Granston Supply Budget This week’s assignment consists of a case study of the city of Graston. From the case study I am to create a project supply and materials budget based on the information in the case study using the ‘Current Year Q-3’ data found in Exhibit 2 and Exhibit 3. Also included in this assignment will be an explanation on the importance of a materials supply budget and the impact of the budget on the supply organization. For any successfully business or organization there is an emphases placed on the supply budget which a lot of times will determine the success or failure of a company. Robert Simons of Harvard University published an article in which he gave a brief explanation of a budget it stated “A budget is an ex ante formal statement, generally determined by negotiation and approved by management, of the resource inflows and outflows expected during the budget period. Thus, it is an explicit contract outlining expectations between superior and ^subordinate” (Simons, R. 1988). Every organization needs to have a vision, goals and a plan without those three elements they risk certain failure. So for the material supply budget of any business it has to start with a vision of what they (the company) is trying to achieve. Secondly there needs to be a plan or steps on how they will (the company) reach their goals. For all business the need...
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...Student Id: 13038597 * Reflective Essay * Case study I: GHEMAWAT, PANKAJ. (2001). Distance still matters. Harvard Business Review. 79 (8), 137-147. * Case Study II : GHADAR, FARIBORZ, SVIOKLA, JOHN and STEPHAN, DIETRICH A.. (2012). Why life Science Needs its own Silicon Valley. Harvard Business Review. 90 (7/8), 25-27. * Case Study III : BEAMISH, PAUL W AND LUPTON, NATHANIEL. (2009). Managing Joint Ventures, Academy of Management Perspectives. Harvard Business Review. 23 (2), 75-94 Reflective Essay I have always been scared of strategies, I used to always think that I will get confused after studying the module business strategies but I was wrong. My parents have always told me that nothing is difficult unless you try it and I never believed them until today. When I started my assignment I was scared of reading 3 big case studies and I always use to ask myself , how am I going to read all through this pages and write notes on this. The most difficult part was to summarize it only 500 word each case study which had a lot of vital information. But eventually I did it. I tried my best to cover all the important points. I have always been very inquisitive about the word strategies. It can be used in many things like game, work, business and many more. The word strategy is to make a plan before you implement, and one has to make a plan before doing anything. Spontaneous plan do not work every time, so to be on a safer side most of the people plan it. And today...
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...Case Study Method by Saul McLeod email icon published 2008 Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Typically data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations & interviews). The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e. the patient’s personal history). The case study method often involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing ‘the case history’ of a single participant or group of individuals (such as a school class or a specific social group), i.e. the idiographic approach. Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’. The case study is not itself a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies such as qualitative techniques (unstructured interviews, participant observation, diaries), personal notes (e.g. letters, photographs, notes) or official document (e.g. case notes, clinical notes, appraisal reports). The data collected can be analyzed using different theories (e.g. grounded theory, interpretative phenomenological analysis, text interpretation (e.g. thematic coding) etc. All the approaches mentioned here use preconceived categories in the...
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...Unit 1 – Understanding MIS Theodora Wilson American InterContinental University Abstract Information systems are used globally with efficient effective ways starting with management as they utilize the four competitive strategies to compete in businesses. The organizations and their use of technology to collaborate and succeed in the market all depends on how their information systems are set up. Introduction Understanding Information systems in the world of businesses assists in creating success for the stock holders, stake holders, and the consumer. This paper will answer questions based on four case studies. The case studies presented are based on smart grids, collaboration and innovation, how much a company knows about you, and the consequences of texting. Case Study I – Smart Grids Smart grids were developed as the twenty-first century automated form of electrical output to consumers. Smart Grids are used to deliver electricity from the supplier to the consumer using digital technology. This means using an automated system through a computer generated information network from power plants and wind farms to the customer in their homes and businesses. Utilizing smart grids in this fashion is different from the current electricity infrastructure as far as not using transmission lines to telephone poles to meters. (Kenneth c. Laudon, 2012) Developing a smart grid requires management of information. Technology is needed to operate the network...
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