...Introduction Public administrators use many communication genres to reach their audiences. These genres range from business cards to governmental proposals. Each one has its own purpose. Each one has its own way of getting information to the audience quickly and efficiently. Each one has been affected by technology. Each has its own discourse conventions associated with it. And each has its own method of distribution—either external or internal. The purpose of this analysis is to compare some of these genres and explain how each one gets information to the intended audience effectively. The Purpose The business card genre introduces a reader to the person named on the card and provides professional information about that person. It helps the reader gain insight to pertinent information concerning the cardholder by providing the cardholder’s name, the agency’s name, an office phone number, address, and e-mail address. The resume, on the other hand, provides information to the reader regarding a candidate’s skills and experience related to potential employment. Information concerning the candidate, such as name, address, and phone number, along with employment experience, beginning with the most recent, aids the reader in comprehending this information quickly. A policy memorandum is an instrument used to aid policymakers with information needed to develop, implement, and evaluate existing policies by analyzing complex issues and alternative actions. A policy memorandum...
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...Enterprise Information Security Policy (MEIP) Revision 8.0 August, 2013 ________________________________________________________________________ 1 MICROS Systems, Inc. Enterprise Information Security Policy Version 8.0 Public Table of Contents Overview – Enterprise Information Security Policy/Standards: I. Information Security Policy/Standards – Preface……………....5 I.1 Purpose …………….……………………………………………...5 I.2 Security Policy Architecture ………………….………………….6 I.3 Relation to MICROS Systems, Inc. Policies……………………..6 I.4 Interpretation………………………………………………….…..7 I.5 Violations…………………………………………………….….....7 I.6 Enforcement…………………………………………….................7 I.7 Ownership………………………………………………................7 I.8 Revisions…………………………………………………………..7 II. Information Security Policy - Statement………………………..8 MICROS Enterprise Information Security Policy (MEIP): 1. Information Security Organization Policy (MEIP-001)...……....9 2. Access Management Policy (MEIP-002)…………………………10 3. Systems Security Policy (MEIP-003)...…….…………………......11 4. Network Security Policy (MEIP-004)…………………………….12 ________________________________________________________________________ 2 MICROS Systems, Inc. Enterprise Information Security Policy Version 8.0 Public 5. Application Security Policy (MEIP-005)…..………………………13 6. Data Security/Management Policy (MEIP-006)……………….14-15 7. Security Incident Handling Policy (MEIP-007)..………………....16 ...
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...Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance, Japan, Public Policy Review, Vol.8, No.1, June 2012 45 Public Sector Accounting - An Interdisciplinary Field Involving Accounting, Economics, and Jurisprudence 1 Ryosuke Tao Research Fellow, Institute of Administrative Management Abstract Public sector accounting has recently been improved. Currently, there are requirements to disclose stock information in addition to the flow information presented in budget statements or accounts statements. Public sectors have prepared and disclosed their financial statements (including balance sheets and income statements) based on business accounting approaches. Moreover, as a matter of policy, the government tends to prepare and disclose cost information along with the financial statements for the individual ministries and governmental agencies. The objectives of clarifying the fiscal conditions in a state through the preparation and disclosure of financial statements are to fulfill the state’s accountability to its citizenry and market participants and to optimize and enhance the efficiency of its fiscal activities. Most importantly, the improved information should contribute to democratic decisions on public finance. A perspective different from the business accounting is that public sector accounting places more emphasis on inter-generational fairness. With respect to the inter-generational benefits and burdens, however, various factors must be considered, and the differences between...
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...effectively to environmental issues? Is public policy a more useful concept to understand how the commons is managed in our society? Why or why not? Markets are not able to respond effectively to environmental issues because they cannot determine the value of the environment and its elements. It is not a part of the exchange or transaction and market systems were not designed to factor in environmental costs. Public policy is definitely a useful concept in understanding how the commons are managed in our society. It allows citizens to effectively understand the many different rules and regulations that exist in order to protect as well as conserve the environment. It places value upon what markets cannot determine. 2. Which definition of public policy makes the most sense to you personally? What essential elements are there to your definition? How does public policy differ from business policy? Personally, the definition of public policy that makes the most sense is that “…public policy is a specific course of action taken collectively by society or by a legitimate representative of society addressing a specific problem of public concern that reflects the interests of society or particular segments of society.” The essential element to this definition that rings most true to me is the last portion; that public policy is a representation of the interests of society as either a partial or a whole. Public policy differs from business policy in that it is essentially a representation...
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...Assignment on Business Environment Introduction: Business environment is composed of two words ‘Business’ and ‘Environment’. In economic sense ‘Business’ means human activities like production, purchase or extraction or sales of products or services that are performed to earn money. Meanwhile ‘Environment’ means the aspect of surroundings. Business environment is the set of conditions institutional, political, economical, legal or social that is uncontrollable and affects the functions of the organization. Business environment consists of two components: external environment and internal environment. Internal environment includes of 5 M’s like management, money, machinery, material and man. On the other hand, External environment consists of demo-graphical factors, socio-cultural factors, political factors, geo-physical factors, government and legal factors. 5. Understand the organizational purpose of business 1.1 Identify the purpose of different types of organizations There are different types of organizations and mainly all kinds of organizations are divided in three sectors: public sectors, private sectors and voluntary sector organizations. The purposes of those organizations are not same. Public sector is owned and run by the government for the people. People pay taxes to the government and this money is used to finance most of the public sectors. The main purposes of public sectors organizations are to provide essential public services and to use resources...
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...Integration of INNO Policy TrendChart with ERAWATCH (2011-2012) Mini Country Report Thematic Report 2011 under Specific Contract for the Integration of INNO Policy TrendChart with ERAWATCH (2011-2012) December 2011 Author: Marina Ranga, Stanford University Table of Contents Preface ii Executive Summary iii 1. Innovation policy trends 1 1.1 Trends and key challenges for innovation policy 1 1.2 Innovation governance 7 1.3 Recent changes in the innovation policy mix 12 1.4 Internationalisation of innovation policies 15 1.5 Evidence on effectiveness of innovation policy 16 2. Innovation policy budgets – an overview 19 2.1 Trends in funding of innovation measures 19 2.2 Departmental and implementing agency budgets for innovation policies 2 1 2.3 Future challenges for funding of innovation policy 22 3. Thematic report: Demand-side innovation policies 23 3.1 Trends in the use of demand-side innovation policies 24 3.2 Governance challenges 30 3.3 Recent demand-side innovation policy measures 3 1 3.3.1 Sectoral specificities 3 1 3.3.2 Good practice case 3 1 Appendix A : Plan to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of RDI expenditure (Summary of provisions) 32 Appendix B : Recommendations of World Bank’s Functional Review for the reform of the Romanian RDI system 34 Appendix C : Research and innovation policy measures for Romania ...
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...resources effectively pg.7, 8 2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities pg.8, 9 2.3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation pg.10 3.1 Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses pg.11 3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples pg.12 3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation pg.13 4.1 Discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organisations pg.14 4.2 Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations pg.15 4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organisations pg.15, 16 INTRODUCTION IN THIS ASSIGNEMENT I WILL INDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE TYPES OF ORGANISATION, I WILL EXPLAIN THE RESPONSABILITIES OF ORGANISATION THE ECONOMIC SYSTE. I WILL SHOW THE KEY OBJECTIVES COMPETITION POLICY AND HOW THE MARKET STRUCTURES DETERMINE THE PRICING OF THE DECISIONS OF BUSINESS. I WILL ANALYSE THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL FACTORS ON UK BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS AND I WILL EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF THE POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON UK ORGANISATION. IN THE END I WILL MAKE CONCLUSION ABOUT THE STRATEGIES, METHODS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITES. MAIN BODY BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT DEFINITION The combination of internal and external factors...
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...CHAPTER 8: Business government relations Key learning objectives * Understanding why sometimes governments and business collaborate and other times work at arm’s length from each other * Defining public policy and the elements of the public policy process * Explaining the reasons for regulation * Knowing the major types of government regulation of business * Identifying the purpose of antitrust laws and the remedies that may be imposed * Comparing the costs and benefits of regulation for business and society * Examining the conditions that affect business in a global context Business-government relations * Government cooperates with businesses for mutually beneficial goals. * -Influenced by a nation’s values and customs differs in countries. * Their goals can range from one of cooperation to one of conflict, with various stages in between. It is constantly changing. * Companies operating globally may find governments whose legitimacy or right to be in power is questioned. * The ability of a government leader or a group of leaders to maintain political power can be influenced by businesses’ actions. (i.e boycotting economic relations with a country, or decide to withdraw operations from a country) Government’s public policy (PP) role * A plan of action undertaken by government officials to achieve some broad purpose affecting a substantial segment of a nation’s citizens. * PP inputs: External...
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...environment refers to the nature of economic systems and policies, distribution of income and wealth, and level of income. Indeed, economic environment has a complex and very dynamic nature; it is continually changing along with the changes in political situations and government policies. Global Economic Environment Mainly, global economic environment is comprised of several components including the economic systems, conditions, policies, legislations, and environment. Indeed, the economic policies being imposed in every business unit are significantly influences by the overall condition of economy. This includes the improvements that occurred in economic conditions such as the purchasing power of the public, standard of living, distribution of income, and supply and demand. Mainly, these factors reflect the size of the market. Another factor reflecting the economic condition is the business cycle, which is critical to every business unit. It refers to the different stages such as prosperity, boom, decline, depression, and recovery. The economic condition of a country can be understood through its national income, per capita income, and distribution of income, demand and supply trends, inflation rate, industrial growth rate, trends in industrial sickness, and prevailing interest rate. Thus, the economic system of a country is defined by their respective goals and incentives that control economic relations, framework of rules and policies. Indeed, different countries around the world have...
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...assignment. Besides I would like to thank my parents for their huge support they have given me and also my beloved friends who encouraged me to complete my assignment. Executive Summary Organizations can be divided into private and public sector, and all the type of organizations in both sectors have different features though some features may be the same for different organizations. Next plc is a multinational firm which is operating in UK and it has several stakeholders which can be categorized into two groups, internal stakeholders and external stakeholders and also Next plc as an organization has it aims, objectives and goals which they target to achieve in future though they have achieved some in present too. Economic system is an organized way on how allocation of resources in an economy is done, how goods required by the consumers have been produced and how it is distributed, basically there are three types of economic systems where in all three economic system allocation of resources is done by different parties. Economic policies are implemented by the government the economy, both policies that the government use have a direct impact on country’s economy. Next plc as an organization also can affected when the government implements economic policies to the country’s economy. Next plc exports products to other countries and by doing this it enables international trade to take place. International trade brings several advantages to Next plc but it also must face certain issues...
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... Gilens and Page Testing Theories of American Politics 2 Abstract Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. 2 Gilens and Page Testing Theories of American Politics...
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...2.1 Format of the question papers 2.2 Detail of question papers 4 4 4 3. CONTENT 6 4. CONCLUSION Copyright reserved 25 Please turn over Economics 1. 3 Examination Guidelines DBE/2014 INTRODUCTION The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Economics outlines the nature and purpose of the subject Economics. This guides the philosophy underlying the teaching and assessment of the subject in Grade 12. The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to: • • Provide clarity on the depth and scope of the content to be assessed in the Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) Examination in Economics. Assist teachers to adequately prepare learners for the examinations. This document deals with the final Grade 12 external examinations. It does not deal in any depth with the School-Based Assessment (SBA). This guideline should be read in conjunction with: • • • The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS): Economics The National Protocol of Assessment: An addendum to the policy document, the National Senior Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF), regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R–12) The national policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National Curriculum Statement, Grades R–12 Copyright reserved Please turn over Economics 4 Examination Guidelines 2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12 2.1 DBE/2014 FORMAT OF THE PAPERS...
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...‘Community engagement’ shows us the ways of how ethical communication can encourage individuals and groups participate and involve in political debates (Demetrious, 2012). It gives individuals in the society has the right and freedom to speak, to challenge, to provoke awareness through participation in public debate. ‘Democracy’ is the conceptual provenance of ‘community engagement’ (Demetrious, 2012). In other words, community engagement plays an important role in our democracy system. As Birch and Glazebrook (2000, p.41) state that corporate is under a great pressure to increase its profit, to keep a good relationship with its investors. Without doubt that ‘spin’ is a strategy for corporate in common use to frame information in a way that can be easily accepted by public who are related tosw. Gare also state that ‘The business community is becoming more isolated from the community at large and looking after its own interests’ (cited in Birch and Glazebrook 2000, p.41). Using the theories of the citizenship (Hudson & Kane 2000) and the communication (Habermas 1989) this essay will discuss the role and relationship of ‘community engagement’ to society and how ‘community engagement’ can be a solution to ethical problems associated with spin. The case study “The Wrribee toxic dump” will be used to demonstrate the arguments. Community engagement is a big theory that included both citizenship theory and communication theory. Hudson and kane (cited in Demetrious 2012, p.2) define...
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...1. Why are markets themselves not able to respond effectively to environmental issues? Is public policy a more useful concept to understand how the commons is managed in our society? Why or why not? Markets are unable to respond effectively to environmental issues because they are unable to regulate or control the value of the environment and the elements it is made up of. The environment is not apart of the market transaction and market systems were not designed to take environmental costs into consideration. Public policy is a useful concept to understand how the commons is managed in our society because it allows individuals within the communities to effectively understand the various rules and regulations that are in order to protect and conserve our natural environment. Public policy places value upon what markets are unable to determine. 2. Which definition of public policy makes the most sense to you personally? What essential elements are there to your definition? How does public policy differ from business policy? The definition of public policy that makes the most sense to me is, "public policy is a specific course of action taken collectively by society or by a legitimate representative of society addressing a specific problem of public concern that reflects the interests of society or particular segments of society." To me, the definition that public policy is a representation of the interests of society makes the most sense to me because it further...
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...Bush administration implemented the No Child Left Behind initiative, which is specific to Title I schools and geared to students with learning disabilities. In the pages to follow I will discuss the issue of Education and which of the four public policies supports this issue. Along with policy modifications that would positively and negatively impact the issue of Education. There will also be discussion around the relationship between government and businesses, and the role they play in the Education issue. President Barack Obama is taking a stand on Education for all Americans. While looking at the issues that are covered on the White House website, Education is one that speaks to the Constituent Public Policy type. Constituent Policies (Lowi, 1972, p.300) are intended to benefit the public generally or to serve the government. With regards to the issue of education, President Obama made it clear on the White House Website, that education is the key to obtaining future jobs. This issue will be beneficial to every child in America, because this starts with Early Childhood learning. This also includes childcare centers, Head Start programs, and Private Pre-K programs. Again providing something that the public will benefit from no matter what the family’s economic status is. Now The Early Head Start-Child Care Partnership will give those kids from birth to age 3, the opportunity to learn at an early age. The families that are able to benefit from...
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