INTRODUCTION
This report will give a detailed study on the projects dealt during practical training period in “AIR DESIGN ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS (ADES)” Chennai.

THE FOLLOWING PROJECTS WERE HANDLED: * Apollo Tyres Ltd – Factory, Oragadam Chennai, India * Columbia Washing Plant Ltd, Bavanipur, Bangladesh * Thillagar Hotel, Chennai, India * Remi Holdings Ltd, Ademzee EPZ, Bangladesh * Nokia Solutions Networks, Oragadam Chennai, India * Emami Paper Mills Pvt Ltd, Balasore, India

AREA OF EXPERTISE: * HVAC schematic design * Fresh air and ventilation calculation with reference to ASHRAE 62.1 * Cooling load calculation with the help of “Hourly Analysis Program (HAP)” * MEP coordination * Green building ratings and documentation * Maintenance and commissioning * Energy simulation with reference ASHRAE 90 * Basic electrical load calculation in a building

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building's environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and damp conditions.
FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Source: there is a source of contamination or discomfort indoors, outdoors, or within the mechanical systems of the building.
HVAC: the HVAC system is not able to control existing air contaminants and ensure thermal comfort
Distribution: one or more pollutant pathways connect the pollutant source to the occupants and a driving force exists to move pollutants along the pathway.
Occupants: building occupants are present
It is important to understand the role that each of these factors may play in order to prevent, investigate and resolve indoor air quality issues.
HOW TO IMPROVE IEQ? * Use “green” cleaning products * Install a carbon monoxide detector * Change furnace filters regularly; have furnace serviced annually. * Use exhaust fans in bathroom and kitchen * Buy furniture, carpets, paints that are low odor emitting * Fix all water leaks promptly. * Vacuum using a HEPA filter; dust frequently * Keep all food and garbage in covered containers * Store products such as paints, gasoline, motor oil, and * Pesticides in air tight cabinets, an outside shed, or an unattached garage * Discard old/unused chemicals & pesticides at Household Hazardous Waste Collections * Air out dry cleaned clothes before bringing inside
AIR CONDITIONING
A system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building or vehicle, typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in warm conditions.
Air conditioners and refrigerators work the same way. Instead of cooling just the small, insulated space inside of a refrigerator, an air conditioner cools a room, a whole house, or an entire business.
Air conditioners use chemicals that easily convert from a gas to a liquid and back again. This chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air.
The machine has three main parts. They are a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator.

* COMPRESSOR
The function of the compressor is to compress the input refrigerant of low pressure and low temperature. As a result the pressure and the temperature of the refrigerant increases. Generally reciprocating compressors are used in a refrigeration system. An external motor is used to drive the compressor. * CONDENSER
The condenser is a coil of tubes, which are made of copper. This high pressure and high temperature refrigerant in vapor form then passes through the condenser where it is condensed into high pressure liquid refrigerant. This is used to condense the refrigerant which is in the form of vapor. And convert into liquid. * EXPANSION VALVE
This is otherwise called throttle valve. In the expansion valve the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant drops and it partly evaporates. This valve is used to control the flow rate of refrigerant and also to reduce the pressure of the refrigerant. * EVAPORATOR
This is the part in which the cooling takes place. In the evaporator, the partly liquid and vapor refrigerant is mostly evaporated and converted into a low pressure vapor. This is kept in the space where cooling is required. It is a coil of tubes made up of copper.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The refrigerant, which is at low pressure and low temperature flows into the compressor. In the compressor the refrigerant is compressed and converted into a high pressure and high temperature refrigerant.
This high pressure and high temperature refrigerant in vapor form then passes through the condenser where it is condensed into high pressure liquid refrigerant. The high pressure liquid refrigerant thus produced passes through the expansion valve.
In the expansion valve the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant drops and it partly evaporates. It is the allowed to flow into the evaporator at a controlled rate.
In the evaporator, the partly liquid and vapor refrigerant is mostly evaporated and converted into a low pressure vapor. During this process, the refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of vaporization from the material that is to be cooled.
Thus the body is cooled in the evaporator. Then the low pressure vapor refrigerant enters the compressor and the cycle is repeated.
Thus a material is cooled in vapor compression system.

TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM * Window air conditioner * Split air conditioner * Packaged air conditioner * Central air conditioning system

STANDARDS
ASHRAE 62.1
ASHRAE 90.1
ASHRAE- American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
ENERGY SIMULATION
Energy modeling, or simulation, is the practice of using computer-based programs to model the energy performance of an entire building or the systems within a building. A whole-building modeling provides valuable information about the building and system energy use as well as operating costs.
HOW TO PERFORM ENERGY SIMULATION?
With the help of HAP and ASHRAE 90.1, energy simulation of a building is possible.

WHAT IS GREEN BUILDING?
Green building, or sustainable design, is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water, and materials, and reducing building impacts on human health and the environment over the entire life cycle of the building. Green building concepts extend beyond the walls of buildings and can include site planning, community and land use planning issues as well.
WHY IS GREEN BUILDING IMPORTANT?
The growth and development of our communities has a large impact on our natural environment. The manufacturing, design, construction, and operation of the buildings in which we live and work are responsible for the consumption of many of our natural resources.
GOVERNING BODIES * IGBC- Indian Green Building Council * GRIHA- Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment * LEED- Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design
These bodies have a set of rules and regulations which are to be followed in order to obtain a green building certificate.
There are different ways to achieve green building certification, but there are a few important factors which are mandatory: * Water efficiency * Indoor environment quality * Site conditions * Energy
These are the main categories where maximum points can be attained.
For example, use of water less urinals can help in reducing the consumption of water and also re-use of water will also add additional points under the water efficiency section.
Refer IGBC book for detailed structure of points and requirements for achieving the desired level of certification.

THILLAGAR HOTEL
This building is located in “Pallavaram, Chennai”. It is a new construction building with basement, ground, ground mezzanine, first and second floors.
The area summary of the building is as follows:
Basement Floor: BAR
Ground Floor: Reception and Restaurant
Ground Floor Mezzanine: Restaurant and Control room
First Floor & Second Floor: Rooms
The requirement of the client was to design HVAC for the building.
DESIGN WORK:
First the spaces which require air conditioning are identified, which will help in calculation of cooling load. The identified spaces are entered in an excel sheet with area of each space, wall exposed, partition area, glazing details.
After collecting the details, these are mentioned in HAP for calculation of Ton of Refrigeration and Fresh air requirements.
Additional details required for precise calculation are: equipment load, occupancy, lighting load, etc.
After calculating the load, selection of system must be done. In this case, the client wanted VRF(variable refrigerant flow) system from DIAKIN which are efficient when compared to split ACs.
With the help of DIAKIN catalog, the dimensions of units are known for AC layout.
The exhaust and fresh air required for each space are calculated. With these data, the exhaust fan sizing for toilets and kitchen is designed.
BASIC WORKING OF VRF:
Variable: system output depending on required load
Refrigerant: direct expansion system
Flow: refrigerant flow regulated by expansion valve varying compressor capacity * VRV means Variable Refrigerant Volume, where cooling is controlled and monitored by refrigerant flow volume to the indoor units * Any type and any capacity of indoor units can be connected to single same outdoor unit * Less volume of refrigerant is required

Benefits of VRF system * Comfortable and economical * Adapts easily to any floor plan * Short installation time * Central control system * Efficient space utilization * High reliability * Low operating sound of height
Important points in VRF designing * Check the heat load data and zone the building/villa * Meet the CFM specifications, as per requirement * Select outdoor units based on zone area * Maintain 40m maximum between 1st ref-net joint and last indoor unit
Basic principles of piping works * Make sure there is no moisture in the copper pipe * Make sure there is no dirt or foreign particles in the copper pipe * Make sure the refrigerant gas does not leak out * Dry by vacuum drying

REMI HOLDINGS LIMITED
RHL is located in Bangladesh. It is a cloth industry where washing, drying, cutting and preparation of fabrics and other materials is done.
It is a 2 floor building with 2 mezzanine floors. The figure below will give a clear understanding of the structure of building.

This is also a new construction building, the mechanical services and green building points where the main objective of this project.
Similar to the previous project, the spaces which require air conditioning and ventilation are identified and with the help of that data design is done as per requirements.
ERVs are used for an efficient working and to save energy, which will help in gaining points under energy for green building rating.
The consumption of energy is known with the help of HAP and with reference to ASHRAE 90.1. with the help of ASHRAE 90.1, base case building is created and the load is calculated with the standard U values from ASHRAE 90.1 base case. After that the proposed case building is created and the actual U values for each material is mentioned and calculated.
This will provide a output which shows the building is consuming more energy than base case and the required changes can be done to reduce the energy consumption.
The washing, drying and finishing areas are ventilated with the help of HVLS fans. These spaces are very big and air conditioning is practically not possible. So mechanical ventilation is provided with the help of evaporative coolers and the HVLS fans help in circulation.
Stair case pressurization is also designed in a basic way for approval.
Stair case pressurization is the supply of air from outside into the enclosed fire staircase present in the building in order to avoid fire from entering into the enclosed staircase space.
The calculation is done with the help of volume of staircase, air changes per hour, floors.

EMAMI PAPER MILLS PVT LTD
Emami paper mill is located in Balasore. It is a paper mill industry with 2 buildings with two levels each, namely level 0 and level 7.
AC Concept design was required. This was done with the help of area summary and HAP calculations.
NOKIA SOLUTIONS NETWORKS
This building was already designed in 2013 December. The cooling load was not sufficient and as a result indoor conditions was not acceptable or comfortable.
The duct systems where checked properly and leakage was found at a point which led to poor efficiency of the system.
This helped in understanding the importance of proper installation of ducting and other materials.
APOLLO TYRES LTD
Scope:
HVAC Consultants
Highlight:
It is one of the iconic tyre factory in the Indian Industry
First time in the industry with valveless temperature control system
First time in the industry to have tankless process water cooling system
Description:
Apollo Tyres Ltd, Oragadam Chennai is the iconic tyre factory in India. 135 Acres property located in SIPCOT industrial area, Oragadam.
Banbury & Mixer ventilation, Stock preparation Ventilation, Tyre Building Area Air Conditioning, and Curing Ventilation included in the scope
Systems & Equipments:
3800 TR Cooling Capacity : 600 TR Centrifugal Chiller, 300 TR Air Cooled Chillers
Ventilation System : Centrifugal Chillers from 2000 to 200000 CMH, Axial fans
BMS: 3200 Points
Dehumidification : Creel Room area
Year of completion:
Phase-1 in 2010, Phase-2 in 2011, Phase-3 in 2014
Project by:
ADES Team

This project had a research and development building which was also facing cooling load problems. The second floor of the building did not have sufficient indoor temperature.
With the help of thermostat and thermometers, the ambient and indoor temperature was noted. The cooling load was again calculated with HAP and cross checked with the previous data.