Study Guide:Quiz 1
Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for Quiz 1 will come principally from this material.
Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook:
Introduction
* What is the definition of Earth Science? Is the name for all the sciences that collectively seek to understand Earth and its surrounding space. It includes geology oceanography, meterogology, and astronomy

* What are the sub-disciplines of earth science (geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy)? Know the definition of each of these. Geology- a word that literally means “study of Earth” It is traditionally divided into two broad areas- physical and historical. Physical geology examines the merials comprising Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upone its surface. Historical geology is to understand the origin of Earth and the evolution of the planet through its 4.6 billion year history. Oceanography- Is not actually a separate and distint science. Rather is involves the application of all sciences in a comprehensive and interrelated study of the oceans in all their aspects and relationships. It intergrates chemistry, physics, geology, and biology. Meterology- is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate. Like oceanography, meterology involves the application of other sciences in an intergrated study of the thin layer of air that surronds eather. Astronomy- the study of the universe- it useful in determining the orginis of our own environment. (Page 4-5)

* Be able to name and define each of the earth’s “spheres” (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere). Hydrosphere- is a dynamic mass of water that is continually moving, evaporationg fomr the ocenas to the atmosphere, precipitation to the land, and flowing bacj to the ocean. (page 6) Atmosphere- Earth surrounded by a life-giving gaseous envelope called the atmosphere. When compared to the thickness of the solid Earth the atompshere is a very shollow layer. It not only provides the air we breath, but it also acts to protect us from dangerous radiation emitted by the Sun.( page 7) Biosphere- Includes all life on earth. Oceans life is concentrated in the sunlit waters of the sea. Most of life on land is also concentrated near the surface, with tree roots and burrowing animals reaching a few with meters underground and flying insects and birds reaching kilometer or so above surface.(page 8) Geosphere- Lying beneath the atmosphere and the ocean is the solid Earth of geosphere. The geosphere extends from the surface to the center of the plante, a depth of nearly 6400 kilometers, making it by far the largest of Earth’s spheres. (page 9)

* How much of the earth’s surface is covered by oceans? 71 percent

* What are the compositional layers of the earth (crust, mantle, core)? Be able to describe each layer (generally). The dense inner sphere is called the core; the less dense mantle; and the crust which is the light and very thin outer skin of Earth. The crust is not a layer of uniform thickness. (page 9)

* Be able to define the following terms: system, hypothesis, theory, scientific law. System- is a group of interacting or interdependent parts that form a complex whole. (page 10) Hypothesis- Once facts have been gathered and prinicples have benn formualated to describe a natural phenomenon, investigators try to explain how or why tings happen in the maner observed. (page 17) Theory- When a hypothesis has survived extensive scrutiny and when competing ones have been eliminated, a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a scientific theory. It is well-tested and widely accepted view that the scientific community agrres best explains certain observable facts. (page18) Scientific Law- is a basic prinicples that describes a particular behavior of nature that is generally narrow in scope and can be stated briefly-often as a simple mathermatical equation.

* What are the two broad types into which resources in the earth are typically divided (renewable and non-renewable)? Be able to define each. Renewable- which means that they can be replenished over relatively short time spans. Common examples are plants and animals for food natural fibers for clothing and forest products for lumber and paper. Energy from flowing water, wind, and the Sun is also considered renewable. Non-renewable- Important metals such as iron, aluminum, and copper fall in this category, as do our most important fuels; oil, nautal gas and coal. (page 14)

* Define the scientific method—is the process just described, in which researchers gather facts through obervations and formulate scientific hypothese and theories. (page 18)

* What are the two sources of energy that power the earth system? The sun and the earth's interior
Minerals (Chapter 1) * Know the definition of a mineral. As any naturally occurring inorganic solid that passesses an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation. (page 24)

* Know the basic definition of a rock. Is any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs narutally as part of our planet. (page 25)

* Know how atoms of the same element are related. What do they have in common? They have the same number of protons.

* Know definitions for the following terms: valence electrons, nucleus, atom, element, ion, and chemical bond. Valence elctrons- interact with other atoms to form chemical bonds.(page 26) Atom- the smallest particles that cannot be chemically spilt. Atoms, in turn, contain even smaller paricles-protons and neutrons located in the central nucleus that is surrounded by electrons. Element—together a group of the same kind of atoms is called an element. There are about 90 naturally occurring elements, and serveral more have been synthesized in the laboiratory. (page 27) perhaps the easiest type of bond to visualize is the ionic bond, in which one atom gives up one or more of its valence electrons to another atom to form Ions.—positively and negatively charged atoms. (page29) Chemical Bond- is a transfer or sharing of elctrons that allows each atom to attatin a full valence shell of elctrons. (page 28)

* What are the basic subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)? Which of these are found in the nucleus? neutron and proton Which is found outside of the nucleus? Electrons

* Know the difference between ionic and covalent bonds. Which is typically stronger? Covalent Bonds- a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms. Ionic Bond- is an attraction of oppositely charged ions to one another, producing an electrically neutral ionic compound. The one that is typically stronger is Ionic Bond.

* Know the components and structure of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron that makes up silicate minerals. (tetra = four, hedra= a base) thie structure consist of four oxygen atoms surrounds a much smaller silicon atom. In some minerals, the tetrahedral are joined into chains, sheets or third dimensional networds by sharing oxygen atoms, (page 35)
Which mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen? Quartz (page 36)

* Know and understand the following physical properties of minerals: luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and specific gravity. Be able to use Figure 1.23 to help identify minerals and their associated cleavage. Luster—The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral. Minerals that have the appearance of metal, regardless of color, are said to have a meticallic lister.(page30) Color- although it is generally the most conspicouse characteristic of any mineral, it is considered a diagnostic property of only a few minerals. Streak- Is the color of a mineral in powdered form and is always useful in identification. Hardness- a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching. (page 32) Cleavage-(kleiben=carve) is the tendenct of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. Not all mineral have cleavage, but those that do can be identified by a relatively smooth, flat surfaces that are produced when the mineral is broken (page33) Fracture-Minerals that have chemical bonds that are equally or nearly equally, strong in all directions. Specific Gravity- describe the density of minerals. Specific gravity is a number representing the ratio of a mineral’s weight to thte weight of an equal volume of water.

* What mineral found in nature is the hardest known to man? Name some of the softer minerals known. Diamond is the hardest known to man. Talc, gypsum, calcite, flurotire, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz and corundum

* What mineral is known for its characteristic taste (i.e., salty taste)?

* Why is color an unreliable diagnostic property of minerals? Slight impurities in the common mineral quartz for example, give it a variet of tints, including pink, purple, yellow, white gray, and even black. Other minerals, such as tourmaline also exhibit a variety of hues, with multiple colors sometimes occurring in the sam sample. Thus, the use of clore as a means of identification is often ambigious or even misleading. (page31) * Name some minerals with very high specific gravities. Gold, Tantalite

* What minerals are known for their perfect cleavage in one direction? What minerals are known for perfect cleavage in three directions? Cleavage in one direction—Muscovite, cleavage in three directions- Halite, Calcite and Fluorite.

* Be able to define atomic number, atomic mass, protons, neutrons, and electrons. Also, know the following formula and be able to apply it: Atomic Mass = # of protons + # of neutrons. Atomic number—the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Atomic mass--

* Know the eight most common elements in the earth’s crust. Also, know the different mineral groups (i.e., silicates, carbonates, sulfides, etc.). See Table 1.1 on page 39 for the non-silicate mineral groups. Which of the mineral groups is most common in the earth’s crust? Oxygen 46.6% Silicon 27.7 Aluminum 8.1 Iron 5.0 Calcium 3.6 Sodium 2.8 Potassium 2.6
Magnesium 2.1
The silicate group of minerals comprise the largest percentage of the Earth's crust. Silicate minerals include quartz, feldspars, and micas.
Morris Textbook (Introduction and Chapters 1-2): * Be able to define the following: micro-evolution, macro-evolution, mutations, natural selection, punctuated equilibrium, uniformitarianism, neo-catastrophism, theistic evolution, progressive creation, framework hypothesis, and local flood theory. * How are human beings limited in their ability to interpret the past, according to Morris? * Does the Bible interpret the Hebrew word “yom”? If so, what does “yom” mean? * Know the difference between young-earth creationists and old-earth creationists? On what major point do they differ? * What is meant by “overlapping days” in Genesis? Is this an old-earth or young-earth viewpoint? What are some weaknesses in it?