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Puerto Rico and Federal Judiciary Paper

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Los sistemas judiciales son únicos de cada país, en algunas ocasiones se adoptan sistemas, procesos y leyes que han logran el resultado esperado. En este ensayo estaremos explicando el sistema judicial de Puerto Rico en términos de estructura, jerarquía y funcionamiento. A su vez lo compararemos con el sistema federal de Estados Unidos. El sistema judicial o poder judicial se define como un poder que tiene el país, en el cual administrar la justicia en la sociedad a través de normas o leyes jurídicas que sean creadas en base a conflictos o situaciones que hayan sucedido. El sistema judicial de Puerto Rico entro en vigor El 25 de julio del 1952, en ese día fue creado lo que hoy conocemos como la constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. La constitución establece el poder judicial que tendrá Puerto Rico. En ese entonces la Constitución estableció un juez presidente y cuatro jueces asociados pero concedió al propio tribunal el poder de solicitar a la legislatura aumentar o reducir el número de jueces. Este poder que se le otorgo a la legisladora crea conflictos de intereses ya que se puede ver claramente que hoy en día él aumentar y reducir jueces sea a convertido en politiquería más que merito propio.
La estructura del sistema judicial de Puerto Rico ha sido modificada en tres ocasiones. La primera estructura fue creada para el año 1952, la segunda fue para el año 1994 y la tercera fue para el 2003. Actualmente vigente la nueva estructura del sistema judicial del año 2003. Esta ley conocida como la “Ley de la Judicatura del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico de 2003".

La misma se estableció de la siguiente manera:
• Tribunal Supremo
• Tribunal de Apelaciones
• Tribunal de Primera Instancia
Aunque la estructura ha sido cambiada en distintas ocasiones, aún mantiene un sistema judicial que guarda relación con los dos antes mencionados. Esto sin olvidar que el poder judicial de Puerto Rico está constituido por un sistema judicial unificado en lo que concierne a un funcionamiento, jurisdicción y administración.
El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico está compuesto por un Juez Presidente y seis Jueces Asociados. Los Jueces de este tribunal son nombrados permanentemente con un retiro obligatorio a la edad de 79 años. .El Tribunal de Apelaciones es un intermediario entre el Tribunal Supremo y el Tribunal de Primera Instancia. El propósito fue proveer a los ciudadanos un foro apelativo mediante el que no menos de tres jueces revisen las sentencias finales del Tribunal de primera Instancia entre otros. A su vez ofrece acceso económico eliminando así obstáculos que impidan impartir la justicia apelativa. El Tribunal de Apelaciones está compuesto por 39 jueces incluyendo a los jueces que pertenecían al tribunal de circuito de apelaciones el cual fue derogado por la presente ley. Los mismos fueron nombrados por el Gobernador con el consentimiento del senado. El término de desempeño será un término de 16 años. El Tribunal de Primera Instancia atienden todos los asuntos de derecho laboral, de familia, derecho hipotecario, derecho de obligaciones, contratos, derecho corporativo, daños y perjuicios, casos de expropiaciones y cualquier otro asunto civil. En los casos criminales, este tribunal atiende los casos por delitos graves y menos graves y todas las infracciones a las ordenanzas de los municipios. El tribunal de Primera Instancia se encarga de trabajar lo casos civiles y criminales. El mismo está compuesto por jueces superiores y municipales, de la misma forma, la de los jueces del tribunal de distrito. Estos jueces son nombrados por el Gobernador de Puerto Rico y con la aprobación del Senado. Los jueces superiores son nombrados por un término de 12 años y los municipales por uno de ocho a años. El tribunal de Primera Instancia está dividido en 13 regiones judiciales las cuales se distribuyen entre los 78 municipios de la Isla.
El sistema judicial Federal, entiéndase el de los Estados Unidos, tiene similitud con el sistema Judicial de Puerto Rico. En Puerto Rico se conoce como el Tribunal Supremo, y en Estados Unidos se conoce como Corte Suprema. La Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos está compuesta de nueve jueces. Los mismos son designados en carácter definitivo por el Presidente y a su vez confirmados por el Senado. La Corte de Apelación de los Estados Unidos al igual que en Puerto Rico esta en un nivel intermedio. En estas cortes se trabajan las apelaciones hechas por las cortes de distrito. Al presente hay un total de trece Cortes de Apelación. De la misma manera existen once circuitos, también el circuito de DC y la decimotercera Corte de Apelaciones. La antes mencionada asume jurisdicción en toda la nación en ciertos temas tales como tratados internacionales.
Los Tribunales de Distritos de los Estados Unidos tienen un total de 94 en ellos se ven tanto los casos civiles como los criminales. Cada Tribunal de Distrito tiene una oficina de justicia, algunos tienen más de uno y lleva por nombre formal el distrito al cual pertenecen. Estos tribunales fueron establecidos por el Congreso, los Tribunales de Juicios fueron establecidos por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos. Como otra diferencia entre sistemas judiciales son sus constituciones. Un sistema muy criticado y favorecido por otros es la pena. Como podemos observar la constitución de Puerto Rico garantiza proteger la vida del individuo. Sin embargo la constitución de los Estados Unidos no lo garantiza de la misma manera, por tal razón en algunos estados de los Estados Unidos es permitida, ya que no es una ley que sea inconstitucional de acuerdo a su constitución. En resumen ambos sistemas guardan gran similitud. No obstante, en Puerto Rico son más conservadores en varios aspectos y en Estados Unidos utilizan el “Common Law” donde no hay códigos de ningún tipo y no existe fijación religiosa. De la misma manera opino que tanto en Puerto Rico como Estados Unidos siempre deben de haber sistemas diferentes. En este caso Puerto Rico no debe de adoptar modelos o sistema solo por que funcionan en Estados Unidos, ya que hay que recordar que independiente de la relación que exista entre los dos los problemas sociales y culturales son distintos.

Referencias
Cheeseman, H. R. (2010). The legal environment of business and online commerce: Business ethics, e-commerce, regulatory, and international issues. (6th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Defincionabc (2011). Derecho poder judicial
http://www.definicionabc.com/derecho/poder-judicial.php

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