...Title: Outline the benefits of an Exercise programme for people with Cystic Fibrosis and discuss the factors which may influence Exercise compliance. Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common and life limiting autosmal recessively inherited diseases in the world with an estimated occurrence in newborns of 1 per 3000 per annum (Walters, 2007). The majority of people with this disease are diagnosed during their first year of life with many countries now employing newborn screening programs. The basic mechanism of the disease consists of manifestation as pancreatic insufficiency leading to malabsorbtion and failure to thrive and impaired mucocillary clearance leading to reoccurring chest infections and bronchiestasis (Savage et al. 2011). With the recent advances in treatment of CF which have resulted in increased life span and survival rates, individuals can now expect to live into their fourth decade. Stats from the UK show that CF affects over 9000 people with 4000 under the age of 16 (Williams and Stevens, 2013). Irish stats show a similar pattern where 1200 individuals suffer from CF with 45% being under the age of 18. According to the CF trust (2010) the primary cause of death in individuals with CF is respiratory failure. CF is a progressive respiratory disease which results in an abnormal ventilator response to exercise for individuals with CF (Bradley and Moran, 2008). This contributes to dyspnoea which is a shortness of breath and is a major limiting...
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...Date: Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) refers to an inherited problem of the mucus glands. Mucus is a substance that is usually slippery secreted by the body to cover the digestive system, lungs, and reproductive system as well as other tissues and organs. CF makes the body to release excessive mucus that is extremely thick and sticky, which can cause various health issues. Among these health issues are difficulty in coughing, chest repetitive infections, lengthy diarrhea and deprived gain of weight. If the condition is not treated it would cause extensive complications, which may lead to early death. Nevertheless, if the condition is identified early and the child is exposed to proper treatment, the symptoms of CF are controllable and children may live longer. Different authors have different views on CF as they all try to get into a conclusion on how the health condition should be resolved. Since CF is inherited, the defective gene must be passed from both the parents to the child in order to acquire the disease else if only a faulty gene is inherited, the child becomes a carrier. Actually carries of cystic fibrosis do not have the disease but can pass to other individuals. There are proposals on improvements as well as challenges in executing the CF treatment process. The paper discusses the proposal below. Literature Review According to Norm Brown (2009), the gene responsible for CF was identified and it was named Cystic Fibrosis Trans-membrane Conductance Regulator...
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...which the infection develops (CDC, 2014). HCAP develops during or following a stay in a healthcare facility. In contrast, patients who are diagnosed with CAP have had no contact within a health care setting prior to presenting with the infection (Driver, 2012). Pneumonia may be present as a mild illness but has the potential to be life-threatening. Despite advances in research, pneumonia remains a common illness contributing to the death of young children in developing countries and the elderly population of developed countries throughout the world (Ruuskanen, et al., 2011). In 2010, approximately 50,000 people in the U.S. died after developing the infection (CDC, 2014). From a global perspective, 450 million cases of pneumonia are recorded annually and roughly 4 million of those diagnosed will die from this illness (Ruuskanen, et al., 2011). CAP is the eighth-leading cause of death within the U.S. and is the leading cause of death from infection in the developed world (Brown, et al., 2012). While anyone is susceptible to contracting it, certain risk factors increase the chances of developing the infection. Research confirms that pneumonia is more serious in younger and older populations; people with chronic health problems; and people who have weak immune systems (CDC, 2014). In the U.S., the population older than age 65 account for nearly two thirds of hospitalizations and 90 percent of deaths associated with...
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...Cystic Fibrosis The television must be turned up again to do another breathing treatment or it is time to get tapped before bed. I watch in awe as my little cousin sits there with a shaking vest on, and I wonder what is going on. If it’s time for another meal or if he just wanted a snack, he cannot forget to take his enzymes that he needs to aid in the digestion of food. I again start to wonder what is going on inside and how this little boy ended up with this disease, so I began my search in trying to learn as much about Cystic Fibrosis as I can. As of 2014, Cystic fibrosis (CF) infects about 70,000 people around the world and is known as the most common life shortening disease (Bell 2014). CF is the result of an offspring receiving two recessive alleles from each parent which comprise of a mutation inside the cystic fibrosis...
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...(Boyle and Senior, 2008). Nodes are specialised tissues strategically placed in the heart that act as nervous and muscle tissue. When nodal tissue contracts, it generates nerve impulses that travel throughout the heart wall (About.com, n.d.). Figure 1 – Cardiac Conduction Yellow Arrows/Aspects = journey of signals Area of Bundle of His/Purkinje Fibres Ventricular Septum Aorta – to the body Pulmonary Artery – to the lungs The location of the cardiac nodes is shown in figure 1. A single heartbeat begins with an electrical signal generated by the sino-atrial node, on the wall of the right atrium. This node is often referred to as the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart (it regulates the heartbeat). This signal spreads over the walls of both atria, causing them to contract and fill the ventricles. Once the ventricle walls have filled, the atrio-ventricular node picks up the signal and directs it down the ventricular septum and onto the bundle of His. From here, the signal spreads throughout the Purkinje fibres in the ventricle walls causing them to contract, pushing the blood out of the pulmonary artery and aorta. (Drugline.ord, n.d.) Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system - the sympathetic and parasympathetic. The sympathetic nerves increase your heart rate while you exercise. The sino-atrial node receives information from cardiovascular centre in the brain (medulla) which receives information from receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries...
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...test (6MWT). Specifically, it reviews indications, details factors that influence results, presents a brief step-by-step protocol, outlines safety measures, describes proper patient preparation and procedures, and offers guidelines for clinical interpretation of results. These recommendations are not intended to limit the use of alternative protocols for research studies. We do not discuss the general topic of clinical exercise testing. As with other American Thoracic Society statements on pulmonary function testing, these guidelines come out of a consensus conference. Drafts were prepared by two members (P.L.E. and R.J.Z.) and were based on a comprehensive Medline literature search from 1970 through 2001, augmented by suggestions from other committee members. Each draft responded to comments from the working committee. The guidelines follow previously published methods as closely as possible and provide a rationale for each specific recommendation. The final recommendations represent a consensus of the committee. The committee recommends that these guidelines be reviewed in five years and in the meantime encourages further research in areas of controversy. BACKGROUND There are several modalities available for the objective evaluation of functional exercise capacity. Some provide a very complete assessment of all systems involved in exercise...
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...Air Quality Rod Taylor Trident University Dr. Persaud Write a 2-3 page paper in which you do the following: 1. Describe the common health problems associated with indoor and outdoor air pollution in urban settings. 2. Describe why children are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollutants. 3. Describe how you (as a Health Educator and consultant in this multi-disciplinary team), would assist the nurse to plan and implement a program that will reduce the exposure of this community to air pollution as well as reduce the impact of air pollution on the health of children. In your response, make sure to include preventive steps that can be taken by the community (home and school, for example) to reduce the exposure of children to air pollutants. Please be sure to support your opinion with evidence from the literature. Assignment Expectations: Use information from the modular background readings as well as any good quality resource you can find. LENGTH: 2-3 pages typed and double-spaced, in addition to a cover page. Air Quality Air pollution is a major problem, especially in urban areas where there are relatively more sources of pollution. In this regard, considering the pollution in general has negative impacts on health, people living in urban areas tend to suffer more from the negative consequences of air pollution than people living in rural areas. It is highly beneficial to understand the health problems linked to urban air pollution...
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...that is considering having genetic screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the use of childhood immunizations. Many parents voice concerns regarding the safety of vaccinations. What is your opinion on the current use of vaccinations? How would you educate parents regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations? Defend your answers with evidence-based research. Week 3: Question 1= Share a case study of an electrolyte imbalance from your practice or from the...
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...Stem cell research is a highly promising field of study. Its most important applications include medicine and therapy. These will be the focus of this paper. To begin: an overview of stem cells, alternatives to embryonic stem cells, and recent advances. Stem cells are amazing for their capacity for self-renewal and, most of all, the ability to become any of millions of cell types in the human body. There are various types of stem cells, each with different potential. This includes embryonic stem cells. These totipotent cell lines come from the inside of the cell mass of a human embryo. These embryos are taken specifically from fertilized eggs not used by in-vitro fertilization (1). At this point, they are just a blastocyst, meaning an embryo composed of approximately one hundred cells. The cells on the inside of the blastocyst are undifferentiated but eventually will multiply and differentiate extensively to make all of the different required cells. Adult stem cells cells also have this same ability. They are found throughout the body and are able to dived to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues (1). Adult stem cells are able to renew themselves and create a variety of cells, but are usually multipotent, meaning that they only are able to specialize into a small selection of cells. ‘Totipotent’ stem cells can be transformed into any type of cell in the human body, however, there is a great amount of controversy surrounding stem cell research (2). Because...
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...A Research on the Unusual Forms of Tuberculosis TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Background A. An overview of Tuberculosis B. Definitions of terms III. The common indications of tuberculosis A. Signs and Symptoms B. Causes C. Effects 1. Tuberculosis of the Kidney 2. Tuberculosis of the Bones 3. Tuberculosis of the Stomach 4. Tuberculosis of the Spine IV. Case studies of Tuberculosis A. Philippines B. Other Countries V. Further Study of tuberculosis A. Explaining Tuberculosis B. Treatments VI. Conclusion VII. End Notes VIII. Bibliography I. Introduction Tuberculosis is just one disease out of a million other diseases in the world but it doesn’t only affect the person being infected but also the people around that particular people around it. Thus, it is not just a personal or family problem but a societal problem. After reaching considerable amounts of tuberculosis-related articles, the researcher has deemed tuberculosis as a “highly prevalent” and a “highly infectious” disease that is, once it becomes active. One-third of the world’s population has tuberculosis. To add, there are still other who may just be walking around not knowing whether they have been infected or not. Tuberculosis may be dormant for years and once active, it could lead to pulmonary failure. The agent of contamination is spread through air and since air is invisible to the naked age, the persons involved...
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...Chemtrails There is something in the skies above us that cannot be easily explained. We see it almost every day, yet we take it for granted. Vast patterns of cloud like contrails cover every major metropolitan area in the world on a daily basis. They are referred to as ‘chemtrails’ and they stretch from horizon to horizon in either direction. Sometimes the patterns resemble a tic-tac-toe like grid and at other times form huge X shaped patterns. After being sprayed, the chemtrails slowly merge together to form a huge blanket of cloud cover. The particles that make up these artificial clouds can take as long as a day to fall to the ground. When they fall they resemble soap bubbles or an ashy snow like substance and when they settle they leave a sticky residue on everything they touch. We don’t know for certain what these chemtrails are comprised of or why they are being sprayed above us on a routine basis. Theories range from an attempt to stop global warming to government attempts to poison us for population control, but one thing we know for sure is that they do exist. Most people discover the reality of chemtrails by initially reading about it on the Internet and then going outside and looking up into the sky. They are shocked to realize that what they had been reading about and seeing in countless photographs is also taking place right over their heads. What some people had dismissed as mere "jet plane exhaust" are dismayed to realize that chemtrails are indeed the...
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...substantially over the past several decades, especially in geographic locations in which there has been substantial population growth (Fauci et al., 2008). Healthcare providers may be required to recognize and treat an increasing number of severe coccidioidal infections as growth and urbanization to these areas increases. Additionally, a recent study of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Arizona suggested coccidioidomycosis might be a common cause. Patients with CAP and endemic exposure should receive laboratory evaluation for coccidioidal infection. Because of its subtle onset and increased incidence, coccidioidomycosis infection is a serious health concern for residents of the Southwest, including the suburban areas of Phoenix. This paper will summarize the incidence and prevalence of coccidioidomycosis in Maricopa...
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...Heart Failure Western Governors University Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Heart Failure It is estimated that about five million people in the United States are living with heart failure with an overwhelming number of 550,000 newly diagnosed cases each year, costing the nation roughly $32 billion dollars per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Heart failure is a complex, pathophysiological condition in which the ventricles of the heart is weakened and unable to pump effectively to meet the body’s needs for nutrients or has lost adequate filling capacity. Clinical presentations of heart failure depends on which ventricles have failed to pump blood adequately; left ventricular failure, also known as congestive heart failure (CHF) is more common than right ventricular failure (McCance & Huether, 2014). The most common symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath, fatigue, and peripheral edema. HF is not a disease, but rather a manifestation of a diseased heart. Large number of disorders can lead to heart failure, and with the aging population and many surviving primary cardiac events, it is no surprise that the most common reason for hospitalization in patients older than 65 years old is heart failure (McClintock, Mose, & Smith, 2014). Heart failure has become a major public health problem because it is the only cardiac condition that continues to increase in prevalence (McClintock, Mose, & Smith, 2014)...
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...Chapter 1 Nursing Images throughout History 1) The angle of mercy 2) The handmaiden 3) The battle-ax 4) The naughty nurse 5) The military image A. Nurses on the battlefield * Hospitalers – specialized soldiers who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured * Army nursing service – organize nurses and hospitals and coordinate supplies for the soldiers during the Civil War * Clara Barton a. Provided care in tents set up close to the fighting b. Did not discriminate c. Establishment of the American Red Cross * Harriet Tubman – helped slaves escape to freedom on the underground railroad * Walt Whitman – a poet * Louisa May Alcott – an author * Dorothea Dix – union’s superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War B. Nurses fighting diseases * Florence Nightingale d. Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and origins of disease e. Air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the patient to recuperate * Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster f. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NY to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants g. Improve health and prevent illness by promoting safe drinking water, adequate sewage facilities, and proper sanitation Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) ...
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...A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice. 2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine. 3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves 4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate 5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact. positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis 1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss and may cause dig toxicity. 2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain. 3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes, kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches. 4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may cause flexion contracture. 5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than Caucasians. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil based dye heavier bed flat. 2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley...
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