...Difference between QA and QC As we've talked in a previous post about the Definition of Quality, with these 2 terms exist the same “issue” where every single person/organization defines Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) in a bit different way. Also, many people including HHRR (Human Resources) and quality professionals do not know what QA and QC really means, and what the difference is between both terms. For those reasons, these concepts are often used interchangeably, and in some organizations one department performs the activities of both. The truth is that both terms have strong interdependence; QA relies mostly on the QC feedback and both work to deliver good quality products/services; but they are different processes. Next table shows the differences between them. QA vs. QC Definition from ASQ.org Assurance: The act of giving confidence, the state of being certain or the act of making certain. QA: The planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system so that quality requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled. Other definition QA is a failure prevention system that predicts almost everything about product safety, quality standards and legality that could possibly go wrong, and then takes steps to control and prevent flawed products or services from reaching the advanced stages of the supply chain. Definition from ASQ.org Control: An evaluation to indicate needed corrective responses; the act of guiding a process...
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...Quality Assurance in Aviation Embry Riddle Management for Aeronautical Science MGMT 203 Howard W. Loken June 25, 2014 Quality Assurance in Aviation Quality defined Quality Assurance (QA) is one of the most predominate factors in aviation organizations today. Quality Assurance programs have a direct link to safety in aviation. Quality can be considered a safety measure because a solid quality program can help prevent accidents and incidents. This is accomplished by procedures and guidance by government oversight that filters down to the operator of the type aircraft. Quality Assurance is a systematic method for gathering, analyzing information on quality, causes of defects and how they impact aviation operations. The QA system allows managers to make decisions concerning quality on facts and history of events to prevent future issues. This paper discusses how quality assurance in aviation must continue to play an important role in order to operate and maintain aircraft to the safest standard. Concepts and Principles The concept of Quality Assurance is the prevention of defects. This concept covers all aspects of each event from beginning to end. All aircraft maintenance personnel have a responsibility to adhere to the concepts ad principles of QA. To achieve QA concepts maintainers focus on prevention, knowledge, and special skills. Preventing maintenance failures is a goal of QA. This is accomplished by regulating events vice being regulated by events. Every...
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...authority which signs off the completion of each stage as well as authorises the start of the next stage. It ensures that required resources are committed and arbitrates on any conflicts within the project or negotiates a solution to any problems between the project and external bodies. In addition, it approves the appointment and responsibilities of the Project Manager and any delegation of its project assurance responsibilities. The Project Board has the following responsibilities. It is a general list and will need tailoring for a specific project. At the beginning of the project: assurance that the Project Initiation Document complies with relevant Customer standards and policies, plus any associated contract with the Supplier agreement with the Project Manager on that person’s responsibilities and objectives confirmation with corporate or Programme management of project tolerances specification of external constraints on the project such as quality assurance approval of an accurate and satisfactory Project Initiation Document delegation of any project assurance roles commitment of project resources required by the next Stage Plan. As the project progresses: provision...
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...AUDITING AND THE PUBLIC ACCOUNTING PROFESSION AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES DEFINED Auditing plays a vital role in business, goverment, and our economy. As a vocation, auditing offers the opportunity for challenging and rewarding careers in public accounting, industry and goverment. Many auditors develop a client based with a concentration in one or more key industries. As a result of serving many client in similar industries, few individuals understand the key competitiveness factors for a business better than auditor. Individuals choosing an auditing in a public accounting firm have the opportunity to progress from a starting position of staff assisstant to senior auditor, to manager and then to partner. Regardless of their career path, most auditors are recognized for their expertise in evaluating organizational performance. AUDITING DEFINED The term auditing is used to describe a broad range of activities in our society. The Report of the Committee on Basic Auditing Concepts of the American Accounting Association defines auditing as : “a systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertion about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between those assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users.” Several attributes of auditing contained in this definition merit special comment: 1. A systematic process connotes a logical, structured, and organized...
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...The meaning of quality in terms of business and services has changed significantly. There are different definition of quality, however, each of the organisation interpret it as per their needs and requirement. According to Peter Drucker, quality in terms of products and service is not what is put in by the supplier but it is what is given to the customer or what the customer is willing to pay for the quality. While on the other hand, the American Society for Quality defined it as the subjective term for each of the individual because everyone has his or her own definition of quality. However, in technical terms quality is considered as the characteristics of the product or service through which ability to satisfy the need is achieved. Moreover,...
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...Quality assurance and quality control are two methods of planning and implementing structured methods in a work process to ensure that products are created with the highest possible quality and with the smallest number of defects and problems. Quality Assurance Quality assurance (QA) refers to the planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system to fulfill the quality requirements for a product or service It is a systematic measurement compared to a set standard, with process monitoring used to prevent errors. This can be contrasted with quality control, which is focused on process outputs. Two key principles of QA are: • Fit for purpose: The product should be suitable for its intended purpose. • Right the first time: Mistakes should be eliminated. QA includes managing the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products, components, services related to production, management processes, production processes, and inspection processes. The critical takeaway here is that QA equates to process observations. Quality assurance is measured through failure testing and statistical control. Failure testing determines the stress levels under which a product will fail by exposing it to unanticipated stresses, like intense vibration, temperature, and humidity. Stress testing uncovers problems that can be fixed with simple changes to improve the product. Statistical controls ensure that an organization is producing quality products at the lowest possible defect rate...
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...Council PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS Framework PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction 1-6 Definition and Objective of an Assurance Engagement 7-11 Scope of the Framework 12-16 Engagement Acceptance 17-19 Elements of an Assurance Engagement 20-60 Inappropriate Use of the Practitioner’s Name 61 Effective Date 62 Acknowledgment 63-64 Appendix: Differences Between Reasonable Assurance Engagements and Limited Assurance Engagements Framework FRAMEWORK PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS Introduction 1. This Framework defines and describes the elements and objectives of an assurance engagement, and identifies engagements to which Philippine Standards on Auditing (PSAs), Philippine Standards on Review Engagements (PSREs) and Philippine Standards on Assurance Engagements (PSAEs) apply. It provides a frame of reference for: (a) Professional accountants in public practice (“practitioners”) when performing assurance engagements. Professional accountants in the public sector refer to the Public Sector Perspective at the end of the Framework. Professional accountants who are neither in public practice nor in the public sector are encouraged to consider the Framework when performing assurance engagements;1 (b) Others involved with assurance engagements, including the intended users of an assurance report and the responsible party; and ...
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...QUALITY PLAN 1 Introduction 1. Scope The contents of this document are applicable for construction, inspection, testing and operation of works in an environmentally safe manner as carried out in the construction to Bitumen Standards of Meru bypass. 2 Purpose The project Quality Plan has been prepared and formulated as a summary of the quality related activities required, meeting the terms of the contract. This manual sets out the management practices and describes the quality management for this project and its relationship with contractor’s road quality system. 3 Terms and definition In the context of this document, the following abbreviations or phrases shall have the meanings noted against. a) Quality – Totality of Features and Characteristics of a product or service that relies on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. b) Quality Assurance – All those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy the given requirement for quality. c) Quality Control – Operational techniques of Controlling quality activities (e.g. Inspection and Testing) used to verify technical and quality requirement for services and or products. d) Quality Plan – A document setting out specific practices, resources and sequence of activities relevant to a particular material, procedure, service in a contract or project. e) Corrective Action – An activity, the intention of...
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...Tasks Task 1: Determine Quality Requirements 1. Document a Quality Management Plan using the template below for the Scope of the project. This should also include the project management plan as a deliverable. Quality Management Plan To satisfy the performance criteria, the student must document a quality management plan with objectives, roles, responsibilities, timelines and performance reporting. Quality Requirements Summary Deliverable | Quality Requirements/ Standards | Quality Assurance | Quality Control | <A deliverable asspecified in theScope Plan> | <List all quality requirements this may include: stakeholder requirements, negotiated trade-offs with cost, schedule and performance, standards. This should include quality metrics to enable measurement> | <High level description of the applicable quality assurance processes> | <High level descriptionof the applicable quality control processes> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Quality Management processes For each of the Quality Assurance and Quality Control processes listed above provide detailed processes including the processes for rectification of quality issues including review, sign off and acceptance. <Each process should include step by step a the quality objective, task description, who performs the task, timeframes and when as well as any authorisations required or reporting> Quality Recording Provide examples...
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...Chapter 16 – Software Quality Assurance Overview This chapter provides an introduction to software quality assurance. Software quality assurance (SQA) is the concern of every software engineer to reduce costs and improve product time-to-market. A Software Quality Assurance Plan is not merely another name for a test plan, though test plans are included in an SQA plan. SQA activities are performed on every software project. Use of metrics is an important part of developing a strategy to improve the quality of both software processes and work products. Software Quality Assurance • Umbrella activity applied throughout the software process • Planned and systematic pattern of actions required to ensure high quality in software • Responsibility of many stakeholders (software engineers, project managers, customers, salespeople, SQA group) SQA Questions • Does the software adequately meet its quality factors? • Has software development been conducted according to pre-established standards? • Have technical disciplines performed their SQA roles properly? Quality Assurance Elements • Standards – ensure that standards are adopted and follwed • Reviews and audits – audits are reviews performed by SQA personnel to ensure hat quality guidelines are followed for all software engineering work • Testing – ensure that testing id properly planned and conducted • Error/defect collection and analysis – collects and analyses error and defect data to better...
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...CURRENT ISSUES IN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA Edited by N. A. Nwagwu E. T. Ehiametalor M. A. Ogunu Mon Nwadiani A publication of the Nigerian Association for Educational Administration and Planning TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgement …………………………….xi — xn SECTION 1: MANAGEMENT OF A FREE COMPULSORY SCHOOL SYSTEM 1 Chapter 1: Educational Management in Nigeria. ... ……..2-12 Prof. A. B. Fafunwa Chapter 2: Management of Free and Compulsory Education in Nigeria: Issues and Problems. ............ 13-23 Dr. M. S. Onwueme Chapter 3: Effective Management Strategies for a Free and Compulsory School System in Kwara State. 24-37 Dr. (Mrs.) A. T. Alabi Chapter 4: Effective Management of Schools for Compulsory Education. .. ... ... 38-47 Dr. Michael U. C. Ejieh Chapter 5: Management Demand of Universal Basic Education Programme.. ... ... 48-59 Dr. (Mrs.) R. O. Olubor and Dr. S. Unyimadu Chapter 6: Planning and Managing Universal Basic Education (UBE) at the Primary School Level in Cross River State………........ 60-70 Dr. Usang U. Bassey and Mrs. Ijeoma A. Archibong Chapter 7: Investigating Factors Influencing Primary School Pupils' Learning Achievement in Imo State... 71-90 Assoc. Prof. I. L Anukam iii SECTION 2: HUMAN RESOURCES...
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...OF CORRESPONDENCE, (E) ESTABLISHED CRITERIA, (F) COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS, AND (G) INTERESTED USERS. 2. A financial statement audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence about an entity's financial statements for the purpose of expressing an opinion on whether the statements are presented fairly in conformity with established criteria--usually GAAP. Thus, the nature of the auditor's report is an opinion on the fairness of the financial statement presentation. A compliance audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine whether certain financial or operating activities of an entity conform to specified conditions, rules, or regulations. A report on a compliance audit takes the form of a summary of findings or assurance regarding degree of compliance. An operational audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence about the efficiency and effectiveness of an entity's operating activities in relation to specified objectives. Reports on such audits include an assessment of efficiency and effectiveness and recommendations for improvements. 3. Independent auditors are individual practitioners or members of public accounting firms who render professional auditing services to clients. These services may involve financial statement audits, compliance audits, and operational audits. Internal auditors are employees of the companies they audit. They are involved in an independent appraisal activity, called internal auditing, as a service to the organization...
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...and sea mines, while Mahindra Agribusiness exports fruits to Europe and Asia. M&M makes aircraft and related components, and is active in IT and financial services, steel processing, and infrastructure. Core Purpose: Indians are second to none in the world. The founders of our nation and of our company passionately believed this. We will prove them right by believing in ourselves and by making ourselves and by making Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. known worldwide for the quality, durability and reliability of its products and services. QUALITY ASSUARANCE What is Quality? Quality is defined as the characteristics of a product/service that bears on its ability to satisfy the specified and implied needs. Quality may also be defined as fitness for use. So, in changing scenarios where everything is becoming customer oriented, quality also focuses on satisfaction of the end user than mere conformance to drawing and following specified procedures. Roles of Quality Assurance Function: Quality Assurance Function is a representative of an organization urge to acquire customer satisfaction but, satisfaction of customer or fitness for use is not the sole responsibility of the...
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...Total quality management in production: In pharmaceutical factory raw material arrives at the warehouse where it is stored in clean environment Basically there are two types of raw material is used in the production they are: 1) Inactive raw material 2) Active raw material Inactive and active Raw Material: Inactive raw material is used to increase the mass of the medicine .This material does not causes any effect on illness or disease. It increases the size of the tablet in order to make it digestible. On the other hand active raw material is used for illness and therapy. In pharmaceutical industry raw material is imported from foreign countries. At he time when raw material is stored in warehouse a sticker named quarantine is displayed on it in order to show that it has not undergone any treatment. Before production begins a sample is drawn from quarantine material which is passed from tests at quality assurance if it passes the test an analysis number is allotted on it. After this line clearance which is given by quality assurance that the material is available for production. Quality assurance chemists and pharmacists check the temperature and humidity in the production areas where machinery is situated along with all others, quality assurance gives line clearance to start the production and quality control department will check it at every stage. Two standards of productions are implemented during the whole production process i.e. USP (United States Pharmacopeia)...
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...Quality is a substantially more confounded term than it shows up. Dictionary definitions are typically lacking in helping a quality expert comprehend the idea. It appears that each quality expert characterizes quality to some degree distinctive way. There are varieties of points of view that can be taken in characterizing quality (e.g. customer’s point of view, requirements- based perspective. As per Deming, customer definition of quality is the one that matters most. However, it is very vital for companies to identify the right customer. As per Deming, by improving quality, companies will decrease expenses as well as increase productivity and market share. Also, the quality was defined by Dr. Deming in two ways * A product that conforms to a set of standards, * A product that meets consumer wants and needs. Once standards have been identified, in order to provide a "quality" product, suppliers need to assure that products are manufactured in a manner such that they conform to the quality standards. Quality management is the totality of functions involved in the determination and achievement of quality (includes quality assurance and quality control). [Source: ASQ Statistics Division, Glossary & Tables for Statistical Quality Control, 1983]. The concept of quality management is the foundation for effective management and successful leadership. Programs like Total Quality Management, Six-sigma are practiced by many companies to implement best quality management...
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