1. Define first aid
First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range. First aid is normally performed until the injury or illness is satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises, and blisters) or until the next level of care, such as a paramedic or doctor, arrives. 2. State the purpose of first aid a) Preserve life - This includes the life of the casualty, bystander and rescuer. b) Protect the casualty from further harm - Ensure the scene is safe. c) Provide pain relief - This could include the use of ice packs or simply applying a sling. d) Prevent the injury or illness from becoming worse - Ensure that the treatment you provide does not make the condition worse. e) Provide reassurance

3. Principles of first aid

a. Explain Identification
First aid is the initial assistance or care of a suddenly sick or injured person. It is the vital initial care we all feel an impulse to give as soon as possible after an accident or illness.
In an emergency situation it is crucial to be able to recognise the appointed first aider. We have a range of first aider identifications such as hivis waistcoats, armbands, badges and helmet labels.
First aid is an important part of everyday life, both at home, work or at play. Everyone should learn first aid and be willing to administer basic care until emergency assistance arrives. Not every incident requiring first aid is a life-and-death situation. First aid knowledge is commonly used to manage minor injuries at home or work. b. Explain assessment * In order to decide what provision you need to make you should undertake a first-aid needs assessment. * This assessment should consider the circumstances of your workplace, workforce and the hazards and risks that may be present. * The findings will help you decide what first-aid arrangements you need to put in place

c. Explain control
Incidents that may pose a risk to employees include:
 Needle stick injury or cuts with contaminated sharp objects (bottles, glass);
 Contamination of an employee’s cuts/abrasions with another person’s blood and/or body fluids;
Adequate infection control must be practiced at all times when administering first aid. The following infection control procedures must always be adhered to:
 Wash hands after direct contact with injured person;
 Wear protective gloves when contacting bodily fluids, non-intact skin and mucous membranes;
 Wear a mask, eye protection and a gown where there is a risk of splashing blood or other bodily fluids;  Cover cuts and abrasions;
 Clean up spills of blood and other bodily fluids;
 Dispose of contaminated waste through appropriate biohazard containers; and
 Dispose of sharps in the sharps container provided

4. Explain first aid box
A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid, and can be put together for the purpose by an individual or organization or purchased complete. There is a wide variation in the contents of first aid kits based on the knowledge and experience of those putting it together, the differing first aid requirements of the area where it may be used and variations in legislation or regulation in a given area.
The international standard for first aid kits is that they should be identified with the ISO graphical symbol for first aid (from ISO 7010) which is an equal white cross on a green background, although many kits do not comply with this standard, either because they are put together by an individual or they predate the standards.

5. Explain first aid equipment
A well-stocked first-aid kit can help you respond effectively to common injuries and emergencies. Keep at least one first-aid kit in your home and one in your car. Store your kits someplace easy to get to and out of the reach of young children. Make sure children old enough to understand the purpose of the kits know where they're stored.
Basic supplies * Adhesive tape * Elastic wrap bandages * Bandage strips and "butterfly" bandages in assorted sizes * Nonstick sterile bandages and roller gauze in assorted sizes * Eye shield or pad * Triangular bandage * Aluminum finger split * Instant cold packs * Cotton balls and cotton-tipped swabs * Disposable nonlatex examination gloves, several pairs * Duct tape * Petroleum jelly or other lubricant * Plastic bags, assorted sizes * Safety pins in assorted sizes * Scissors and tweezers * Soap or hand sanitizer * Antibiotic ointment * Antiseptic solution and towelettes * Eyewash solution * Thermometer * Turkey baster or other bulb suction device for flushing wounds * Breathing barrier * Syringe, medicine cup or spoon * First-aid manual

Medications * Aloe vera gel * Calamine lotion * Anti-diarrhea medication * Laxative * Antacids * Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine * Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and aspirin (never give aspirin to children) * Hydrocortisone cream * Cough and cold medications * Personal medications that don't need refrigeration * Auto-injector of epinephrine, if prescribed by your doctor

Emergency items * Emergency phone numbers, including contact information for your family doctor and pediatrician, local emergency services, emergency road service providers, and the poison help line. * Medical consent forms for each family member * Medical history forms for each family member * Small, waterproof flashlight or headlamp and extra batteries * Waterproof matches * Small notepad and waterproof writing instrument * Emergency space blanket * Cell phone with solar charger * Sunscreen * Insect repellant

6. Basic first-aid and treatment a. Explain burns and scalds

What is burns and scalds ?
Burns and scalds are damage to the skin caused by heat. Both are treated in the same way.
A burn is caused by dry heat. This can be caused by an iron or fire, for example. A scald is caused by something wet, such as hot water or steam.Burns can be very painful and can cause blisters and charred, black or red skin.Read more about the symptoms of burns and scalds, including the different types of burn.
To treat a burn, follow the first aid advice below: * Immediately get the person away from the heat source to stop the burning * Cool the burn with cool or lukewarm water for 10 to 30 minutes – do not use ice, iced water or any creams or greasy substances such as butter * Remove any clothing or jewellery that is near the burnt area of skin, but do not move anything that is stuck to the skin * Make sure the person keeps warm – for example by using a blanket – but take care not to rub it against the burnt area * Cover the burn by placing a layer of cling film over it

b. Explain bleedings What is Bleeding ?
Bleeding is the name commonly used to describe blood loss. It can refer to blood loss inside the body (internal bleeding) or blood Bleeding is the loss of blood. Bleeding may be: * Inside the body (internally) * Outside the body (externally) * Bleeding may occur: * Inside the body when blood leaks from blood vessels or organs * Outside the body when blood flows through a natural opening (such as the vagina, mouth, or rectum) * Outside the body when blood moves through a break in the skin

Considerations * Get emergency medical help for severe bleeding. This is very important if you think there is internal bleeding. Internal bleeding can very quickly become life threatening. Immediate medical care is needed. * Serious injuries may cause heavy bleeding. Sometimes, relatively minor injuries can bleed a lot. An example is a scalp wound. * You may bleed a lot if you take blood-thinning medication or have a bleeding disorder such ashemophilia. Bleeding in such people requires immediate medical attention. * The most important step for external bleeding is to apply direct pressure. This will stop most external bleeding. * Always wash your hands before (if possible) and after giving first aid to someone who is bleeding. This helps prevent infection. * Try to use latex gloves when treating someone who is bleeding. Latex gloves should be in every first aid kit. People allergic to latex can use a nonlatex glove. You can catch viral hepatitis if you touch infected blood. HIV can be spread if infected blood gets into an open wound, even a small one. * Although puncture wounds usually don't bleed very much, they carry a high risk of infection. Seek medical care to prevent tetanus or other infection. * Abdominal and chest wounds can be very serious because of the possibility of severe internal bleeding. They may not look very serious, but can result in shock. * Seek immediate medical care for any abdominal or chest wound. * If organs are showing through the wound, do not try to push them back into place. * Cover the injury with a moistened cloth or bandage. * Apply only very gentle pressure to stop the bleeding.

* Blood loss can cause blood to collect under the skin, turning it black and blue (bruised). Apply a cool compress to the area as soon as possible to reduce swelling. Wrap the ice in a towel and place the towel over the injury. Do not place ice directly on the skin.
Causes
Bleeding can be caused by injuries or may be spontaneous. Spontaneous bleeding is most commonly caused by problems with the joints, or gastrointestinal or urogenital tracts.
Symptoms
* Blood coming from an open wound * Bruising * Shock, which may cause any of the following symptoms: * Confusion or decreasing alertness * Clammy skin * Dizziness or light-headedness after an injury * Low blood pressure * Paleness (pallor) * Rapid pulse, increased heart rate * Shortness of breath * Weakness

c. Explain shock

* What is shock ?
Shock is a life - threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. Lack of blood flow means that the cells and organs do not get enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. Multiple organs can suffer damage as a result. Shock requires immediate medical treatment and can get worse very rapidly. As many 1 in 5 people who suffer shock will die from it. * Considerations
The main types of shock include: * Cardiogenic shock (due to heart problems) * Hypovolemic shock (caused by too little blood volume) * Anaphylactic shock (caused by allergic reaction) * Septic shock (due to infections) * Neurogenic shock (caused by damage to the nervous system)

* Causes
Shock can be caused by any condition that reduces blood flow, including: * Heart problems (such as heart attack or heart failure) * Low blood volume (as with heavy bleeding or dehydration) * Changes in blood vessels (as with infection or severe allergic reactions) * Certain medications that significantly reduce heart function or blood pressure
Shock is often associated with heavy external or internal bleeding from a serious injury. Spinal injuries can also cause shock.
Toxic shock syndrome is an example of a type of shock from an infection.

* Symptoms
A person in shock has extremely low blood pressure. Depending on the specific cause and type of shock, symptoms will include one or more of the following: * Anxiety or agitation/restlessness * Bluish lips and fingernails * Chest pain * Confusion * Dizziness, lightheadedness, or faintness * Pale, cool, clammy skin

d. Explain bone fractures
A fracture, also referred to as a bone fracture, FRX, FX, Fx or # is a medical condition where the continuity of the bone is broken. A significant percentage of bone fractures occur because of high force impact or stress, however, a fracture may also be the result of some medical conditions which weaken the bones, for example osteoporosis, some cancers or osteogenesis imperfecta. A fracture caused by a medical condition is known as a pathological fracture.

A crack (not only a break) in the bone is also known as a fracture. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body. There are several different ways in which a bone can fracture; for example a clean break to the bone that does not damage surrounding tissue or tear through the skin is known as a closed fracture or a simple fracture.

Most human bones are surprisingly strong and can generally stand up to fairly strong impacts or forces. However, if that force is too powerful, or there is something wrong with the bone, it can fracture.
Some different types of fracture: * Avulsion fracture - a muscle or ligament pulls on the bone, fracturing it. * Comminuted fracture - the bone is shattered into many pieces. * Compression (crush) fracture - generally occurs in the spongy bone in the spine. For example, the front portion of a vertebra in the spine may collapse due to osteoporosis. * Fracture dislocation - a joint becomes dislocated, and one of the bones of the joint has a fracture. * Greenstick fracture - the bone partly fractures on one side, but does not break completely because the rest of the bone can bend. More common among children, whose bones are softer and more elastic. * Hairline fracture - a partial fracture of the bone. Often this type of fracture is harder to detect. * Impacted fracture - when the bone is fractured, one fragment of bone goes into another. * Longitudinal fracture - the break is along the length of the bone. * Oblique fracture - A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis. * Pathological fracture - when an underlying disease or condition has already weakened

e. Explain poisoning

Poison: Any substance that can cause severe organ damage or death if ingested, breathed in, or absorbed through the skin. Many substances that normally cause no problems, including water and most vitamins, can be poisonous if taken in excessive quantity. Poison treatment depends on the 'substance.
Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. Many substances such as drugs and carbon monoxide are poisonous only in higher concentrations or dosages. And others such as cleaners are dangerous only if ingested. Children are particularly sensitive to even small amounts of certain drugs and chemicals.
When to suspect poisoning
Poisoning signs and symptoms can mimic other conditions, such as seizure, alcohol intoxication, stroke and insulin reaction. Signs and symptoms of poisoning may include: * Burns or redness around the mouth and lips * Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or paint thinner * Vomiting * Difficulty breathing * Drowsiness * Confusion or other altered mental status

If you suspect poisoning, be alert for clues such as empty pill bottles or packages, scattered pills, and burns, stains and odors on the person or nearby objects. With a child, consider the possibility that he or she may have applied medicated patches or swallowed a button battery. * Drowsy or unconscious * Having difficulty breathing or has stopped breathing * Uncontrollably restless or agitated * Having seizures * Known to have taken medications, or any other substance, intentionally or accidentally overdosed (in these situations the poisoning typically involves larger amounts, often along with alcohol).

Take the following actions until help arrives: * Swallowed poison. Remove anything remaining in the person's mouth. If the suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read the container's label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning. * Poison on the skin. Remove any contaminated clothing using gloves. Rinse the skin for 15 to 20 minutes in a shower or with a hose. * Poison in the eye. Gently flush the eye with cool or lukewarm water for 20 minutes or until help arrives. * Inhaled poison. Get the person into fresh air as soon as possible. * If the person vomits, turn his or her head to the side to prevent choking. * Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life, such as moving, breathing or coughing. * Have somebody gather pill bottles, packages or containers with labels, and any other information about the poison to send along with the ambulance team.
Caution
* Syrup of ipecac. Don't give syrup of ipecac or do anything to induce vomiting. Expert groups, including the American Association of Poison Control Centers and the American Academy of Pediatrics, no longer endorse using ipecac in children or adults who have taken pills or other potentially poisonous substances. No good evidence proves its effectiveness, and it often can do more harm than good. * If you still have old bottles of syrup of ipecac in your home, throw them away. * Button batteries. The small, flat batteries used in watches and other electronics — particularly the larger, nickel-sized ones — are especially dangerous to small children. A battery stuck in the esophagus can cause severe burns in as little as 2 hours. * If you suspect that a child has swallowed one of these batteries, immediately take him or her for an emergency X-ray to determine its location. If the battery is in the esophagus, it will have to be removed. If it has passed into the stomach, it's usually safe to allow it to pass on through the intestinal tract. * Medicated patches. If you think a child got hold of medicated patches (adhesive products for transdermal drug delivery), carefully inspect the child's skin and remove any that are attached. Also check the roof of the mouth, where they can get stuck if the child sucks on them.

f. Explain Cardio Pulmonary Resusciatations (CPR)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a first aid technique that can be used if someone is not breathing properly or if their heart has stopped.
Chest compressions and rescue breaths keep blood and oxygen circulating in the body.
If someone is not breathing normally and is not moving or responding to you after an accident, call 999 or 112 for an ambulance. Then, if you can, start CPR straight away.

Hands-only CPR
If you have not been trained in CPR or are worried about giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a stranger, you can do chest compression-only (or hands-only) CPR.
To carry out a chest compression: 1) Place the heel of your hand on the breastbone at the centre of the person’s chest. Place your other hand on top of your first hand and interlock your fingers. 2) Position yourself with your shoulders above your hands. 3) Using your body weight (not just your arms), press straight down by 5–6cm on their chest. 4) Repeat this until an ambulance arrives.
Try to perform chest compressions at 100-120 chest compressions a minute.
When you call for an ambulance, telephone systems now exist that can give basic life-saving instructions, including advice on CPR. These are now common and are easily accessible with mobile phones.
CPR with rescue breaths
If you’ve been trained in CPR, including rescue breaths, and feel confident using your skills, you should give chest compressions with rescue breaths. If you are not completely confident, attempt hands-only CPR instead (see above).

Adults 1) Place the heel of your hand on the centre of the person's chest, then place the other hand on top and press down by 5–6cm at a steady rate, at approximately 100 compressions per minute. 2) After every 30 chest compressions, give two breaths. 3) Tilt the casualty's head gently and lift the chin up with two fingers. Pinch the person’s nose. Seal your mouth over their mouth and blow steadily and firmly into their mouth. Check that their chest rises. Give two rescue breaths. 4) Continue with cycles of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until they begin to recover or emergency help arrives.
Children over one year old 1) Open the child's airway by placing one hand on the child’s forehead and gently tilting their head back and lifting the chin. Remove any visible obstructions from the mouth and nose. 2) Pinch their nose. Seal your mouth over their mouth and blow steadily and firmly into their mouth, checking that their chest rises. Give five initial rescue breaths. 3) Place the heel of your hand on the centre of their chest and press down by at least one-third of the depth of the chest. Use two hands if you can't press down hard enough with one. 4) After every 30 chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute, give two breaths. 5) Continue with cycles of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until they begin to recover or emergency help arrives.
Babies under one year old 1) Open the baby's airway by placing one hand on their forehead and gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin. Remove any visible obstructions from the mouth and nose. 2) Place your mouth over the mouth and nose of the infant and blow steadily and firmly into their mouth, checking that their chest rises. Give five initial rescue breaths. 3) Place two fingers in the middle of the chest and press down by one-third of the depth of the chest. Use the heel of one hand if you cannot press deep enough with two fingers. 4) After 30 chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute, give two breaths. 5) Continue with cycles of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until they begin to recover or emergency help arrives.

7. Explain three level of first aid training

a. Determine basic first aid * First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and or promote recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available, such as performing CPR whilst awaiting an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. * First aid is generally performed by the layperson, with many people trained in providing basic levels of first aid, and others willing to do so from acquired knowledge. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health. * There are many situations which may require first aid, and many countries have legislation, regulation, or guidance which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in certain circumstances. This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator), the provision of specialist first aid cover at public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within school.]

b. Determine workplace first aid
If you are a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) you must ensure your workplace provides workers and anyone else attending your workplace with access to appropriate first aid equipment. You must also ensure that your workers have access to an adequate number of persons who have been trained to administer first aid - refer to page 4 of the Code.
Determining your workplace needs * The exact composition of your first aid equipment (first aid kits and other equipment used to treat injury and illness) and the number of trained first aiders will vary depending upon the size and location of the workplace and the risks and hazards associated with the work being undertaken - refer to page 6 of the Code. * You should undertake a risk assessment to assist in determining your first aid requirements. This should include consultation with your workers to take their views into account. The basic elements of a risk assessment are: Identify, Assess, Review. Refer to page 6 of the Code for a list of potential injuries associated with common hazards. * First aiders * A first aider is a person who has successfully completed a nationally accredited training course, or an equivalent level of training, that has given them the competencies required to administer first aid. It is recommended that you should have one first aider for every 25 workers in a high risk workplace and one first aider for every 50 workers in a low risk workplace - refer to page 13 of the Code. * If you share your workplace with other businesses or are one of several small tenants in a large building, such as a shopping centre, instead of training your own workers you may be able to consult with other business operators and building management to ensure that your workers have access to first aiders.
First aid kits * All workers must have access to a first aid kit. This will require at least one first aid kit to be provided at your workplace. * The first aid kit should provide basic equipment for administering first aid for injuries. The exact contents of your first aid kit should be based on a risk assessment of the particular circumstances of your workplace - refer to page 9 of the Code. * First aid kits can be any size or shape, provided they are large enough to contain all the necessary items. They must however be identifiable with a white cross on a green background and be made of material that will protect the contents from dust, moisture and contamination. * A person in the workplace, usually a qualified first aider, should be nominated to maintain the first aid kit.
Other first aid equipment and facilities * In addition to first aid kits, you should consider whether any other first aid equipment is necessary to treat injuries and illnesses that could occur in your workplace. This may include eye wash and shower equipment (permanent or portable), or even an automated defibrillator where there is a risk of electrocution or large numbers of members of the public are regularly in or around your workplace. * A first aid room is recommended for high risk workplaces of more than 100 workers and low risk workplaces of more than 200 workers. However, a risk assessment may find it necessary to provide a dedicated first aid treatment area in a smaller workplace. * As is the case with first aiders, if you share your workplace or building with other businesses, you may be able to provide your workers with shared equipment and facilities. Displaying well recognised first aid signs will assist in locating first aid equipment and facilities - refer to page 10 of the Code.

First aid procedures * You should develop first aid procedures to ensure that workers have a clear understanding of first aid in their workplace - refer to page 15 of the Code. * You may wish to incorporate your first aid procedure into the emergency planning procedure that is required under Regulation 43 of the Work Health and Safety Regulations 2012 (SA). This requires you to prepare an emergency plan for your workplace that provides procedures to respond effectively in an emergency - refer to page 16 of the Code. * Reviewing first aid arrangements * Workplaces and work environments can change as new hazards get introduced or when current hazards are eliminated. Therefore you should regularly review your first aid arrangements in consultation with your workers to ensure they remain adequate and effective ? refer to page 17 of the Code

c. Determine occupational first aid

Ensuring that the first aid program complies with Work SafeBC regulatory requirements and documenting and updating the written program for provision of first and including * Outlining the required equipment supplies first aid facilities FAA’s and services * Location of the first aid facilities * How to summon first aid * Response and authority of the FAA