A monkey makes an involuntary gesture when a portion of its brain is electrically stimulated. The area of the brain that was most likely stimulated is the: A. occipital lobe B. motor cortex Correct C. sensory cortex D. amygdala A researcher is using a strong magnet to create images of the blood flow in participants' brains as they complete decision-­‐making tasks. The researcher is using ____________ to examine the brain's activity. A. electroencephalography (EEG) B. positron emission tomography (PET) C. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) D. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Correct A synapse is a: A. chemical B. gap Correct C. signal D. joint Alphonse suffered a stroke, resulting in a lesion in his temporal lobe. Which of Alphonse's perceptual or cognitive functions is most likely impaired? A. hearing Correct B. decision-­‐making C. motor coordination D. emotional regulation An action potential is followed by a brief _________ period, when the neuron regains its _______ charge. A. resting; neutral B. refractory; neutral C. active; positive D. refractory; negative Correct As an action potential occurs, the neuron's electrical charge: A. changes from neutral to positive B. changes from negative to more negative C. changes from negative to positive Correct D. changes from neutral to negative Cocaine causes the neurotransmitter dopamine to remain at the site of the synapse longer than it normally would. Cocaine thus inhibits the process termed __________. A. reabsorption B. reuse C. reuptake Correct

D. recycling Electrical wires are generally protected by a coating of plastic. A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by: A. somas B. myelin Correct C. terminal buttons D. glial cells Erin is under stress: She has only a few minutes to make a connection at a large, busy airport – and the gate is in another terminal! Erin's ______ gland is releasing high levels of the hormone ______ A. pituitary; testosterone B. pituitary; noradrenalin C. adrenal; noradrenalin Correct D. adrenal; progesterone In a roller-­‐blading mishap, Wendy fell down and injured the very back of her head. Which of her senses is most likely impaired? A. vision B. taste C. pain D. hearing Incorrect In general, a given nerve cell has synaptic connections with: A. dozens of other neurons B. only one other neuron C. thousands of other neurons Correct D. several other neurons In the ________ areas of the cortex, sensory and motor information is combined and linked with stored knowledge. A. association Correct B. comparison C. relational D. correlation Izzy's pupils are dilated and her heart is pounding; her breathing is shallow and rapid. Her _________ nervous system is active. A. somatic B. autosympathetic C. parasympathetic D. sympathetic Correct

Kate has suffered right-­‐hemisphere damage. Which of the following processes is LEAST likely to be affected? A. balancing her checkbook Correct B. achieving feng shui in her living room by rearranging the couch and the TV C. reading that look on her boyfriend's face D. thinking that a new song on the radio is really catchy Left-­‐handers appear to excel in abilities associated with the _______ hemisphere in the brain, illustrating the principle of ________ control. A. left; contralateral B. right; contralateral Correct C. right; neuroplastic D. right; heterohemispheric Marisol is trying a new treatment for severe depression. Brief pulses are sent through her brain. Marisol is undergoing: A. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) B. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Correct C. electroencephalography (EEG) D. positron emission tomography (PET) Pizza! Beer! Sex! Our motivation or drive for such things is based in part on the activity of the brain region known as the ________. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus Correct C. hippocampus D. thalamus Regarding neurotransmission, which of the following statements is true? A. Neurotransmitters always increase the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire. Incorrect B. Neurotransmitters are electrical charges C. Neurotransmitters may decrease the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire. D. Neurotransmitters are released by the dendrites Somatosensory cortex is to auditory cortex as the _______ lobe is to the _______ lobe. A. parietal; temporal B. parietal; occipital C. occipital; parietal D. temporal; parietal Incorrect Terminal buttons are found at the ends of: A. glial cells B. cell bodies C. axons Correct D. dendrites

The amygdala is to emotion as the hippocampus is to: A. decision making B. movement C. memory Correct D. arousal The brain injury suffered by 19th-­‐century railroad worker Phineas Gage allowed psychologists to learn about the functions of the brain's: A. brainstem B. frontal lobe Correct C. right hemisphere D. limbic system The brain's _________ appears to support moral reasoning and decision-­‐making processes. A. occipital lobe B. frontal lobe Correct C. parietal lobe D. left hemisphere The breaks between segments of an axon's myelin sheath are termed _________. A. somatic gaps B. nodes of Ranvier C. terminal buttons D. synapses The chemicals that relay signals across the synapses between neurons are called _________. A. neurosignals B. action potentials C. neurotransmitters Correct D. synaptic messengers The endocrine system is linked to the _________ in the brain, via the _______ gland. A. hippocampus; pituitary B. hypothalamus; pituitary Correct C. hippocampus; adrenal D. hypothalamus; adrenal The fundamental units of the nervous system are nerve cells, called __________. A. dendrites B. axons C. neurons Correct D. neurotransmitters The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is __________. A. glutamate B. GABA Correct

C. Dopamine D. acetylcholine The neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in: A. motivation and emotion B. Parkinson's disease C. schizophrenia D. All of the above Correct The outer bark-­‐like layer of the brain is termed the _________. A. cerebral cortex Correct B. cerebellum C. association area D. brain stem The part of brain closest to the spinal cord is the _________; it is important for such functions as __________. A. pons; movement and motor coordination B. pons; heart rate and respiration C. medulla; movement and motor coordination D. medulla; heart rate and respiration Correct Trevor is scratching his head, trying desperately to solve a verbal analogy as part of a standardized entrance examination; Sienna, meanwhile, is giving an oral presentation in a political science class. Which of the following statements best describes the relative activity of the brain's two hemispheres in these two students? A. The left hemisphere is more active than the right for both these students. Correct B. For Trevor, the left hemisphere is more active than the right. For Sienna, the right hemisphere is more active than the left. C. For Trevor, the left hemisphere is more active than the right. For Sienna, the two hemispheres are equally active. D. The two hemispheres are equally active for both students. Which alternative matches a hormone with the correct function? A. estrogen – involved in the development of female sex features B. noradrenaline – regulates sleep-­‐wake cycle Incorrect C. progesterone – regulates body changes associated with male sexual development D. melatonin – stimulates sympathetic nervous system Which brain study technique below is correctly matched with its description? A. EEG – examines the extent of brain damage B. PET – temporarily deactivates a brain region C. fMRI — traces blood flow in the brain Correct D. TMS — records the brain's electrical activity with scalp electrodes Which disorder is correctly paired with an associated neurotransmitter?

A. Alzheimer's disease; endorphins B. schizophrenia; serotonin C. depression; glutamate D. Parkinson's disease; dopamine Correct Which neurotransmitter is incorrectly described? A. glutamate; the most common neurotransmitter B. acetylcholine; stimulates muscle contractions C. GABA; an excitatory neurotransmitter inhibited by alcohol Correct D. serotonin; helps regulate sleep and mood Which of the following alternatives correctly pairs an endocrine gland with its function? A. adrenal glands – helps regulates calcium in the blood B. pancreas – regulates sugar in the blood Correct C. thyroid gland – secretes many hormones affecting other glands D. parathyroids – helps trigger 'fight or flight' response Which of the following brain structures performs many functions, including regulating hunger and sexual behavior? A. cerebellum B. medulla C. hypothalamus Correct D. limbic system Which of the following brain structures relays signals to higher brain levels? A. thalamus Correct B. reticular formation C. corpus callosum D. cerebellum Which of the following brain structures, located behind the brain stem, governs memory and emotion? A. cerebellum Incorrect B. thalamus C. limbic system D. medulla Which of the following defines neuroplasticity? A. The left side of the brain receives and sends information to the right side of the body and the right side of the brain receives and sends information to the left side of the body B. The brain can adapt to the effects of experience or damage Correct C. The left and right brain hemisphere are specialized for different tasks or abilities D. The left and right brain hemispheres have different sensory and motor functions

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another? A. axon cell body dendrite B. dendrite cell body axon Correct C. dendrite axon cell body D. axon dendrite cell body Which of the following situations is most likely to involve the action of the parasympathetic nervous system? A. Alexa sees bright lights after a soccer ball hits the back of her head B. Walking toward her car is a deserted parking garage one night, Danica is surprised by a strange man appearing from nowhere. C. After a satisfying evening meal, Callum relaxes in front of the television. Correct D. Brooke's finger accidentally grazes a hot iron; she immediately jerks her hand away. Which research method in psychology is exemplified by the study of Phineas Gage's thought and behavior following his brain injury? A. naturalistic observation B. the case study method Correct C. the correlational technique D. experimental research Which statement most accurately captures the relationship between testosterone and aggression among men on the one hand and women on the other? A. Testosterone is positively related to aggression among men, but negatively related to aggression among women. B. Testosterone and aggression are positively related among both men and women. Correct C. Testosterone is positively related to aggression among men, but is not related to aggression among women. D. Testosterone is not related to aggression among men, and is negatively related to aggression among women. Which technique might be best used to study the electrical activity in the brain that occur in the different stages of sleep and dreaming. A. Single-­‐cell recording B. Electroencephalography (EEG) Correct C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) D. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Within neurons the communication is _____; Between neurons the communication is _____. A. chemical; electrical B. electrical; chemical Correct C. mechanical; electrical D. electrical; mechanical

You cannot fire a gun softly, or flush a toilet halfway. Like an action potential, gunfire and a toilet's flush follow the __________ law. A. is-­‐or-­‐ain't B. binary response C. this-­‐or-­‐that D. all-­‐or-­‐none Correct Your text suggests that the correlation between the surface area of the cortex and intelligence is probably: A. negative B. positive Correct C. unknown D. zero Yves has been drinking. He has difficulty walking a straight line when asked to do so by a police officer. Apparently, Yves' _________ is functioning poorly. A. thalamus B. medulla C. cerebellum Correct D. corpus callosum According to your text, advertisers use enjoyable music, cute babies, attractive models, and funny spokespeople to create positive advertisements. The music, babies, and so on are best thought of as: Select one: A. unconditioned stimuli Correct B. conditioned stimuli C. primary reinforcers D. positive reinforcers Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds. Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the US? A. neutral stimulus—cocaine; CS—knock on the door; US—cocaine B. neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; US—pounding heart C. neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; US—cocaine Correct D. neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—cocaine; US—cocaine As compared to behaviors reinforced on continuous schedules, behaviors reinforced intermittently are _______ resistant to extinction. A. slightly less B. equally C. much less D. more Correct

Ava is wheeling her toddler, Jamie, through the supermarket after a long and tiring day. When Jamie begins to fuss, Ava scolds her sharply and Jamie's fussing subsides. Which of the following statements is most likely true? A. Ava's scolding negatively reinforces Jamie's fussing. B. Ava's scolding punishes Jamie's fussing. C. That Jamie stops fussing negatively reinforces Ava's scolding. D. Both B and C. Correct Bandura's research on modeling aggressive behavior using Bobo dolls showed which of the following? A. modeling had little influence on behavior B. modeling could teach children new behaviors Correct C. boys modeled more than girls D. modeling could decrease aggressive behavior in some conditions Based on your text's discussion, people play slot machines so enthusiastically because: A. pulling the lever is reinforced through primary reinforcement B. pulling the lever is reinforced continuously C. pulling the lever is reinforced on a variable-­‐interval schedule D. pulling the lever is reinforced on a variable-­‐ratio schedule Correct Broadly speaking, nature is to nurture as the _______ is to the ________. A. neutral stimulus; CS B. CS; US C. CR; UR D. UR; CR Correct Garcia's taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _______ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with ___________ approach to psychology. A. nurture; evolutionary B. nature; evolutionary Correct C. nurture; cognitive D. nature; cognitive In Pavlov's study, the US was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and, finally, the CS was _________. A. the bell; meat; meat B. meat; the bell; the bell Correct C. the bell; the bell; meat D. meat; the bell; meat Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus _________. A. extinction B. generalization Correct

C. discrimination D. association Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli. A. unconditioned B. neutral C. conditioned Correct D. second-­‐order June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, but not when a blender is used. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus: A. control B. discrimination Correct C. extinction D. generalization Mrs. Martin, a third-­‐grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-­‐formed letters. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using: A. discrimination training B. stimulus control training C. shaping Correct D. higher-­‐order conditioning Often, a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS, but by a similar one as well. This is known as stimulus: A. diffusion B. discrimination C. generalization Correct D. control Operant conditioning has been applied to: A. motivate employees B. help parents toilet train children C. improve functioning among the developmentally disabled D. A, B, and C Correct Operant conditioning involves forming associations between: A. behavior and consequences Correct B. neutral and unconditioned stimuli C. two or more behaviors D. stimuli and behavior

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with the sight of food. This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between: A. two responses B. two stimuli Correct C. a stimulus and a response D. a stimulus and either another stimulus or a response Paychecks and grades are delivered on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed-­‐interval Correct B. continuous C. fixed-­‐ratio D. variable-­‐ratio Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience. A. maturation B. perception C. learning Correct D. development The most distinctive characteristic of insight learning is that it: A. appears suddenly Correct B. develops slowly C. generalizes widely D. involves strong associations The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called: A. reward B. latent learning C. conditioning D. reinforcement Correct The process of teaching complex behavior by reinforcing ever closer approximations of the desired behavior is called: A. stimulus control training B. shaping Correct C. behavior modification D. discrimination training The root of operant conditioning may be traced to ________'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages. Select one: A. Pavlov B. Watson C. Skinner

D. Thorndike Correct To which form of learning does your text attribute the strong correlation between family violence in childhood and violence as an adult? A. classical conditioning B. latent learning C. insight D. observational learning Correct Vending machine is to slot machine as ____________ reinforcement is to __________ reinforcement. A. partial; intermittent B. continuous; intermittent Correct C. intermittent; continuous D. positive; negative What was the important finding of Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze? A. Rats that began to receive reinforcement halfway through the experiment never learned to run the maze. B. Rats that began to receive reinforcement halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. Correct C. Rats that were never reinforced never learned to run the maze. D. Rats that were never reinforced still learned to run the maze. Which of the following alternatives illustrates operant conditioning? A. You don't know how best to organize the points you wish to make in one section of a political science term paper. The solution suddenly comes to you, though, after you work on your statistics homework for a while. B. You no longer use a vending machine in the foyer of the computer science building on campus because it has sometimes failed to deliver your soda. Correct C. Your mouth waters at the sight of a display of fresh chili peppers in the supermarket. D. You squirm at the sight of an addict shooting up in a television movie. Which of the following best defines latent learning? A. Learning as a result of unconscious conditioning B. Learning as a result of unconscious reinforcement C. Learning not demonstrated until there is a motivation to do so Correct D. Learning by observing the behavior of others Which of the following defines conditioned stimulus (CS)? A. A naturally-­‐occurring behavior B. A behavior that is acquired C. Something that naturally creates a response D. Something that creates a response only after conditioning Correct

Which of the following defines negative punishment? A. Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus B. Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus C. Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus Correct D. Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus Which of the following defines positive reinforcement? A. Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus B. Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus C. Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus Incorrect D. Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus Which of the following defines unconditioned stimulus (US)? A. A naturally-­‐occurring behavior B. A behavior that is acquired C. Something that creates a response only after conditioning D. Something that naturally creates a response Correct Which of the following is the best example of positive punishment? A. providing a spanking Correct B. taking away a fun toy C. taking away a desired treat D. providing a desired treat Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-­‐ratio schedule of reinforcement? A. A café offers each patron an early morning two-­‐for-­‐one free-­‐beverage-­‐with-­‐purchase deal from 5 to 6 a.m. on Monday mornings. B. A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage. Correct C. A café prints “You are a winner” on a random one-­‐twelfth of its coffee lids; patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage. D. Now and then, a café announces a two-­‐for-­‐one deal. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of negative punishment? A. Kevin works as much overtime as he can for the extra pay. B. Astrid takes away her daughter's cell phone when she misbehaves. Correct C. Jim makes his students run extra laps when they are unruly in gym class. D. Carly yells at her husband when he comes home late. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of negative reinforcement? A. Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one. B. Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound. Correct

C. Drake no longer cuts class now that his parents confiscated his iPod. D. Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss. Which of the following statements is most true? A. Punishment is rarely effective in changing behavior B. Punishment may create negative, adversarial relationships. Correct C. Punishment is more effective than positive reinforcement in changing behavior. D. Punishment creates longer-­‐lasting changes in behavior than does positive reinforcement. Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example? A. positive punishment – When Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse, her mother yells at her Correct B. negative punishment – Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance sofa C. negative reinforcement – Ella's parents confiscate her car keys for breaking curfew D. positive reinforcement – Vickie applies lotion to lessen the discomfort of a small burn Why might Tolman's latent learning results pose a problem for strict, Skinnerian views of learning? A. The results suggest that direct reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. B. The results suggest that internal processes may be necessary to fully explain learning. C. The results suggest that insight is an important part of learning. D. both A and B Correct You laugh out loud during a new automobile insurance commercial. Your laughter in response to the advertisement is aNo __________; the insurance being advertised is ________. A. UR; CS Correct B. CR; CR C. CR; US D. UR; US Your text reports an experiment by Lepper et al. (1973) on the effects of reward. In the study, children were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: an expected reward condition, an unexpected reward condition, or a no reward condition. The children in the _____ condition were more likely to lose their initial interest in the task. A. expected reward Correct B. unexpected reward C. no reward D. A and C. _________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally. A. Operant conditioning B. Instrumental conditioning C. Observational learning D. Classical conditioning Correct

__________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US. A. Adaptation B. Habituation C. Extinction Correct D. Deconditioning A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. It is Correct stimulus. B. F. Skinner and John Watson believed that conditioning processes could account for all learning. True Correct False Kohler examined trial-­‐and-­‐error learning among cats. True False Correct Negative reinforcement weakens behavior. True False Correct Reinforcement and punishment are equally effective in changing behavior. True False Correct The relation between viewing television violence and behaving aggressively is weak. True False Correct Tolman's work suggests that learning may occur even when behavior is not directly reinforced. True Correct False