...Question 2: The design portrayed in this example is a non-equivalent control group posttest-only design where each exam presented during the semester functions as a posttest measure. The teacher is utilizing one of the classes as a control group and one as the treatment group (for example, the weekly quiz group). The teacher is subsequently taking posttest measures by giving them exams. Since the participants were not randomly assigned to the two conditions and instead preferred the section of her class in which they enrolled, this is considered a quasi-experimental design. Question 4: There is no equivalent control group or random assignment. Question 6: A researcher may only desire data on the single participant being studied and, therefore, choose to employ single-case research. Secondly, single-case designs permit for simpler replication as only one additional participant is required rather than another group of participants (Jackson, 2012). Thirdly, group designs may influence error variance due to the rise in individual differences (Jackson, 2012). Consequently, single-case research would diminish error variance. Question 8:...
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...As mentioned above, while quantitative methods are good at answering these four types of questions, there are other types of question that are not well suited to quantitative methods: 1. The first situation where quantitative research will fail is when the problem needs to be analysed in depth. Quantitative research is good at providing information in breadth from a large number of units. But when it comes to exploration of a problem or concept in depth, quantitative methods are too shallow. To get really under the skin of a phenomenon, the best suited methods are, ethnographic methods, interviews, in-depth case studies and other qualitative techniques. 2. As stated earlier, quantitative research is well-suited for the testing of theories and hypotheses. What quantitative methods cannot do very well is to develop hypotheses and theories. The hypotheses to be tested may come from a review of the literature or theory, but can also be developed using exploratory qualitative research. 3. If issues to be studied are particularly complex, an in-depth qualitative study, like a case studyis more likely to pick up on this than a quantitative study. This is partly...
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...differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals with a specific characteristic, with a sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the Odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR).[1][2] They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as prevalence of an illness, or they may support inferences of cause and effect. Longitudinal studies differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time. Cross-sectional studies in medicine Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, or to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of medical intervention. They may also be described as censuses. Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, including questions about the past, but they often rely on data originally collected for other purposes. They are moderately expensive, and are not suitable for the study of rare diseases. Difficulty in recalling past events may also contribute bias. 2. Quasi-Experimental...
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... this essay will go in depth explaining the differences between case studies, correlation designs, quasi experimental designs, and true experiments. Each of these methods will be describes from what information they all provide and what advantages and disadvantages they hold. Every individual has a different view of the term personality. Idealistically a definition is created by how people use the word within sentences of different structures. Philosophically speaking the term personality is defined by how the general public perceives and uses the word (Cervone & Pervin, 2010). The general definition of personality consists of a combination of different characteristics or qualities that produce a subject’s distinctive character. Personality is built up of different qualities that can make someone interesting, different, and/or popular. It is defined as an enduring pattern of thought, feeling, and behaviors that are unique to each individual. Psychologist, however, have a much more in detail definition of personality. For instance psychologist addresses three issues when analyzing personality. These issues include the human universal, individual differences, and individual uniqueness perspectives (Cervone & Pervin, 2010). The human universal study asks what is generally true of people, individual differences questions how people differ from one another, and the study of individual uniqueness questions how uniqueness can be described in a scientific manner (Cervone &...
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...would go to the appreciate courts or have the correct measures to even known which court they are supposed to go to. But weather federal or state jurisdiction is going to take part in each case. There are two types of jurisdiction they are subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. Subject matter jurisdiction is types of cases courts have been authorized to hear and decide. (Fradella & Neubauer, 2011 p. 566) Subject matter jurisdiction determines the court structure and what types of cases they will hear. For example special jurisdiction are restricted to hearing cases such as civil suits involving small sums of money ideally less than $75,000, and misdemeanors. Other types of cases that state courts hear are traffic and juvenile courts, state offenses; child-victim cases are all apart of subject matter jurisdiction. Most juvenile courts are heard by state courts because of the “one-pot jurisdiction” (Fradella & Neubauer, 2011 p 505) because of the (Springer 1986) case where all youth are considered in the same “pot”. Another of subject jurisdiction is the 2000 Iraola & Cia v. Kimberly-Clarke case where subject matter jurisdiction over the case where one party was a foreign party and the other from different states. The subject matter jurisdiction existed over the case under 28 U.S.C. Section 1332(a)(2)....
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...Holding No, 9-0 in favor of Humphrey’s Executor. Justice Sutherland wrote the unanimous opinion. Reasoning 1. The intent of the Federal Trade Commission act is to limit the executive power of removal to those enumerated in the Constitution. 2. The decision in Meyers is not controlling in this case as the position of a postmaster is unlike that of a FTC commissioner. While a postmaster is an executive officer and is subject to the exclusive and unlimited power of the executive, the FTC is an administrative body created by Congress and cannot be characterized as an arm or eye of the...
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...Public Goods and Private Goods * Public goods provide an example of market failure resulting from missing markets. * To understand this, it is helpful first to discuss what is meant by a private good or service. Private Goods Private and Public Goods – a question of exclusion Le Shuttle is a private good – the service is excludable, rival in consumption and rejectable. But not all providers of public goods make a profit. A private good or service has three main characteristics: 1. Excludable: A ticket to the theatre or a meal in a restaurant or pay-per-view sporting events are private goods because buyers can be excluded from enjoying the product if they are not willing and able to pay for it. Excludability gives the seller the chance to make a profit. When goods are excludable, the owners can exercise property rights. 2. Rival in consumption: If you order and enjoy a pizza from Dominos, that pizza is no longer available to someone else. Likewise driving your car on a road uses up road space that is no longer available at that time to another motorist. With a private good, one person's consumption of a product reduces the amount left for others to consume and benefit from - because scarce resources are used up in supplying the good or service. 3. Rejectable: If you don't like the soup on the school menu, you can use your money to buy something else! You can choose not to travel on Virgin Rail and go instead by coach, or you can choose not to...
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...1 A (VERY) BRIEF REFRESHER ON THE CASE STUDY METHOD The case study method embraces the full set of procedures needed to do case study research. These tasks include designing a case study, collecting the study’s data, analyzing the data, and presenting and reporting the results. (None of the tasks, nor the rest of this book, deals with the development of teaching case studies—frequently also referred to as the “case study method”—the pedagogical goals of which may differ entirely from doing research studies.) The present chapter introduces and describes these procedures, but only in the most modest manner. The chapter’s goal is to serve as a brief refresher to the case study method. As a refresher, the chapter does not fully cover all the options or nuances that you might encounter when customizing your own case study (refer to Yin, 2009a, to obtain a full rendition of the entire method). Besides discussing case study design, data collection, and analysis, the refresher addresses several key features of case study research. First, an abbreviated definition of a “case study” will help identify the circumstances when you might choose to use the case study method instead of (or as a complement to) some other research method. Second, other features cover the choices you are likely to encounter in doing your own case study. Thus, the refresher discusses the •• definition of the “case” in case study research, •• benefits of developing a theoretical perspective in conjunction with your...
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.....,. jflll an il a A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE Whereas, case congestiun and delays plague n1ost courts in cities, given the huge volume of cases filed each year and the slow and cumbersome adversarial syste1n that Lhe judiciary has in place; Whereas, about 40% of criminal cases are disn1issed annually owing to the fact that con1plainants sin1ply give up con1ing to court after repeated postponen1ents; Whereas, few foreign businessn1en n1ake long-tenn investments in the Philippines because its courts are unable to provide ample and speedy protection to their investn1ents, keeping its people poor; Whereas, in order to reduce the time needed for cotnpleting the testimonies of witnesses in cases under litigation, on February 21, 2012 the Supren1e Court approved for piloting by trial courts in Quezon City the compulsory use of judicial affidavits in place of the direct teslin1onies of wih1esses; Whereas, it is reported that such piloting has quickly resulted in reducing by about two-thirds the tin1e used for presenting the testin1onies of wih1esses, thus speeding up the hearing and adjudication of cases; Whereas, the Supreme Court Committee on the Revision of the Rules of Court, headed by Senior Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio, and the Sub-Comn1ittee on the Revision of the Rules on Civil Procedure, headed by Associate Justice Roberto A. Abad, have recon1mended for adoption a Judicial Affidavit Rule that will replicate nationwide the success of the Quezon City...
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...ourse/15548 http://workbank247.com/q/btm-8106-complete-course-btm-8106-complete-course/15548 Week 1 Answer the following questions: 1. Jackson (2012) even-numbered Chapter Exercises (p. 244). 2. What is the purpose of conducting an experiment? How does an experimental design accomplish its purpose? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an experimental design in an educational study? 4. What is more important in an experimental study, designing the study in order to make strong internal validity claims or strong external validity claims? Why? 5. In an experiment, what is a control? What is the purpose of a control group? Of single or multiple comparison groups? 6. What are confounds? Give an example of a design that has three confounds. Describe three ways to alter the design to address these confounds and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each. 7. What does “cause” mean and why is it an important concept in research? How are correlation and causation related? 8. You are a researcher interested in addressing the question: does smiling cause mood to rise (i.e., become more positive)? Sketch between-participants, within-participants, and matched-participants designs that address this question and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each to yielding data that help you answer the question. Describe and discuss each design in 4-5 sentences. Week 2 This is a two part assignment that will be submitted within one...
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...theoretical support. This paper seeks to reformulate an asset-pricing model (RAPM) to demonstrate why firm characteristics help to explain stock returns. Design/methodology/approach – The RAPM is grounded in an economic setting where two groups of agents hold different beliefs about firm fundamental values, and the more sophisticated ¨ group (rationals) adopts contrarian strategies against the naıve group (quasis). The model is derived in a static equilibrium within the consumption-investment framework with heterogeneous agents. Findings – The key theoretical result is a parsimonious equation of cross-sectional expected returns that not only are specified by the traditional risk-return relation, but also are determined by contrarian adjustments at both market-wide and firm-specific levels. When the model is taken to empirical specifications, it leads to consistent explanations for the behaviors of growth and value stocks, and for size and book-to-market effects. Research limitations/implications – The RAPM is a one-period model that assumes that “rationals” have perfect knowledge about “quasis” sentiment parameter and their relative market weights. In future research, it is planned to extend this static model to multiple periods to incorporate a learning process by which...
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...BUSI 600 Liberty University September 20, 2013 Discussion Board Forum 5 This paper will attempt to answer varies questions from chapters nine and ten. The questions asked and answered pertain to ethical problems, experiments and their designs. After reading this paper you should know that there are some ethical issues when it comes to experimental research. You should also understand and become aware of the steps you should take to accomplish a well-planned experiment (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p.206). There is information about the types of experimental designs and how they are different. Also discussed are the three communication approaches. Question 9.4 What ethical problems do you see in conducting experiments with human subjects? The question of “what ethical problems do you see in conducting experiments with human subjects?” is truly a multi-layered opinionated question that forces a person to ask “what would be the most responsible way society could condone such acts and what could be the worst case scenario?” The first step in analyzing this question is to define ethics. Ethics is defined as “norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our relationships with others” (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 32). The key issues of ethics in experimentation relate to benefits, deception, informed consent, debriefing participants, and the right to privacy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). It is important that the researcher “discuss the study’s...
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...com/q/btm-8106-complete-course-btm-8106-complete-course/15548 http://workbank247.com/q/btm-8106-complete-course-btm-8106-complete-course/15548 Week 1 Answer the following questions: 1. Jackson (2012) even-numbered Chapter Exercises (p. 244). 2. What is the purpose of conducting an experiment? How does an experimental design accomplish its purpose? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an experimental design in an educational study? 4. What is more important in an experimental study, designing the study in order to make strong internal validity claims or strong external validity claims? Why? 5. In an experiment, what is a control? What is the purpose of a control group? Of single or multiple comparison groups? 6. What are confounds? Give an example of a design that has three confounds. Describe three ways to alter the design to address these confounds and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each. 7. What does “cause” mean and why is it an important concept in research? How are correlation and causation related? 8. You are a researcher interested in addressing the question: does smiling cause mood to rise (i.e., become more positive)? Sketch between-participants, within-participants, and matched-participants designs that address this question and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each to yielding data that help you answer the question. Describe and discuss each design in 4-5 sentences. Week 2 This is a two part assignment that will be submitted within one document...
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...cloud systems, the process of performing machine learning over the data is almost treated as a black box, where the user just feeds in their data, knows the model used and the system outputs required insights. In this work, we explore the idea of being able to predict sensitive attributes associated with the database given that the adversary would have access to a few quasi-identifiers associated with the database. We use inversion attack as the theoretical foundation for our attack, and implement the same for our database. We experiment this attack for di↵erent variants of classification algorithms, like classification tree and regression tree. We follow it up with analysing the accuracy of our attack for each of our classification based machine learning algorithms for di↵erent size of training datasets. We end our work by trying to figure out what we say is the ”most impactful attribute”, by selectively removing the data pertaining to an attribute and check what is the corresponding e↵ect on inversion attack. We hope our work in this domain pushes future batches of this class to explore this question even further, and too look into understanding if Di↵erential Privacy solves this problem. Keywords: Inversion Attack, Black Box, Classification Tree, Regression Tree 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or “things” embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity enabling objects to collect and exchange...
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...CPA LAW EXAM1—Essay questions 1. David cannot sue A1 for breach of contract for the loss of his commission due to A1’s math error in the audit. By entering into a contract, an account implicitly agrees to perform the contract in a competent and professional manner. They need not ensure the absolute accuracy of their work, but they must exercise the care of a reasonably skilled professional. Only the math error cannot make A1 liable. However, if she breaches the contract because she didn’t finish her job on time as the contract indicating ”time of essence”, she is liable to Bob and the third-party beneficiary—Bank. 2. Bob cannot refuse to pay A1 anything. A1 can get the reasonable value on quasi contract. A1’s failure to perform a promise promptly is a material breach if time is of the essence. In this case, A1 cannot accomplish her work on time, then there is a breach of the contract. This breach of contract discharges Bob from any further duty under the contract. However, A1 could go into quasi-contracts. Because A1 confers a benefit upon Bob—render him the audit services, Bob knows the benefit, and the retention of the benefit is inequitable. So A1 could recover the reasonable value of the service she rendered to Bob. 3. The sales agreement cannot be successfully enforced against A1. Fraud in execution, which consists of a misrepresentation that deceives the defrauded person do not know, or does not have reasonable opportunity to know the very nature of the proposed...
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