...the world as long as human beings have walked on it. When there is a crime there must be a form of punishment. A form of punishment must exist when a person commits a crime, he or she must be taught a lesson to prevent the crime from occurring again. To understand how punishment was developed a person must start from the beginning. This essay will discuss the history of punishment, the history of prison development, the comparison of the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system, and last the impact and involvement of prison labor over time. Before discussing the history of punishment one must know what the” term” punishment means. The “term” punishment can be in numerous ways but each “term” possesses the same meaning. One way of defining punishment is, a penalty inflicted on an offender through judicial procedure (Merriam-Webster, 2012). The use of punishment can be dated back to as early as the 1600s. During that era crime in America was punished based on the English criminal codes (Sieter, 2011). Examples of crimes in the 1600s would be drunkenness, stealing something of minor value, and slander (the utterance of false charges or misrepresentations, which defame and damage another's reputation (Merriam-Webster, 2012)). If a person was found committing any of the crimes previously listed he or she would be known as an offender. An offender would receive his or her punishment at the town whipping post or placed in stocks and pillories. Pillories are said to have been wooden...
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...Punishment In Plato’s The Republic, Socrates has many conversations with people in order to further understand concepts such as justice and the way things are ideally supposed to be done. When I think about justice the definition that comes to mind is: the administration of a just action because of an unjust or immoral act being done by a human or group of humans. The issue of proper punishment has also been discussed in those conversations with Socrates and his peers. There must be a punishment for immoral or unjust actions committed by any human otherwise everything in our world would turn into complete chaos. In Socrates’s time people believed heavily in the afterlife and that his or her actions on Earth determined the quality of that life. The gods played a huge role in deciding the fates of everyone depending on how one lived while one was alive. If one lived an unjust and reckless life then it will show because the gods in one’s afterlife will punish him or her. Socrates states, “…bad people are wretched because they are in need of punishment, and that in paying the penalty they are benefited by that god.” There is a problem with waiting until the afterlife for people to be punished because then there would be no order in society. Bad people who are actually bad can get away with living well in the afterlife because during their Earthly life they gained enough wealth to pay the gods to give them a good afterlife. Meanwhile the good people of the world who did a bad...
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...Punishment is the authoritative imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon an individual or group by law enforcement, in response to behaviour that an authority deems unacceptable or a violation of some norm.[1][2][3][4][5] The unpleasant imposition may include a fine, penalty, or confinement, or be the removal or denial of something pleasant or desirable. The individual may be a person, or even an animal. The authority may be either a group or a single person, and punishment may be carried out formally under a system of law or informally in other kinds of social settings such as within a family.[2] Negative consequences that are not authorised or that are administered without a breach of rules are not considered to be punishment as defined here.[4] The study and practice of the punishment of crimes, particularly as it applies to imprisonment, is called penology, or, often in modern texts, corrections; in this context, the punishment process is euphemistically called "correctional process".[6] Research into punishment often includes similar research into prevention. Fundamental justifications or alternatives to punishment include: retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, andincapacitations. The last could include such measures as isolation, in order to prevent the wrongdoer's having contact with potential victims, or the removal of a hand in order to make theft more difficult.[7] Of the four justifications, only retribution is part of the definition of punishment...
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...ruled illegal or not socially acceptable, and therefor we have developed a system of punishments in order to combat all that is wrong with society. You could argue whether this is an effective system though, for the fear of punishment is not always an effective deterrent and therefore has no effect on the future criminals mind. The fear of punishment is something that we have been threatened with ever since we were a kid, I truly believe that all we have learned since then is how to better attempt to get away with doing something wrong, and not be afraid of the punishment that will follow if caught. We use punishment in all facades of the criminal justice system, whether it helps us achieve are desired goals, or is just what we feel to be are only effective option is, this is always debatable, but answers to these questions need to start coming soon, for changes must be made in order to make are criminal justice system the well oiled machine it needs to be. When it comes to the practical use of punishment, there are five recognized philosophies, there are, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution, and restoration. The goal of each one of these philosophies is the overall prevention of crime, each one of them takes a different path to achieve that goal. The first option would be deterrence, which attempts to scare an individual away from committing a crime because of the punishment that will follow. The next option is rehabilitation, which is an attempt to cure an...
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...reward. The behavior that is increased is doing the chores and the addition into the environment is the weekly allowance. We have added (money) to strengthen the behavior - added equals positive, strengthen means reinforce. Remember, operant conditioning is more like math with + and - Negative reinforcement is what often gets confused with punishment. But stay with me with this rationale... it is still reinforcement. I think negative reinforcement is confusing to students because we think of negative as something BAD; however, in operant conditioning, it might or might not be something bad but it *ALWAYS* means the removal of something. Taking away TV or money (minus) to get them to strengthen chore behavior. Remember, taking away can be used to strengthen a behavior ; thus negative reinforcement. Do you see the difference in + and - reinforcement? Punishment Punishment is to make a behavior decrease – or happen less. Punishment is not the same as negative reinforcement. Whereas negative AND positive reinforcement both strengthen behavior; punishment attempts weakens it. Punishment occurs in two...
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...Assignment 3: Probation and Punishment Dedra Clark Strayer University Professor Berry 8 March, 2016 This paper was prepared for CRJ100 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of probation and prison programs and amenities Introduction Classification plays a crucial role in parole and the probation process by deciding the type of rehabilitative strategy that the offender has to adapt to in the process of correction. Classification systems were utilized after sentencing in order to appropriately determine and plan the offender’s treatment and management. This paper will analyze a probation case study, ISP programs, and prison programs and amenities. Review of Kris’ file At the age of 13 years, Kris was given probation because of being involved in a battery case. He was arrested for trespassing during his juvenile probation hence accorded additional time in probation as a consequence of his actions. He is currently 25 years old and has completed his probation successfully. He however has a recent adult conviction for which he is being sentenced. My findings equate to Robert’s findings which elaborate that parole boards determine when an offender is rehabilitated from crime and ready to rejoin liberal society. Our findings additionally agree on the fact that it is the work of supervising officers to advice parolees and probationers besides ensuring that the recommended interventions are being undertaken. The role of classification...
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...Utilitarian And Kantian Concept Of Punishment Print this Table of Contents S. No. | Content | Page No. | | Introduction | 3. | | Research Methodology | 4. | | Chapter 1: Utility of Punishment | 6. | | Chapter 2: Retributive Justice And Legitimacy | 10. | | Chapter 3: Can Capital Punishment Be Justified | 13 | | Chapter 4: Finding A Middle Way | 15. | | Conclusion | 17. | | Bibliography | 18. | Introduction Punishment entails the intentional infliction of pain or some type of deprivation in an institutionalized form that individuals would generally prefer to avoid. This requires justification to be morally acceptable. Attempts to provide justification for infliction of punishment are made by various punishment theories. Punishment theories generally can be separated into a handful of philosophical camps—consequentialist theories, non-consequentialist theories, and mixed (or hybrid) theories that contain both consequentialist and non-consequentialist elements. What distinguishes these theories is their focus and goals: Consequentialist theories are forward-looking, concerned with the future consequences of punishment; non-consequentialist theories are backward-looking, interested solely in past acts and mental states; and mixed theories are both forward- and backward-looking, with each hybrid placing a different emphasis on culpable past conduct versus future consequences. The present paper will briefly examine the two dominant consequentialist and...
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...Objectives of Punishment In the criminal justice system punishment is used to help prevent people from committing more crimes in the future. The punishment is intended to be sufficient enough to show future criminals and the community that the criminal justice system is serious about crime prevention and keeping the community members safe. In most cases punishment is delivered in the form of incarceration. Punishment can be used to help achieve institutional objectives by applying the correct punishment to the appropriate crime. The original concept of the penitentiary system was to rehabilitate the offenders to help keep crime rates down. The original concept of rehabilitation was to help change the offenders’ thoughts and opinions about the crimes that they committed. This way they learn to change their habits and hopefully become an honest member of society. Incapacitation of the offenders is used in order to protect the community by reducing the chances of the offenders committing the same type of crime. However, if the offenders are just incarcerated and not offered any type of rehabilitation their thoughts remain the same and in some circumstances can become even more negative. This affects the overall criminal justice system by creating a backlog of cases in the court system which in turn can take up valuable space inside all jails and prisons across the United States. By offering different types of punishment like rehab, anger management, and probation...
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...Objectives of Punishment CJS/230 6/4/2013 Objectives of Punishment When trying to determine what most people think the objective of punishment is in the Criminal Justice system, the answer will usually be “to punish” the criminal. In all actually, punishment does not have to mean physical punishment, but could mean retribution in the form of monetary payments, or loss of certain freedoms. Deterrence is also an objective of punishment so the criminal will not want to conduct criminal behavior any further. Punishment also has the objective to rehabilitate, reform, or incapacitate an offender. Punishment applies to the overall criminal justice system in that it is designed to prevent citizens from preventing more crimes in the future. Punishment should be designed to show future criminals that the criminal justice is serious and to the community that they are safe from offenders. Punishment is also intended to rehabilitation offenders so that the criminal justice system does not have to have continued contact with the rehabilitated offender. By reducing the number of offenders in the system, we can ideally achieve a state of reduced offenders. Punishments assist with achieving institutional objectives by the outcome of the punishment. Three strike rules keep habitual offenders off the streets to hurt citizens. Supervised released assist in helping offenders to stay on track and make good...
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...Punishment and Sentencing Brian Krail CJA/234 11/20/2011 Punishment and Sentencing Crimes against morality and individual rights have existed since the dawn of man as well as the need to punishment those crimes. Public consciousness and sentiment have evolved over time and greatly influence the goals of modern-day punishment criminals. The legal and correctional systems tend to fall in line with this morals and concepts of their respective era. While threat of prison and punishment may be deterrence to crime, the goals of punishment and sentencing can be placed into the categories of rehabilitation, retributions and incapacitation. Through the classification of crimes and prisoners, the modern-day correctional system emphasizes a hybrid mix of these objectives based on the severity of the crime and susceptibility of the criminal. Incapacitation as a goal or strategy in punishment and sentencing is best focused on those offenders who commit crimes at very high rates. By taking a large slice of out of the life of a career criminal, the punishment has prevented, in theory, the number of crimes that individual, would have been committed if that while in society. Since the 1980’s, the United States has increasingly taken a this approach which has led to increased sentences for the majority of offenders also leading to prison overcrowding. The effectiveness of this strategy is often debated although many of not most studies conclude this strategy does provide...
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...History of Punishment According to (Seiter, 2011) Cesare Beccaria is known as the founder of the classical school of criminology, the first organized theory of crime causation linked to appropriate punishments. According to (Seiter, 2011) Beccaria suggested that the purpose of punishment is utility or the prevention of crime. According to (Seiter, 2011) Jeremy Bentham is the creator of the hedonistic calculus suggesting that punishments outweigh the pleasure criminals get from committing crime. According to (Seiter, 2011) another way to remove offenders from society was through transportation or deportation. Transportation started in England and was used throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to send undesirables to the colonies in America. According to (Seiter, 2011) the first response to crime in the American colonies was based on the English criminal codes and incorporated the Puritans linking of crime with sin in developing a rigid and strict system of punishments. Violations of expected community behavior were death with severely using corporal and capital punishment carried out in public to deter both individual offenders and the broader community. According to (Seiter, 2011) whipping at the town center whipping post or placement in stocks and pillories was common punishment for minor offenses such as drunkenness, slander, or stealing something of minor value. Pillories were wooden frames with holes for offender’s hands and head. According to (Seiter, 2011)...
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...Objectives of Punishment Sherri Porter Introduction to Corrections December 11, 2011 Amanda Eicher Axia College of University of Phoenix Objectives of Punishment There is a set of beliefs that a majority of the members of society share and make into laws. These are what are considered right and wrong in a community. They use these to base what is acceptable and not acceptable in their society. The people who can not abide or break these laws must be punished according to the severity of the crime they committed, which is determined by the members of society. There are fire categories of punishment and the objectives that they are meant to achieve. These five categories are Fines, rehabilitation, retribution, deterrence, and incapacitation. The sum of money ordered by the court to be paid to the state by the offender is called a fine. They are quick, cost-effective, and flexible, create minimal disruption, and appropriate for many offences. They tend to be more biased and effective toward the poor and therefore do not seem to deter the rich from committing the same criminal offense again. Rehabilitation is trying to change how an offender views the crime that they committed. They have rehabilitation faculties all over the world and some even have weekly meetings to help people stay on track. The most famous of these are Alcoholics Anonymous which helps people with a drinking problem stay sober. You also have a Narcotics Anonymous...
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...From the beginning of history, humanity has had to deal with crime. Prison, which was originally a place to impose punishment, was the most efficient way. However, these days keeping criminals behind walls and bars is not enough; in fact, keeping in captivity a group of humans has created controversy about the purpose of it. Although rehabilitation could not only bring some benefits such as removing the roots of the problem, also it will help offenders get back to a normal life and to maintain social order. Rehabilitation cannot be the best way to prevent further criminals as punishment does, since it is a reminder to society about the consequences of committing criminal actions. To begin with a supporting argument, there is no doubt that rehabilitation is able to remove the roots of the problem reasonably instead of simply eradicating criminals from society. With physiological help, offenders can understand that what they have done is wrong, and therefore once they are out of jail they will not commit crimes again. For instance, countries such as Norway are focused on rehabilitating their inmates and the level of reoffending rates is the lowest in the world. Thus, by means of this approach ex-convicts become law abiding citizens. Furthermore, another benefit of rehabilitation is to help delinquents to return to a normal life. After they are freed employment opportunities and the possibility of starting over become plausible since they are interested in being active...
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...J. Fletcher March 25, 2014 Punishment and Its Purpose As long as intelligent beings have existed, there have been wrongdoings and retaliation of some sorts for those wrongdoings. As human beings came together and formed tribes, villages, towns, cities, etc., the society within each of those set rules and a standard of fairness in punishment, for all to live by, which is based on what they felt was the best consequences possible. Punishment comes in two forms: Retribution (backward-looking) and rehabilitation (forward-looking). In giving out punishment, we should always strive for what can bring the greatest good and least bad for a society. Forward looking punishment presents the greatest good and least bad for a society. Therefore forward looking punishment should be the preferred method of punishment. Before we explore this idea further, we must solidify what it means when we say punishment. One situation that we could safely label as punishment is a case of a person sent to prison by a government for a crime of breaking a law or rule set by society. On the opposite side, we could take a person that goes about life in a lawful manner, never being incarcerated, as a clear case of non-punishment. Now suppose we take this situation: If someone murders an innocent person, and then is immediately struck by a bolt of lightning, have they been punished? Without entertaining any theories of karma, punishment by a deity, or anything outside of time & space, I suppose this...
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...Punishment Philosophy Paper Amanda Robertson CJS/220 1/19/14 Mrs. Kathy Holder Punishment Philosophy Paper Punishment philosophy has been studied for centuries for it plays a huge factor in criminal justice and the reform of the offenders when entering back into society. Obviously there are many different forms of punishment that an offender can face after being convicted off a crime. The punishment philosophy studies areas of incarceration rehabilitation, and whether or not these punishments hold any type of deterrence from committing crimes again. Punishment philosophy and its effects on the post-conviction process There are specific types of punishment which are deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retribution. Deterrence is largely used throughout the community and has effects on offenders by deterring them to not re-commit a crime out of fear of facing the same consequence. It also affects the community for when people hear of the punishments one may face for committing a crime, or when a judge makes an example out of a criminal by giving the max penalty, it can deter the community from committing such a crime. Incapacitation is when offenders commit a crime and are then are incarcerated in prison, losing their freedom, their rights, and many then having a criminal record which will in many cases unless pardoned or expunged follow them for life. Rehabilitation is used as a way to in other words give the...
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