...Social Roles and Identities Determine Intelligibility and Voice One can only wonder how many times a person is misinterpreted, misunderstood, and misrepresented during their lifetime. Usually this has to do with a lack in verbal communication. However, in this essay, we will see how social roles and identities determine the intelligibility and voice of a speaker and thus directly affect whether the intended message is received accurately or not. Drawing from several academic sources, we will see how it is possible and even a common occurrence to be misrepresented due to one’s social role or identity as it biases people about the content of one’s speaking even before the speaking has begun. Before we see how intelligibility and voice are affected by social roles and identities, it is important to define them. Intelligibility is defined as simply the ability to be understood, and voice is simply the perceived content of a message that a person is communicating. These two terms, are very much related and have a lot to do with how the message of what is being communicated is received. If a message is conveyed with a high level of intelligibility and an unbiased, clear voice, then the content is understood according to how the speaker intended it. This however is not often the case as social roles and identities often manipulate and alter the intelligibility and voice of a message. Social roles, i.e., the set of norms that people are expected to follow given their...
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...HREQ 1700 MID –TERM REVIEW SETTLER COLONY: Were colonies that settled or move to a new country, colony or a “new world”. This settlement was an important characteristic of colonialism in the 19th century. In the development of the course settler colonies especially European settlers affected the live of First Nations Women in Canada, in terms of their culture, lifestyle, family organization, and religion. European colonies devaluated native population with regulations like the Indian Act. DIFFICULT KNOWLEDGE Knowledge that often challenges the dominant ideology, which is difficult to accept and we reject it and its source, or we embrace it without a critical evaluation. DIASPORA Comes from the Greek term “diasperin”, Used to refer to any ethnic population forced or induced to leave their original homelands. Also people who leave their homelands to find work or search for asylum. An example of diaspora in the topics cover in the course is the high amount of Chinese population who came to Canada to work. They weren’t forced, rather they chose to start a new life in a new place. Also, during WWII, the boats of Jewish who came to Canada looking for asylum. This term have helped me gaining knowledge about the migration of different ethnic population to Canada during the 19th and 20th century. THERE IS NOTHING OBJECTIVE ABOUT OBJECIVITY Objectivity means to have a neutral position in a specific topic or issue. Been objective is not possible because any ideology or thought always...
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...12:06 Page 1 WOMEN, GENDER AND WORK People are not defined solely by their work, nor is it possible to ignore the effects of factors outside the workplace on a person's status at work. To seek equality at work without seeking equality in the larger society – and at home – is illusory.Thus an examination of the issues surrounding women, gender and work must be holistic. That means considering the role of productive work in life as a whole and the distribution of unpaid work as well as the myriad questions relating to employment. This important anthology brings together the thinking of leading philosophers, economists and lawyers on this complex subject. Selected recent articles from the multidisciplinary International Labour Review are assembled for the first time to illuminate questions such as how we should define equality, what equal opportunity means and what statistics tell us about differences between men and women at work, how the family confronts globalization and what is the role of law in achieving equality. There is an examination of policy – to deal with sexual harassment and wage inequality, for example, as well as part-time work, the glass ceiling, social security, and much more. A major reference on the best of current research and analysis on gender roles and work. Martha Fetherolf Loutfi has been Editor-in-Chief of the International Labour Review, a Senior Economist for the Brandt Commission and in the ILO’s Employment and Development...
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...Systematic Theology II ___________________ by Peter Heikkinen February 17, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..….1 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………….1-3 EGALITARIAN EQUALITY…………………………………………………………..1-2 COMPLIMENTARIAN ROLES…………………………………………………….…2-3 CRITICAL INTERACTION……………………………………………………………………3-6 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………....6-7 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………....8 Introduction Within Christian controversial topics that divide the Church as a whole Woman in Ministry is one of the most divisive. The two main sides of this debate are; egalitarian’s who believe there are no role differences in gender to authority or teaching in the church biblically. The complementarian view also known as the traditional view holds that men have a position of authority before God in church teaching and authority in the church and home governing. James Beck gathers four New Testament scholars two for each side on the issue and sets out to show case two arguments for each side and room for rebuttal in consideration of the New Testament scripture dealing with woman in ministry. With my own view being that of a soft complementation; women have a role in teaching and authority in the home and church setting but man has positional headship of responsibility, this position will be defended with these arguments in this book and other scholarly sources in this paper. Summary Egalitarian Equality The beginning chapter...
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...Being a ‘Team’ Player: The Linguistic Alteration of Identity in Online Communities Dedicated to The Hunger Games In the first chapter of Gender and Language, Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet discuss how the connection between language and gender enables a “continual performance” of gendered interactions (33), which, in turn, enables “social reproduction” founded on the separate categories of male and female. They argue that language not only reflects gendered categories but “constructs and maintains these categories” (34). Being such strong categories, they claim it is “impossible” to escape gendered behavior and not influence others to give gendered responses (50). In a later chapter, Eckert and McConnell-Ginet discuss how “gender schemas and ideologies” are implied and interpreted (203). Using an example from a university setting, the authors illustrate their point that the assumption of gender may not result from “the particulars of our exchange but in familiar gender stereotypes” (204). If no specific clues or pronouns are given during the exchange of information, presuppositions relying on stereotypes often emerge. Not only do stereotypes and behavior fill the linguistic gaps, but the power in individual words alone is a cause for concern. Sally McConnell-Ginet explores this further in her article “Words in the World: How and Why Meanings Can Matter.” She argues that single words can carry multiple meanings in each use whether the speaker means them to or not...
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...countries. There are different ways of measuring this. Comparing annual or monthly earnings shows the difference between what both sexes “take home”, which is interesting from a sociological perspective. However we shall focus on the “gender pay gap”, defined as the “the relative difference in the average gross hourly earnings of women and men working full time”. This shows the difference between the actual “price” of women and men’s labor, taking into consideration the fact that men work more hours on average. How does the gender gap stand today? Despite differences between countries the gender pay gap remains a persistent characteristic of OECD labor markets. In 2006, women earned an average of 16% less than men, per hour worked. … Although we can see a slow but continuous drop over the past few decades in all countries In OECD countries, which are mainly liberal democracies that prone equality and economic efficiency, the difference in wages shouldn’t, theoretically, be directly linked to sex, but to productivity. With the convergence between the sexes, the difference in productivity should be disappearing, and yet the gender wage gap, whilst slowly declining, remains a reality. It is important to address the issue of the gender pay gap,...
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...My Gendered Life A role of any gender is based on a lot of factors such as region, religion, education, language, values, beliefs, attitude and personal experience. All these factors influence the way a specific gender would approach itself and the society. Male and female have been and are still the two biggest genders of our community. For a long time we have acknowledged males as the provider and females as a receiver. Based on this principle our ancestral societies have set up some trends, regulations, responsibilities and etiquettes. I was born in India in an extremely religious family. My parents are Hindus and our family followed the rules and norms accepted by the Hindu society. Growing up I saw my father as the worker and my mom as a care giver. My role as a boy was to take care of my sister, study hard and participate in as many sports I would like whereas my sister stayed home with my mother helping her with house hold activities. During social events women in India mostly wore Saris which are long Indian dresses that cover most of your body and young girls would wear Salwar Kameez which is similar to Sari except it is considered a little more western whereas men could wear anything they liked. At fairly young age I asked my mother once that why all the girls do not wear clothes like the actresses from Hollywood movies and she quickly responded in an upsetting tone that those type of clothes are too revealing and not accepted in Hindu society even though they...
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...plate involved in the printing process. Once it was struck with an image, the imprint became permanent. Stereotyping is generally associated with prejudicial, erroneous, or misleading view of social groups not anchored in direct experience. (Holmberg, 2010) For this reason, it is generally thought that stereotyping is negative, and that it has widespread harmful effects. It can be noted that nearly all humans participate in a certain amount of stereotyping, whether it be from thoughts or values passed down to them through the generations, or views they’ve come to by their own thought process. One particular stereotype that I’ve observed being perpetuated in my own family is regarding gender roles. It is generally accepted in my ex- husband’s family that traditional gender roles should be observed (a woman’s place is in the home and that men should be the sole providers for the family etc.) The boys are raised learning to hunt and shoot guns and are strongly encouraged to participate in sporting activities in school. For the most part, young girls are strictly encouraged to participate in “girly” activities and are not encouraged to join sporting teams or do any athletic activity. In fact, my daughter was even discouraged by both her grandfather and her own father from trying out for the soccer team and the rugby team when she was in high school. As archaic and flawed as it may seem, their reasoning is that girls are inferior to boys, in most aspects, particularly...
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...Johnson and Wales University Sex and Gender. Enrique Lesende Professor K. Barker PSYC 2001 02/06/2012 The words sex and gender are often used interchangeably. However, sex refers to male or female, while gender refers to masculine or feminine (Bland). Therefore, sex includes the biological characteristics that distinguish the two sexes and do not change around the world. Gender on the other hand, comprise the behaviors and expectations a particular society considers appropriate for the two sexes to display. In the societies of the past, the environment further adapted whatever biological tendencies males and females were thought to have had (Kruger). Boys and girls were nurtured to fulfill the specific gender roles anticipated of them. Men were expected to be strong and to support their families by taking on activities outside of the house in both the agricultural and industrial eras. In order for culture and the expectations of that culture to continue, young boys were taught the tasks their fathers performed. When schooling and higher education became available boys were also expected to attend. As society continued to transition, men began taking up higher positions in governmental, medical and business fields (Dunleavy). On the contrary, the feminine role was to care for the children and run the household. Even as communities developed from agricultural to more industrial and continued to evolve subsequently, young girls rarely received a basic education...
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...Anna Quindlen shows us the differences between the genders, and the divide that exists between them, which starts from the first high school dance, where boys and girls are far away from each other, and all the game is about who is going to do the first move. I mainly agree with Quindlen, but there are some points that I have a different opinion, such as the conclusion is which the writer comes. Only one thing is certain• there are not only differences between men and women, but there are also between ages. The first thing I agree with, is that this gap between the genders is something real. Children, from young age, try all the time to come closer to the other gender, and most of the times, without a good result. It is not the fact that they cannot communicate, but the fact that they are so afraid to make the first move, that they end up saying irrelevant things, which do not help the conversation. The writers says that all of us have the memory of “the first boy-girl” party, in which memory there are boys on one side, and girls on the other. That it totally true. Once I read it, the memory came to my mind very clearly. We all had the same experience in our life, and there are always the shy people, and the braver to make the first move. And in fact, children who used to approach the other gender, had the greater acceptance. So, it is demonstrated that there are nothing to be afraid of the relationships with the other gender, and that the person who makes the first move always...
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...Ever After – Still the Same Old Cinderella Story In the movie, Ever After (1998), director and co-screenwriter Andy Tennant attempts to put a spin on the fairy tale we all knew growing up, Cinderella, by trying to empower the heroine and updating the film to appeal to a modern audience. Tennant explains, "I wanted to tell a very different version of Cinderella because I have two daughters, I did not want them growing up believing you have to marry a rich guy with a big house in order to live happily ever after" (Friedmeyer, p. 4). Did he accomplish? On the surface it would seem that Ever After is a modern feminist film, empowering women, but under the disguise, it still has the underlying traditional gender roles and stereotypes that Tennant tries to discourage and remove. In both Disney’s Cinderella and in Tennant’s Ever After, the male sex is ranked higher than females and has real power and social status. Kelley (2003) explains, “Males are seen as rescuers; females are more passive" (p. 651). The King and his son Prince Henry are the two highest ranking males in the film and they are shown to have ultimate power; the power over life and death. After Danielle hits Henry with apples, making him fall off the horse she thought he was stealing, she feared for her life because she assaulted royalty and the heir to the kingdom. In the same scene, in an attempt to quiet Danielle as to not cause a ruckus which may alert the royal guards, Prince Henry drops coins to the...
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...overloaded and begin to put efforts towards coping with the pressures placed upon us. “Anything that poses a challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress.”(Medical News Today, 2009, para. 1) Considering the important role that stress plays in our life, we selected the topic “Do Men and Women Experience Stress the Same?”. Stress that undermines both our mental and physical health is classified as negative, while some others can be used to motivate and are positive. Hence, it is important to know how stress works and who it effects. We made our focal points: 1) causes of stress; 2) consequences of stress; 3) methods of coping with stress. For the causes of stress, we find multiple reasons - mainly from work and family. Role conflicts, discrimination, and unfair criticism all contribute to stress in our daily life. Experiencing a high level of stress may develop several kinds of illness. The symptoms can be classified into three categories: physiological, psychological, and behavioral symptoms. Under stress, people have developed different ways to cope with it. However, not all of them are proper methods. This examines several positive ones such as physical activity, social support and meditation. Moreover, we put forward the question “is there any gender differences with stress?” and we find the answer YES. Thus, this paper also analyzes how stress works differently on...
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...01/02/2012 Chapter 6 Interacting and the Work of Play Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood (Pp. 197 – 231) 1 Parenting (P. 198) • Learning Objectives: – Discuss the primary dimensions of parenting and the ways that parenting might affect children’s development. – Identify factors that contribute to child abuse. 2 Dimensions and Styles of Parenting (Pp. 198 – 199) • Parenting can be viewed through the dimension of warmth and responsiveness. – Children of warm parents feel secure, happy, and are more well-behaved. – Children of hostile or uninvolved parents may be anxious and less controlled. 3 1 01/02/2012 Cultural Differences in Warmth and Control (Pp. 199 – 200) 4 Parenting Styles (P. 200) 5 Parenting Styles (P. 200) 6 2 01/02/2012 Parenting Styles (P. 200) • Styles of parenting have different effects on children’s development. – Authoritative parents’ children tend to be more responsible, self-reliant, and friendly. – Authoritarian parents’ children have lower selfesteem and are less skilled socially. – Children of indulgent-permissive parents are often impulsive and easily frustrated. – Children of indifferent-uninvolved parents often have low self-esteem, and are aggressive, impulsive, and moody. 7 Parenting Styles Figure 6.1 (P. 200) 8 Parental Behaviour (Pp. 200 – 202) • Parents who use direct instruction tell children what to do, and when and why. – Most powerful...
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...RDintro STRATEGIC IMPACT INQUIRY EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN-YEMEN RESEARCH DESIGN Use of the research results_________________________________________________ 1. To inform the gender strategy which will be developed as part of the CO LRSP process 2. To build Yemen CO capacity and critical engagement around the issue of gender 3. Improve design and impact of future programmes in Yemen 4. Give feedback of results to participants and other key stakeholders including the IMLT team. Key research questions and sub-questions_____________________________________ Key question Is association formation an effective strategy for women’s empowerment and if so in what ways? If not, why not? Sub questions: 1. How does empowerment of women manifest itself? How is it expressed and felt by women who have been involved in association formation? What has changed for them and what are the major leaps of change? To what do they attribute this change? 2. Why do women join or not join associations and why do they remain in them or leave? 3. To what extent has change occurred beyond the individual and how? 4. Has association formation had any negative effects. Evidence Catagories________________________________________________________ The following key evidence catagories have been identified. A 3-days workshop was held to identify relevant indicators under these catagories, which gauge empowerment in the Yemeni context.[1] The following is a list of...
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...Throughout history, the role of Chinese women has changed dramatically. In ancient times women were mutilated with painful foot bindings and forced to marry men of their family’s choosing at very young ages. Today, Chinese women have received world-class educations alongside their male counterparts and command high power roles in business, politics, the sciences and other industries. Chinese men and woman now work side by side in most modern Chinese cities, however; this trend does not hold true for women living in rural Chinese villages. Gender roles in modern China have come leaps and bounds from where they were in ancient times, yet women in rural China still follow traditional guidelines. Women in China have worked hard over the past century to reach where they are today. The change in gender roles was sparked by China’s republic years. During this time, women in large cites were able to seek formal education and even travel to the west to receive it. Communism, although a questionable form of government, ended the distinction between men and women and finally allowed women to break out of their defined gender role. Women stepped up and took positions of political power and for the first time received influences from outside cultures. New laws have been enacted calling for equality in education, marriage, and rights, but a large group of women do not receive these benefits. Women in rural Chinese villages do not see the advances in gender roles that women in the city...
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