...Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA 1 Schizophrenia Excelsior College SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 Abstract This paper discusses the features and symptoms of Schizophrenia. This paper addresses the issues associated with Schizophrenia such as stress. It also addresses the bio psychosocial explanations that are associated with the development of this disorder. In this paper I address the type of therapies used for the treatment of Schizophrenia. The remainder of this paper discusses the rationale uses of these therapies and the effectiveness for Schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA 3 Schizophrenia The key features of the disorder, including its symptoms Schizophrenia is a disorder that is characterized by unorganized thinking and odd perceptions that dysfunction in major activities within a person’s life. These sometime include withdrawals from society; they have delusions and also hallucinations. They also may not be able to show emotion, feel pain, pleasure. They also have a lack of facial expression. They suffer from depression, mania and paranoia. Schizophrenia is the main example of psychosis. Psychosis is a disorder that people suffer from, they become irrational and they have lost contact with reality. This...
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...Thomas Wallace Dementia Praecox Mental Deterioration at an Early Age Introduction to Psychology Laura McCormick, Professor February 15, 2014 Thomas Wallace Dementia Praecox Mental Deterioration at an Early Age Introduction to Psychology Laura McCormick, Professor February 15, 2014 Abstract Schizophrenia, a classification of psychological disorders considered to be one of the most extreme in terms of psychological dysfunction and breakdown (Carson and Butcher, 1992). This disorder can result in a complete breakdown or alteration of reality. Schizophrenia is often termed psychotic in order to separate it from other disorders that are much milder in nature, such as Mood and Anxiety disorders. It is the goal of this paper to provide an overview of some of the issues and debates regarding this difficult and oft misunderstood disorder. What is Schizophrenia? Dementia Praecox, otherwise known as Schizophrenia, has been regarded as a uniquely distinct disease for well over a 100 years. This disease affects those areas that control how a person functions. It manipulates the individual’s thoughts, distorts their perceptions and causes hallucinations, particularly auditory. The person becomes delusional believing others can read their mind and thoughts of others are being placed in their head. According to the criteria for Schizophrenia described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013)...
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...2015 Critically discuss how people who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia are able to live positively with their disorder Student No: 47851449 Due date: June 17th 2015 Assignment 3 PYC4802 Psychopathology Fatima-H TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction.............................................................................................. 3 2. Definition of Schizophrenia...................................................................... 3 3. Diagnostic criteria of Schizophrenia......................................................... 4 4. Hallmark features of Schizophrenia......................................................... 5 5. Living positively with Schizophrenia......................................................... 7 5.1 Pharmacological Intervention................................................................. 8 5.2 Cognitive- Behavioural Therapy............................................................. 9 5.3 Psychosocial treatments........................................................................ 9 5.4 Positive psychological interventions...................................................... 10 5.5 Community-based rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia............. 11 5.6 Occupational Therapy............................................................................ 12 5.7 Living a healthy lifestyle.............................................................
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...How do dreams differ in people with schizophrenia to from those without the disorder? Kristin Staub Brookfield High School Dreaming is a vital part in sleeping, yet in some individuals it interferes in their waking state. For example, schizophrenics have hallucinatory images while they’re not sleeping causing some psychologists to speculate why this happens. People without the disorder and other people with other disorders have been found to dream while they’re in REM sleep which is a major mental process that allows people to dream. The following articles, “Sleep Fantasy in Normal and Schizophrenic Persons,” “An Extension of Freud and Jung’s Theory of Relation of Dream States to Schizophrenia,” “The Neurochemistry of Waking and Sleeping Mental Activity: The Disinhibition-Dopamine Hypothesis,” “Dream Content of Schizophrenics, Nonschizophrenic Mentally Ill, and community Control Adolescents,” “Sleep Disturbance in Schizophrenia” “Rorschach Responses Subsequent to REM Deprivation in Schizophrenic and Nonschizophrenic Patients,” attempt to explain the problem statement: How do dreams differ in people with schizophrenia to those without the disorder, through REM sleep in normal individuals and schizophrenics. Dream content will also be investigated to answer the problem statement and certain sleep habits. In addition Jung’s and Freud’s theory attempt to explain how dreaming is connected with schizophrenia in their conscious state rather than in their sleeping state through...
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...Schizophrenia and Psychosis, Lifespan Development PSY/410 August 22, 2011 Schizophrenia and Psychosis, Lifespan Development Different disorders can be diagnosed differently and the onset of symptoms can pin point exactly what disorder an individual has. Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder that affects individuals every day and it only affects about 1% of Americans. This psychotic disorder has a very severe impact on impairment, emotions and behavior. Individuals that have this certain disease can lead a normal and healthy life is they take care of themselves and take their medication as they should. We will discuss how schizophrenia has an impact on individuals and how it can affect them throughout the lifespan. Schizophrenia and Psychosis Schizophrenia can be characterized by different types of unusual behaviors and the most important aspect of schizophrenia is the human thought process. This type of disorder can be difficult to diagnose and it does not come out or be perssistant like some disorders. People can go with having schizophrenia for years until something happens causing it to come out of the wood works. Schizophrenia can be inherited or is known to be inherited from a family member that suffers from this disorder. Behavioral components can also play a role in schizophrenia as well as biological components. Types of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia can be put into sub types which are paranoid-type, disorganized-type, catatonic-type, undifferentiated-type...
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...2010 An Inside Look at Schizophrenia “If depression is the disabling but common cold of psychological disorders, chronic schizophrenia is the cancer” (Myers). Today, there are many abnormal disorders that have become better understood; one of which being schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic, disabling brain disease that almost two million Americans will suffer from in a given year. Although schizophrenia may appear to be a dysfunctional disorder, there is more to this disease that meets the eyes. Most likely to develop earlier, more severely, and more often in men, schizophrenia affects both the male and female populations, and “it knows no boundaries” (Myers). Symptoms begin to arise in the late teens to early twenties for men, and in the twenties to early thirties for women. Although only one percent of the population will develop such a chronic disorder in their lifetime, schizophrenia should not be pushed aside. Found in many different individuals, schizophrenia’s symptoms and long-lasting pattern often results in a high degree of disability. People with schizophrenia have various symptoms that vary for each individual; “hallucinations of sound, sight, smell, taste, or touch may occur” (Berkow), the most common being hearing voices. People with schizophrenia tend to hear internal voices that can’t be heard by others; this may result in one talking to oneself or...
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...Disorders, Diseases, and Drugs Mental illness has a detrimental effect on psychosocial functioning of individuals, but Schizophrenia is among the worst. There are many other forms of psychiatric disorders these include, depression, mania, anxiety disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Psychiatrists or clinical psychologists typically treat such disorders (Pinel, 2007, p. 481). Each disorder is unique, and symptoms vary from one individual to the next. In fact, as psychiatrists and psychologists continue to discover new facts about these disorders as they encounter different cases. This paper will discuss the serious mental illness of Schizophrenia; the symptoms, treatment, and medications. The symptoms of Schizophrenia are bizarre and frightening. Persons who suffer from Schizophrenia face a loss of reality, strange behavior, social withdrawal, hallucinations and delusions (Pinel, 2007, p. 482). MSN Encarta (2009) points out that, "A person with Schizophrenia may have difficulty telling the difference between real and unreal experiences, logical and illogical thoughts, or appropriate and inappropriate behavior." These symptoms are sometimes genetically based, which will leave the person with a possible ten per cent chance of developing the disorder is a close relative was afflicted with schizophrenia. Additionally, jumbled thinking is another symptom of Schizophrenia. The person is described as speaking in having loose associations or tangentially. Catatonic motor behaviors are also...
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...PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA To read up on biological explanations of schizophrenia, refer to pages 397–408 of Eysenck’s A2 Level Psychology. Ask yourself * How would the psychodynamic approach explain schizophrenia? * How would the behavioural approach explain schizophrenia? * How would the cognitive approach explain schizophrenia? What you need to know PSYCHODYNAMIC EXPLANATION | COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS | SOCIO-CULTURAL EXPLANATIONS | * Freud’s explanation of the factors involved in the development of schizophrenia | * Based on the assumption that cognitive impairments play a role in the development and maintenance of schizophrenia | * Life events * Interpersonal communication within families * Social causation hypothesis | Psychodynamic explanation According to the psychodynamic approach, abnormality is caused when trauma from unresolved conflict between the id, ego, and superego is repressed into the unconscious and this causes regression to an earlier stage of psychosexual development. (see A2 Level Psychology pages 397–399 for a more detailed review of the psychosexual stages and fixation and regression). Fixation and regression mean that the ego is not fully developed and so the individual may be dominated by the id or the superego, and because the ego is weak the individual will lack a sound basis in reality. The psychodynamic explanation suggests most schizophrenics experienced very harsh childhood environments...
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...and contrast psychological and biological explanations of schizophrenia. Jessica F Smith University Of Sussex Schizophrenia has been termed a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, & Hochman, 2004) which includes biological, social, cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. To progress knowledge of schizophrenia, this essay focuses on how the biological and psychological explanations are independent and interdependent and how they may differentiate from one another. This includes: how our biological predisposition, neuro transmitter dysfunction and genetic inheritance, affects how people with schizophrenia respond to social environments, the importance of socio-economic factors and their ability to shape psychotic symptoms, and how people with schizophrenia have faulty cognitions, which arguably develop from social influence and upbringing. The overruling theory, that is important in explanations of schizophrenia, is known as the Diathesis Stress Model (Davey, 2011), which identifies that psychotic symptoms arise from a combination of both biological predisposition and environmental stress. Servan-Schreiber, Bruno, Carter, & Cohen, (1998) alleviate that dopamine is an important neurotransmitter with a function in regulating movement and guiding attention. The dopamine hypothesis suggests that the dysfunction of movement and attention in those with schizophrenia may be a result of excess dopamine due to an increase of...
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...Schizophrenia Kimberly Tumbry Psychology 101 Schizophrenia: Cause’s and Treatment’s “Maybe each human being lives in a unique world, a private world different from those inhabited and experienced by all other humans… If reality differs from person to person, can we speak of reality singular, or shouldn’t we really be talking about plural realities? And if there are plural realities, are some more true than others? What about the world of a schizophrenic? Maybe it’s as real as our world. Maybe we cannot say that we are in touch with reality and he is not, but should instead say, His reality is so different from ours that he can’t explain his to us, and we can’t explain ours to him.” - Philip K. Dick. Schizophrenia is referred to as a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs. Thinking, perception, and emotion may deteriorate; the individual may withdraw from social interaction; and the person may display bizarre behaviors. – (Feldman, 2010, p. 409) Paranoid schizophrenia is a schizophrenia subtype in which the patient has false beliefs (delusions) that somebody or some people are plotting against them or members of their family. It is difficult to tell what is real and what is not. Their delusions can become so extreme as to believe others are trying to record them through their cell phones and other electronic devices, or trying to read their thoughts through mind control. In some people, schizophrenia appears suddenly and without warning. But...
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...“Defining psychopathology (abnormal behaviour) can be difficult when it comes to mental health. Identify, explain the clinical characteristics of ONE disorder, and evaluate one biological and one psychological explanation for the chosen disorder using research evidence.” This essay will define schizophrenia and evaluate one biological and one psychological explanation of the illness. According to Cardwell and Flanagan (2004) schizophrenia symptoms are divided into positive and negative symptoms. Cardwell and Flanagan (2004) states that the diagnostic criteria from DSM IVR (2000) identifies positive symptoms as delusions, experiences of control, auditory hallucinations and disorganised thinking. The negative symptoms are affective flattening, alogia and avolition. The essay will explain difficulties of defining abnormality before evaluating the explanations for the disorder. According to Eysenck (2012) one way of defining abnormality is deviation from social norms. Eysenck (2012) defines social norms as rules of what forms of behaviour and attitudes are acceptable within a society. Therefore behaviour that does not follow accepted social patterns is considered abnormal. According to Eysenck (2012), the social deviance approach gives too much importance to behaviour and not what is going on inside a person. An example would be that of a person suffering from major depressive disorder. The person tries hard to behave in a way acceptable to the public in spite of the fact...
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...DISCUSSION OF HOW PEOPLE LIVING WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA CAN LIVE WITH THE CONDITION. PYC4802,PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.UNIQUE NUMBER 668049.STUDENT NO.48415952 Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------PAGE 1. Schizophrenia--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 2. Symptoms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 2.1. Positive symptoms----------------------------------------------------------------------4 Hallucinations---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Delusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Disorganized Thinking (Speech)----------------------------------------------------------5 Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior-----------------------------------------------------5 2.2. Negative symptoms--------------------------------------------------------------------5 Alogia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Affective flattening--------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Avolition----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 3. Types of schizophrenia--------------------------------------------------------------------------6 Paranoid Schizophrenia-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 ...
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...SCHIZOPHRENIA UNIT9 GE375 Richard Riggins 5/24/2012 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected people throughout history. About 1 percent of Americans have this illness. People with the disorder may hear voices other people don't hear. They may believe other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. This can terrify people with the illness and make them withdrawn or extremely agitated. People with schizophrenia may not make sense when they talk. They may sit for hours without moving or talking. Sometimes people with schizophrenia seem perfectly fine until they talk about what they are really thinking(Schizophrenia, 2012) The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three broad categories: positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms are psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people. People with positive symptoms often "lose touch" with reality. These symptoms can come and go. Sometimes they are severe and at other times hardly noticeable, depending on whether the individual is receiving treatment(Carpenter, Huffman 2010). Negative symptoms are associated with disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors. These symptoms are harder to recognize as part of the disorder and can be mistaken for depression or other conditions. People with negative symptoms...
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...own work. 5. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s assignment, or part of it, is wrong, and declare that this assignment is my own work. NAME: Lauren Otto DATE: 17/06/2015 MODULE CODE: PYC4802 ASSIGNMENT: Assignment 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE: LIVING POSITIVELY WITH A SCHIZOPHRENIA DIAGNOSIS PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 5 3 POSITIVE SYMPTOMS 5 3.1 Delusions 5 3.2 Hallucinations 6 3.3 Disorganised Speech 6 3.4 Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour 6 3 NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS 7 4.5 Flat affect 7 4.6 Avolition 7 4.7 Alogia 7 4 AETIOLOGY 8 5 SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND SELF HARM 13 6 COMORBIDITY 15 7 EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AND ACCESS TO TREATMENT 15 8 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 1. INTRODUCTION Burke (2012) defines Schizophrenia as “a severe psychotic illness characterised by an array of diverse symptoms including extreme oddities in perception, thinking, action, sense of self and the manner in which the self relates to others.” The term “Schizophrenia” or...
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...Explanations and Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a type of abnormal psychology. Abnormality can be defined in three ways as a deviation from statistical norm, a deviation from the social norms and cultural relativism. However there are problems with defining abnormalities in terms of a system that relies on subjective judgment of a person’s behaviour. For example, someone experiencing hallucinations in Puerto Rico would be attributed to external forces (e.g. Spiritual visitations). However in the western world, the same hallucinations would be considered abnormal (Berry et al 1992). Mental Disorders are classified today by using, The Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria 295.40 (Schizophrenia), and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision(IDC-10) are used to aid in the psychiatric diagnosis of the disorder. Introduction The term ‘Schizophrenia’ was first used in 1911 by Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, and literally means ‘split mind’. He used the term to describe a general class of disorders that are characterised by a number of similar symptoms. These were: * Disorganised thought processes. * A split between intellect and emotion. * A split between intellect and external reality Schizophrenia typically begins in early adulthood; between the ages of 15 and 25. Men tend to get develop schizophrenia somewhat earlier than women; whereas most males become...
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