...located at Maskan (Opposite Maskan gate, Karachi University) on the basis of which a young student who lives in IBA Hostel would make a choice of where to go. The first part of the model has listed the information about the stores selling groceries based on certain store characteristics like cleanliness, organization of shelves, spacious, friendly employees, total travel time, queues at the cash counters, availability of daily usage products, in store temperature and prices in relative terms. The total travel time, shop open time and queue at cash counter affect my beliefs about the convenience of the stores. The friendly employees, spacious and organized shelves store affects my belief about availability of product information. The prices are directly linked with the store being economical. Assortment is effected by the availability of a variety of daily usage products. A. Information About Stores Selling Groceries Store Characteristics Taimooria Home Needs Shop open time (relatively) Long Short Organized shelves No Yes Spacious No Yes Friendly Employees Yes No Total Travel Time (Minutes) 10 15 Queue at Cash Counter Long Short Availability of Daily Usage Products Excellent Good Prices (relatively) Low High The below table shows the beliefs about stores performance benefits on the basis of convenience, economy, assortment and availability of product information. Ratings are made on the basis of the scale ranging from 10 being excellent and 1 being poor. This shows...
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...Modelos cuantitativos y de optimización 20 de febrero de 2015 Filas en los supermercados, características de los clientes y políticas para el manejo de las líneas de espera en los supermercados El termino caja rápida, caja preferencial (para discapacitados, embarazadas y personas de la tercera edad) o solo efectivo son términos comunes en los supermercados del Reino Unido y en la mayoría de los supermercados en el mundo para evitar grandes filas de espera para poder cobrarle al cliente ¿Tienen las cadenas de supermercados que tener políticas generales acerca de las líneas de espera para todas sus tiendas o tiene que adaptarlas a la zona en donde está ubicado el supermercado? Este artículo, escrito por Roger Bennett, tiene como propósito encontrar la respuesta a esta pregunta con pruebas estadísticas. Las líneas de espera es un factor significativo al momento de calificar el servicio de un supermercado. En este tipo de servicios se está utilizando un modelo tipo M/M/S dado que tiene varios servidores con filas propias. El disgusto de los clientes acerca de las filas de espera se basa en la idea de que las personas suelen experimentar malestar emocional mientras espera en línea, siente que son momentos de su vida desperdiciados dado que o tienen otras actividades con mayor grado de importancia o tienen un perfil psicológico estresante y de impaciencia. Para la investigación, el consumidor se dividió en dos tipos; “Tipo A” son individuos que poseen un exagerado sentido...
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...Question 1 Change the following infix expression postfix expression. (A + B)*C+D/E-F Question 2 Suppose a 3d array LA is declared using LA(3:8, -4:1, 6: 9), base(LA)=200, w=4. find loc of LA[2,-2,5]. (Row major order). Question 3 Convert the expression (True && False) || !(False || True) to postfix expression. Show the contents of the stack at every step. Question 4 Use a stack to evaluate the following postfix expression and show the content of the stack after execution of each operation. Don't write any code. Assume as if you are using push and pop member functions of the stack. AB-CD+E*+ (where A=5, B=3, C=5, D =4, and E=2) Question 5 Evaluate the following postfix expression using a stack and show the contents of stack after execution of each operation : 50,40,+,18, 14,-, *,+ Question 6 Evaluate the following postfix expression using a stack and show the contents of stack after execution of each operation : TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, NOT, OR, TRUE, OR, OR, AND Question 7 Write a program for creating polynomial using linked list? Question 8 Each node of a STACK contains the following information, in addition to required pointer field : i) Roll number of the student ii) Age of the student Give the structure of node for the linked stack in question TOP is a pointer which points to the topmost node of the STACK. Write the...
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...the most are when I was going to open an account in Barclay Bank. There always have invisible queues in the bank whereby the bank officers are standing in the middle of the crowd. The queue then is start after the officers. When first I was in the bank, I totally cannot get used to it and feel unsecure. Once I entered to the bank there was man, I think he is a security guard, asked me to queue at somewhere where I cannot see the queue. This is because I am the first one in the queue and I totally have no idea about what I can do except I create a queue. At the moment, I keep asking myself, “Am I in a queue?” Then finally, there was a man come and approached me and later there was more and more people queuing up after me. More than that, there always is a distance between people to people when queuing up. In Coventry, people here did not stand closely to the person in front when queuing up especially when at ATM. The physical distance between people when queuing up is a good habits and it could show some respect to the people by giving some private or personal space. I would like to share this because normally this thing (invisible queue) would not or never happen in Malaysia. However, it does not mean that Malaysians have the habits or culture to cut queue. Normally in Malaysia, we have to take a number to wait for our turns and people always stand close when queuing up and sometime queue in...
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...Adaptive Traffic Control System Performance measure against which our proposed policy to be tested is green time utilization. This performance measure is estimated by measuring the green time during which vehicles are served for an instance of a given phase and then dividing by the total length of the green time instance (i.e. minimum and maximum green time) The supporting data for green time utilization are as follows: * Allocated minimum and maximum green time * vehicle departure times * Saturation headway These data can be retrieved from the Signal control data and stop line detector. Our objective is to maintain ideal state as long as possible if control system deviates from this ideal state to (over-utilization) or (under-utilization) then by using adaptive control strategy system will take actions by changing existing policy. Objective: max.8≤Ugfk<1 Subject to constraints: g minfk≤gfk≤g maxfk (1) f=AFgfk≤C (2) Here, Ugf= Average time taken by vehiclesAvailable time Ugf=number of departures in phase f× hsat{gmin, gmax} Ugminf= number of departures in phase f× hsat{gmin}, Ugmaxf= number of departures in phase f× hsat{gmax} So, theoretically the green time utilization should follow following condition to be remain in ideal...
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...June 9, 2013 Section 2, Team 9 Managing Capacity and Lead Time at Littlefield Technologies – Team 9’s Summary The purpose of this simulation was to effectively manage a job shop that assembles digital satellite system receivers. The objective was to maximize cash at the end of the product life-cycle (270 days) by optimizing the process design. REVENUE 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 137 145 153 161 169 177 185 193 201 209 217 225 233 241 249 257 265 Total Revenue Demand DAYS 0 Figure 1 : Revenue and demand DEMAND 25 20 15 10 5 0 As shown by the figure above, total revenues generally followed the same trend as demand. The few sections of negative correlation formed the basis for our critical learning points. Although the process took a while to completely understand during the initial months of the simulation, the team managed to adjust, learn quickly and finish in 7th place with a cash balance of $1,501,794. For the purpose of this report, we have divided the simulation into seven stages after day 50, explicating the major areas of strategically significant decisions that were made and their resulting effects...
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...process. The similarity of how people wait in queues in a service operation and in a manufacturing operation is as follows; An example of a service operation that requires queuing is the transport service, Airlines for instance; what is similar between a manufacturing operation and this service operation is the storage area (departure), passengers are required to queue for ticket and immigration check and then they wait in the departure hall in order for other required stages of the process to be carried out, which might also lead to favorable decision or likewise. Buffering inventory in this case are, • Ticket check prior to • Boarding prior to • Maintenance check prior to • Weather report prior to The block/starve that may occur in this kind of service is the issue of bird-cast, unfavorable weather and so on, and this will lead to changing the time the service is suppose to be rendered. The slightest differences between manufacturing buffering inventories and service buffering inventories are; 1. Service buffering inventories involves humans, unlike manufacturing operation that involves static entities. 2. In Service operation entities are dependent on the provider. In service operations customer reaction to a situation may be at a disadvantage to the firm’s revenue intake. For example they are two eateries in the same vicinity but the one prefer by the customer is eatery A, so he/she goes to eatery A but because the queue and the time frame of rendering the service in...
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...Hybrid Delivery System Layout Reason of existence: * For businesses in order to better respond to different market demands. * Companies align their delivery system to the characteristics of the market by rearranging the layout of their facilities. Examples of differentiated layout designs * Cellular Layout : a mix of functional and product layout * Nagare cellular layout ( sub-category of the previous) : Used for customized products and of low volume production * Transfer line layout : For high volume products and of standard nature Other Layout Formats * Flexing process layouts to reflect varying levels of demand Examples: car assembly plants, bank and post office layouts, fast food restaurants process layouts) * Flexible office layouts Impact of IT on Delivery systems and layouts * Automated Banking * Call centres Detailed Layout Design Decision making about: * The position of staff, processes, equipment * The position, size and number of other facilities not belonging to the delivery system * The number of other requirements (entrances, exits, …, elevators) * The space that will be allocated to the above areas Must also be defined: * The steps involved in delivering products or services * The followed sequence * The process routes (Space restrictions must be considered) The features of good layouts * System flow charting * Use of space * Use of equipment * Cost...
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...prerequsite of graduation Business Research Method lecture By Rizky Rahmany 19011055 Ersha Nuranjasari 19011094 Wedda Le 19011139 Arizal Khoironi 19011032 Sweeta Elfonsia 19011087 (Study Program Business Management) INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG 2012 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACILITY, VARIETY OF MENU, PRICE, LOCATION AND SERVICE WITH WILLINGNESS OF QUEUING IN ITB CANTEENS This paper is a prerequsite of graduation Business Research Method lecture By Rizky Rahmany 19011055 Ersha Nuranjasari 19011094 Wedda Le 19011139 Arizal Khoironi 19011032 Sweeta Elfonsia 19011087 (Study Program Business Management) INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG 2012 ABSTRACT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACILITY, VARIETY OF MENU, PRICE, LOCATION AND SERVICE WITH WILLINGNESS OF QUEUING IN ITB CANTEENS By Rizky Rahmany 19011055 Ersha Nuranjasari 19011094 Wedda Le 19011139 Arizal Khoironi 19011032 Sweeta Elfonsia 19011087 (Study Program Business Management) Institut Teknologi Bandung When we talk about queuing, there are many questions come up from our mind such “what kind of thing is happening there so people want to queue?” Talking about queuing is not always about staying in the line, no guarantee that people want to keep staying for the line, some may leave. For such that condition, it’s interesting case to be researched to know further about what strong reasons or what significant...
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...1500 add value Utilization = Load Factor = Actual Output Rate Maximum Throughput Demand Rate Capacity Dept. capacity Four General Categories of Production Processes 1. 2. 3. 4. Continuous Flow Process Line Process Batch Process Job Shop Max. # of total 1000 patients arrived before reaching cap. Variability: Classic Queuing arrival rate () in customers/hour • service rate () in customers/hour (avg. time for one customer = 1/) • # servers = s Therefore, capacity = _s*_ • Physics of Queues: M/M/1 system Performance Measures: Utilization: Average time in system = /( Average number in system = /( Average time in line = 1/( Average number in line = 1/( Probability of no waiting = 1 – Process Choice at King Soopers Bakery • Bread process – Flow process – High volume – Difficult and expensive to change capacity Servers (s) customers/hr./server arrivals ( customers/hr.) departures queue system • Pastry process – Batch process – Moderate volume and moderate automation • Custom Cakes – Job Shop – Low volume, and high skilled labor Curse of Variability Saturation Effect – Under variability, as utilization approaches 100%, the avg. number in the system approaches infinity Flow Time Capacity Cushion • Capacity utilization < 100% – Demand and process...
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...and two top pointers. Explain why this may not be a space wise efficient implementation. A stack is a last in first out (LIFO) data type. A stack can be implemented using arrays where the data is stored in continuous memory locations. We have two operations in a stack push and pop. Since it has continuous memory allocated, if we try inserting data it gets saved in that free space present in either of the stacks. This is not a space wise efficient implementation because data is stored statically. In this case one stack can be full while the other is empty. 2. Using the basic queue and stack operations, write an algorithm to reverse the elements in a queue. Create an empty stack While the queue is not empty Remove a value from the queue and push it onto the stack While the stack is not empty Pop a value from the stack and add it to the queue. 3. Assume that 'Stack' is the class described in this section with 'StackType' set to into and STACK_CAPACITY or myCapacity set to 5. Give the value of 'myTop' and the contents of the array referred to by 'myArray' in the Stack s afer the code segment is executed, or indicate why an error occurs. Stack s; s.push(1); s.push(2); s.push(3); s.pop(); s.push(4); s.push(5); s.pop(); s.pop(); In a stack it is last in first out so When we push items on to it we have 1 first then 2 and then 3 We have pop so, we pop 3 since it is the last element Then again we have 4 then 5 Now we have two pops...
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...visiting a store, analogous to requests arriving at a device. Long Term Averages • Queuing theory provides long term average values. • It does not predict when the next event will occur. • Input data should be measured over an extended period of time. • We assume arrival times and service times are random. • • • • Assumptions Independent arrivals Exponential distributions Customers do not leave or change queues. Large queues do not discourage customers. Many assumptions are not always true, but queuing theory gives good results anyway Queuing Model Q W λ Tw Tq S Interesting Values • Arrival rate (λ) — the average rate at which customers arrive. • Service time (s) — the average time required to service one customer. • Number waiting (W) — the average number of customers waiting. • Number in the system (Q) — the average total number of customers in the system. More Interesting Values • Time in the system (Tq) the average time each customer is in the system, both waiting and being serviced. Time waiting (Tw) the average time each customer waits in the queue. Tq = Tw + s Arrival Rate • The arrival rate, λ, is the average rate new customers arrive measured in arrivals per time period. Common units are access/second • The inter-arrival time, a, is the average time between customer arrivals. It is measured in time per customer. A common unit would be seconds/access. • a=1/λ Random Values • We assume that most of the events we are interested in occur randomly...
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...Error Message: Deficit of SL Unrestricted-use 2 EA: 21GP84 004 0001 Issue: Queue failed because the stock levels on ECC and EWM are not in sync. In this case the available stock is less by 2 EA of product 21GP84. Reason: There are multiple reasons to have the above error triggered. But the main cause of this error is having the stock levels out of sync in both EWM and ECC systems. Root Cause: There are multiple reasons to have the systems (EWM and ECC) out of sync and queues to fail with Deficit of stock issue, some of them are listed below, 1. When someone manually posts inventory by using the inventory sync program /SCWM/ERP_STOCKCHECK, without checking if there are any open Queues or other process updates. 2. When someone used mass posting transaction /SCWM/POST to change the stock status from available to block or blocked to available, queues are failing if any of the product is out of sync in the system, then it will stop the posting change for all the products in the mass list. 3. If the queue for goods movement EWMMEWMGOODSMVT* is not monitored properly, for all the material movements in EWM system will trigger only on queue name with multiple LUWs and if any of the LUW movement is stuck for any reason, then other LUW’s will get piled up and waiting for the first one to clear. Resolution: 1. Manual Inventory Sync by using transaction /SCWM/ERP_STOCKCHECK: Business is not supposed to use this transaction to sync the stock levels on ECC and EWM. We...
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...Front is the slot in the array spot for 0. The index 0 is where front is placed. The Rear variable is waiting for a value to be inserted to take a spot. This variable will always be the value that was last inserted to the array. Q4: What is the difference between Rem and Peek operations? The operations remove deletes the value at the top of the array. In other words on the rear variable. The peek operation returns the value that the variable rear is pointing to. Q5: What technique in array it used to allow 50 inserted into the queue? Once the array was filled all the way to the top, the pointer came back to the bottom of the array where we had deleted two values. It came down to index 0 and stored the value 50. Q6: What is the difference between priority queue and the regular queue at insertion operations? There is a difference between priority and regular queue. Regular queue stores the value at the next slot open at the top of the array. Priority queue stores the value from largest to smallest. Therefore, it has to make space if the value has to go in the middle of the array. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]...
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...Service Channels 6. Queue Discipline 7. Queuing Cost 8. The Four Models 9. Model-1(Single Channel Queuing Model) 10. Model-2 (Multiple-Channel Queuing) 11. Model-3 (Constant-Service-Time) 12. Model-3 (Constant-Service-Time) 13. Simulation 14. Conclusion Abstract This report is about queuing theory, it’s application and analysis. Queuing theory has a vast number of applications starting from the simplest day to day life examples to complicated computer algorithms. To further explain the queuing theory analysis we have used simulation of an example from our case study. We have done an in depth analysis of the four queuing theory models and chosen one of them for the simulation. The results can be helpful in improving the overall performance of the manufacturing facility. Introduction According to U. Narayan Bhat waiting line are a phenomena through which businesses and facilities can be helped in an orderly manner. There are several ways to forma queue (waiting line), for instance when people wait to get a boarding pass from an airline counter, there can be 3 service stations (airline counters) and hence 3 waiting lines, or there can be one service station and hence one queue. These days we mostly see one counter for airline services as this benefit the passengers and airline best. This conclusion was based on an analysis using a mathematical model. This model is based on the trend that waiting units enter the queue, rules according to which...
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