...Spencer Davison European Politics The Demand and Supply Side Causes of the Austrian Radical Right The 2008 Austrian Parliamentary elections followed an increasingly familiar pattern. Two far right political parties received a combined 29.1% of the votes which translated to 52 seats of the 183 seat legislature, only 30,000 votes away from the leading party. For the past twenty years the Freedom Party of Austria (FPO) has become one of Austria’s most influential, and controversial, political parties. Its strong anti-immigration stance, xenophobic rhetoric, and suspected anti-Semitism have garnered international attention since its creation. Even though this right-wing populism phenomenon of Austria has become one of many cases in Europe, the sheer scale of FPO involvement in the country makes it a unique study. Ruud Koopmans explored the emergence of the extreme right in an attempt to define the causes of it. He compared two contrasting theories in his analysis. Grievance, demand side, theories suggest that growing rightist populism is a direct result of an increasing discontent and xenophobia within a country due to immigration and the consequences of it. Opportunity, supply side, theories focus on the institutional attributes of a particular polity, and how these arrangements make it possible for the right-wing movement to not only start, but flourish as well. He concluded that opportunity theories best explain the rightist movement. However, others believe...
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...Politics Home page |AS Government and Politics |A2 Government and Politics |Government and Politics Links | | Labour and Its Ideology 1945- 1979 Core Principles of Socialism: Positive attitudes to human nature; critical analysis of capitalism; class inequality and poverty, equality, justice, liberty, community, cooperation, internationalism, collectivism public ownership . Variants of Socialism: Marxism, Anarchist Socialism, Democratic Socialism, Social Democracy, New Labour? Revolutionary Socialism and Evolutionary Socialism Fundamentalist Socialism and Revisionism Democratic Socialism and Social Democracy Old Labour and New Labour Similarities and differences between Socialism and other ideologies 1945-51 Labour in Power The Labour Manifesto for the 1945 General election stated that “The Labour Party is a Socialist party and proud of it." In practice, however, numerous theoretical problems are involved in the definition of socialism and although the Labour Party has always contained socialists both in the Parliamentary Labour party and the extra-parliamentary party, it has been convincingly argued, despite the above pronouncement of the 1945 manifesto that the Labour party is described more accurately as a social democratic party where social democracy implies support for a relatively strong, interventionist and reformist state dedicated to the improvement of the life chances of disadvantaged groups but operating in a mixed economy which is, however ...
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...1. Introduction It is highly believed that fashion magazines contain various portrayals of women not only because fashion magazines target women as their biggest readers, but also become the facilitator to teach women how they view themselves in feminine elegant ways just like most women want them to be. Nonetheless, those views are more likely shaped by how the society views a woman. As such, if fashion magazines are indeed in the means of shaping women's view as well as society's view of a woman, then the representation of women in the magazines becomes very important in order to explore how women are portrayed according to those two views. Reading a fashion magazine on the surface simply contains fashion-related articles in thick glossy pages. On deeper surface, on the other hand, those articles actively are where women as well as society see how a woman should be. It is also implied that they become the source of stereotypes of women which many of them are always about marginalising women. Amongst many high fashion magazines, Elle is strongly believed to be one of the most leading high fashion magazines in regards to the fact that this French origin magazine widely spreads its international editions published in over 60 countries which one of those includes Indonesia. Like other Elle editions worldwide and other mainstream high fashion magazines, many ultra expensive bags, clothes, perfumes, and the sorts appear in Elle Indonesia in two forms: articles and advertisements...
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...What will be covered in this essay? This essay will reflect on what is employment relationship in HRM. What is the purpose in applying of HRM practices, why it is so important to manage people, their performance and expectations. How we can “ensure that individual have the ability, motivation and opportunity to perform effectively” (Wilton, 2013). This course-work will look closer what is an employment relationship, how it affects individuals in the workplace and company in total. It will also cover the elements of employment relationship, terms and conditions that affect both employer and employee, what are duties both parties need to comply. It will be explained what is contract of employment and psychological contract and why it affect individual attitude. After that, the three key perspectives are outlined on employment that are unitarism, pluralism and radical(Marxist). Each approach to employment relationships is different in the ideology, who holds real power, how conflicts are resolved, decisions are made and how trade unions can influence the organisation. How can HRM be understood? HRM plays significant role in the way how people relationships should be managed in the workplace. We can see HRM purpose as a “management of individual worker performance to maximise its contribution to the achievement of organisational...
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...The Great Depression of the United States was a key turning point in American history. Politicians on the right, businesses, and all of their supporters had failed to provide methods in which the majority of Americans could enjoy methods of prosperity and stability. The major economic slump that started in 1929 brought about massive social unrest among millions in the United States and in other industrialized nations. Because of the massive changes that people suddenly were experiencing in employment and economic stability, the political landscape and social thought on common rights in the United States naturally began down a course of liberal evolution. The citizens of the United States were able to personally experience the impact that social...
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...Social policies are the plans and actions of government agencies, which aim to address social issues, ranging from poverty to racism. Sociology has been linked to the beginning of social policies, especially in more recent years. For example, the concept of marketisation within the school system in the early 1990’s and the reduction in funding for Higher Education Tuition Fees was influenced by contemporary sociology. Donnison believes that there are four factors that he feels shape social policy. These are changing political agendas, changing circumstances, growing knowledge and new questions. There are different sociological opinions that view the relationship between sociology and social policy differently, which means there is no simple view. For example, social policies are introduced to the belief that they will improve society by tackling social problems: affecting the welfare of the population of the country where the policy is being introduced. However, Feminists and Marxists believe that social policy is not just about improving the welfare of citizens, as they believe it is about social control; deterring rather than helping individuals. Giddens’ supports Donnison by stating that there are four practical uses of studying sociology. These include: understanding social situations, being aware of cultural differences, assessing the effects of policies and increasing self-knowledge. By understanding social situations, we are able to understand the world around us...
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...relations depends on which theory you find more persuasive: unitarism, radicalism, or pluralism. Unitarism is perceived as an integrated and harmonious system where the management, staff and all the members of the organization share the same objectives, interests, purposes and are viewed as one happy family. This single entity with a single authority has a loyalty structure which is considered paternalistic approaches were trade unions are deemed unnecessary and conflict is perceived as disruptive. Here management rights to manage are seen as legitimate and rational; and any opposition to management right to manage is seen as irrational. How long would the step ford wives syndrome last before it begins to crumble and fall apart? On the other hand radicalism objects to the capitalistic source of power where the ownership and control extends beyond the corporate limits and into the labour market itself. This allows for certain fundamental rights as in the right to associate where the workers possibly can form trade unions and assert a degree of power through the process of collective bargaining; having compared to the unionism capitalistic system that has no intention to take over management. They learned to bargain within an institutional...
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...communists with their tsarist rulers. B) In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev brought upon the world the idea of Glasnost', which led to the changing of the largest ruling power in the world to a new power benefiting everyone. II) The Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics before Glasnost'. C) Different styles of Soviet government from the early 1900s up to 1985. 1) Leninism to Stalinism to Khrushchev to Brezhnev. D) Coups and the Great Purge III) What lead to Glasnost' and what it is. E) In 1986, Gorbachev dismayed at the slow process of reform being conducted in the country proposed to the citizens of the USSR and the entire world a two new ideas to help bring reform to the country in a much more radical direction. F) Gorbachev called for a glasnost’ (openness or candor) in the media and culture. IV) Changes within Russia and Foreign changes. G) Banned works and speaking out are no longer dangerous crimes against the state. 2) Criticizing the government led to the formation of a large number of independent nationalistic movements in the USSR. 3) Scholars and scientists are allowed to share their findings with others. H) Multiple treaties signed to end decades of heated arguments. 4) The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I). 5) Fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany. V) Glasnost' finally in the end lead to the complete non-unification of the Soviet...
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...THEME India enjoys distinct status of being the largest democracy. Biggest middle class and secularism are considered and propagated as the binding forces in a land of diverse culture and ethnicity. Sheer geopolitics combined with the land and mass of the country places India in an advantageous position in the comity of nations. However, the short history of India, as a republic has exposed her “Cloak of Secularism”. The secular political philosophy of India, which sought to achieve unity through diversity, is now faced with challenges of rising communalism and caste-ism heralded by Hindu fundamentalism and socio-economic discrimination of the socially backward sections of society. There are strong movements and simmering aspirations seeking for greater autonomy and even independence. Analyze the socio-ethnic mosaic of India with a view to determine the causes of ethnic sub-nationalism/ conflicts and ascertain the future of these fissiparous tendencies and their impact on the national integration of India. SUB THEME – SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIA India has a host of separatist movements fermenting on its outer fringes; from the freedom struggle of Kashmiris in the North West to the Naxal, Naga, Mizoram and Manipur Movements in the North and North eastern parts particularly the ‘Siliguri Corridor’. From the 1980’s onwards, virtually the entire North has been plagued by such activities with a large proportion of religious and ethnic groups in the region forming movements...
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...general system of conventions, as explained above, judicial traditions of countries can explain debates around the best ways to enact rules on international trade, and especially international litigations arise from commercial relationships between actors. Indeed, on one hand, common law countries focus on the role of the judge for the creation, the interpretation and the application of law rules. Some authors argue that the predominance of the judge in common law judicial system translates a pragmatism to resolve disputes related to civil and commercial matters. Moreover, certain procedures in the common law system will provide flexibility that economics and commercials actors need in order to conduct their businesses. On the other hand, parties can agree on competence of jurisdiction. Indeed, this competence will be determined by their choice. For practical reasons,...
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...twenty years through the atrocities committed by his followers, but I never really had the interest ( until now) to understand what influenced and drove him into envisioning and writing his proposals for change. Karl Marx was born in 1818 in the German Rhineland (Prussia). He was a philosopher, journalist and economist and even though he produced little that earned him money or recognition during his lifetime, he was obsessed with his work and eventually he was able to accomplish what he always wanted to do: change the world. A very smart child, he studied law in Bonn and Berlin and wrote his PhD thesis in Philosophy. Upon the completion of his doctorate in 1841, Marx hoped for an academic job but because he was already known as a too radical thinker, he didn’t really have any job...
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...French Nationalism The notion of nationalism plays a critical role in the development on domestic and international politics. There are cases around the globe of how ethnically related politics, or ethnopolitcs, have infiltrated the international political arena. One such case, and the focus of this essay, is the case of Basque nationalism in Spain. In order to tackle a subject of this complexity, this essay will review a brief history of the Basque people, including: historical ties to the land, language and literature. Furthermore, the political situation in both during the times of General Franco’s regime and post-Franco Spain are examined in order to analyze the politics of Basque Nationalism. The notion of nationalism plays a critical role in the development on domestic and international politics. There are cases around the globe of how ethnically related politics, or ethnopolitcs, have infiltrated the international political arena. One such case, and the focus of this essay, is the case of Basque nationalism in Spain. In order to tackle a subject of this complexity, this essay will review a brief history of the Basque people, including: historical ties to the land, language and literature. Furthermore, the political situation in both during the times of General Franco’s regime and post-Franco Spain are examined in order to analyze the politics of Basque Nationalism. While the history of the Basque people has been littered with political and social unrest, the Basque...
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...Politics & Criticism: Why did the political and social standings of the author influence how a work is critiqued? Is this a fair judgement of the work and the author’s efforts? Though Blackwood’s Magazine was politically conservative, it published the works of radicals supporting the British Romanticism movement such as Wordsworth, Coleridge and Shelley. Political upheaval began to strike in the first issue of the magazine’s revamp, which was the 1817 October issue with the article titled the Cockney School of Poetry no. 1. In this article, poets such as Keats and Hunt were accused of having low diction as well as using working class speech in their works. Furthermore, a significant event that caused further controversy was the death of John...
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...the Department of Government at the University of the West Indies in Mona. Jamaica, has been active in politics and the trade union movement in his native Jamaica for over twenty years. In the 1970s he helped found the University and Allied Workers Union and later the Workers Party of Jamaica. While a visitor at Queen's University in Kingston in the spring of 1989, he spoke with Grant Amyot and Colin Leys about the difficulties which the Left now faces in the Caribbean. T SPE: As a student at Oxford in the late 1960s, Trevor, you were one of the most brilliant leaders of the student movement there. After finishing your studies you decided to go back to Jamaica, and to make a choice for political activism as opposed to a purely intellectual career. Why did you make this choice? What factors contributed to it? TM: The choice of activism is always a combination of processes. There is no particular moment when you can say, "I've been a student or a theoretician so far, let me become an activist now," or vice versa. I got to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar from Jamaica, which is a kind of pinnacle of middle-class and national achievement. But by that time the changes in my own outlook pointed me toward a radical path, combining activism as a student at the University of the West Indies with a concern for theoretical work at the same time. The Cuban revolution occurred in 1959. In the 1960s Jamaica - along with many other Caribbean colonies - became independent; and in the Studies in...
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...The first world war broke out in August 1914, it has become a litmus test for the entire European socialist party. The Social Democratic Party of Germany has abandoned on all the radical anti-war declarations it has issued, and ultimately supported the German government's war. The reformism that Luxemburg has criticised has so strongly attacked the party's core. Rosa Luxemburg's first fight within the social Democratic Party was aimed at this reform trend. Luxemburg thought that only the capitalist countries were overthrown, and workers mastered the Socialist, then they can get the real power. In the article, Luxemburg criticized the socialist party, the Social Democratic Party (SPD), for ignoring workers' interests in favor of the imperialist parties. The first world war disillusioned Luxemburg's hopes for the workers' revolution. In response to the first world war and German social democratic political collapse, the article revealed the Social Democratic Party's position, and it was betrayed the core of marxist and defended the working class. Luxemburg suggests that the...
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